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How dirty old used cars from the US and Europe carryon polluting … in Africa – podcast
The typical car will go for its last drive sometime between its
10th and 15th year on Earth
.At this point, the vast majority are sent to be recycled or sold for parts. But for a fewautos, a second lease on life awaits, as a significant percentage are
exported from richernations to developing nations
for a few more years on the road.
In countries across Africa and Latin America, old used cars from places like the U.S. andEurope provide vital access to transportation to people who would otherwise be unable toafford their own vehicles. While this process extends the lives of these cars, the practice isnot without problems, in particular with regards to pollution and passenger safety.
In this episode of The Conversation Weekly, we speak with two researchers about whyricher countries export used cars, what impacts they have in developing nations andwhether import restrictions are effectively stemming the rise in pollution and accidentscaused by this practice.
Paul Bledsoe
is adjunct professorial lecturer at the Center for Environmental Policy at theAmerican University in the U.S., where he specializes in energy, natural resources andclimate change.
He says that “the process of retiring still-functioning cars off the road is going to speed upas electric vehicles become cheaper to buy and operate. And so when that happens, youmay see a huge influx of used combustion-engine vehicles hitting the secondary market.”Bledsoe is concerned that, without the adequate policies in place, developing nationscould see pollution skyrocket over the next decade as a result.
Festival Godwin Boateng
is a research fellow at the Center for Sustainable UrbanDevelopment, at Columbia University in the U.S. He studies sustainable development inAfrica through a postcolonial lens and has looked into the issue of old cars.
“Between 2015 and 2018 some 14 million used vehicles were exported from the EuropeanUnion, Japan, and the U.S., with 40% of them ending up in African countries,” explainsBoateng. “Just in Ghana, for every hundred vehicles on the road, 80 to 90 are usedvehicles.”
While Festival recognized that used cars fill an important gap in providing transportationopportunities in Ghana, he says over 50% of used cars are over 15 years old. “So they tendto be really old and highly polluting. And to make matters waste, they tend to domodifications to these vehicles, which make them even more polluting.”
10th and 15th year on Earth
.At this point, the vast majority are sent to be recycled or sold for parts. But for a fewautos, a second lease on life awaits, as a significant percentage are
exported from richernations to developing nations
for a few more years on the road.
In countries across Africa and Latin America, old used cars from places like the U.S. andEurope provide vital access to transportation to people who would otherwise be unable toafford their own vehicles. While this process extends the lives of these cars, the practice isnot without problems, in particular with regards to pollution and passenger safety.
In this episode of The Conversation Weekly, we speak with two researchers about whyricher countries export used cars, what impacts they have in developing nations andwhether import restrictions are effectively stemming the rise in pollution and accidentscaused by this practice.
Paul Bledsoe
is adjunct professorial lecturer at the Center for Environmental Policy at theAmerican University in the U.S., where he specializes in energy, natural resources andclimate change.
He says that “the process of retiring still-functioning cars off the road is going to speed upas electric vehicles become cheaper to buy and operate. And so when that happens, youmay see a huge influx of used combustion-engine vehicles hitting the secondary market.”Bledsoe is concerned that, without the adequate policies in place, developing nationscould see pollution skyrocket over the next decade as a result.
Festival Godwin Boateng
is a research fellow at the Center for Sustainable UrbanDevelopment, at Columbia University in the U.S. He studies sustainable development inAfrica through a postcolonial lens and has looked into the issue of old cars.
“Between 2015 and 2018 some 14 million used vehicles were exported from the EuropeanUnion, Japan, and the U.S., with 40% of them ending up in African countries,” explainsBoateng. “Just in Ghana, for every hundred vehicles on the road, 80 to 90 are usedvehicles.”
While Festival recognized that used cars fill an important gap in providing transportationopportunities in Ghana, he says over 50% of used cars are over 15 years old. “So they tendto be really old and highly polluting. And to make matters waste, they tend to domodifications to these vehicles, which make them even more polluting.”
SPEAKING PART 1
1. What makes you happy?
I feel happy when I spend time with my family and friends. We often talk, laugh, and share our experiences. I also enjoy listening to music and watching movies because they help me relax. For me, happiness is not always about money or expensive things. Sometimes, even a small act of kindness can make my day. I believe that being healthy and having people who care about me are the most important things in life.
2. Do you think money can buy happiness?
In my opinion, money can make our lives easier, but it cannot buy true happiness. For example, money helps us buy food, clothes, and a comfortable home. It also allows us to travel and enjoy different activities. However, money cannot buy real friendship, love, or peace of mind. I think people can be happy even if they are not rich. The most important thing is to appreciate what we have and spend time with people we love.
3. What do you do when you feel unhappy?
When I feel unhappy, I usually try to understand the reason for my feelings. Sometimes, I listen to my favourite music or go for a walk to clear my mind. I also like talking to someone I trust because sharing my problems makes me feel better. If I have a difficult day, I try to stay positive and remind myself that bad situations do not last forever. I believe that every problem teaches us something, and we can become stronger through difficult experiences.
1. What makes you happy?
I feel happy when I spend time with my family and friends. We often talk, laugh, and share our experiences. I also enjoy listening to music and watching movies because they help me relax. For me, happiness is not always about money or expensive things. Sometimes, even a small act of kindness can make my day. I believe that being healthy and having people who care about me are the most important things in life.
2. Do you think money can buy happiness?
In my opinion, money can make our lives easier, but it cannot buy true happiness. For example, money helps us buy food, clothes, and a comfortable home. It also allows us to travel and enjoy different activities. However, money cannot buy real friendship, love, or peace of mind. I think people can be happy even if they are not rich. The most important thing is to appreciate what we have and spend time with people we love.
3. What do you do when you feel unhappy?
When I feel unhappy, I usually try to understand the reason for my feelings. Sometimes, I listen to my favourite music or go for a walk to clear my mind. I also like talking to someone I trust because sharing my problems makes me feel better. If I have a difficult day, I try to stay positive and remind myself that bad situations do not last forever. I believe that every problem teaches us something, and we can become stronger through difficult experiences.
Xöòôõōóș?! 🤔 Ismimni klaviaturadan qanday qilib yozișni örganmoqdaman, jigarlar.
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- Vast majority – great majority
- Autos – cars
- A new lease of life – an increase in the period for which sth can be used or continued
- Await – to wait
- Unable to afford their own vehicles
- Extend the lives of sth
- In particular
- Passenger safety
- Used cars
- Import restrictions
- Stemming the rise in pollution – preventing pollution
- Influx {C2} – the fact of a large number of people or things are arriving at the same time
- Combustion - also known as burning, is the basic chemical process of releasing energy from a fuel and air mixture.
- Secondary Market- where investors buy and sell securities, they already own.
- Pollution skyrocket
- Postcolonial lens - reaction to the practices of imperialism and European colonial rule.
- End up – to finally be in a particular place or situation
- Highly polluting
- Pass a new law - to create a new law and have it officially accepted.
- Take over – to have control over
- Become more relevant
- Combat the harms of old cars
- Autos – cars
- A new lease of life – an increase in the period for which sth can be used or continued
- Await – to wait
- Unable to afford their own vehicles
- Extend the lives of sth
- In particular
- Passenger safety
- Used cars
- Import restrictions
- Stemming the rise in pollution – preventing pollution
- Influx {C2} – the fact of a large number of people or things are arriving at the same time
- Combustion - also known as burning, is the basic chemical process of releasing energy from a fuel and air mixture.
- Secondary Market- where investors buy and sell securities, they already own.
- Pollution skyrocket
- Postcolonial lens - reaction to the practices of imperialism and European colonial rule.
- End up – to finally be in a particular place or situation
- Highly polluting
- Pass a new law - to create a new law and have it officially accepted.
- Take over – to have control over
- Become more relevant
- Combat the harms of old cars
The record for the longest lack of sleep is 18 days, 21 hours and 40 minutes.
The record holder reported hallucinations, paranoia, blurred vision, and problems with speech, concentration and memory.
📌 IELTS Vocabulary
• Lack of sleep — uyqusizlik
• Hallucinations — gallyutsinatsiyalar
• Paranoia — haddan tashqari shubhalanish
• Blurred vision — xira ko‘rish
The record holder reported hallucinations, paranoia, blurred vision, and problems with speech, concentration and memory.
📌 IELTS Vocabulary
• Lack of sleep — uyqusizlik
• Hallucinations — gallyutsinatsiyalar
• Paranoia — haddan tashqari shubhalanish
• Blurred vision — xira ko‘rish
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1. What qualities does a person need to succeed in business?
I’d say you need patience, determination and the ability to work well with people. Running a business rarely goes exactly as planned, so you have to stay calm when things go wrong. You also need to listen to your customers and be willing to change your approach. For example, if people keep complaining about your delivery service, you can’t just ignore them. You need to find out what’s wrong and fix it. I think being willing to learn is often more useful than thinking you already know everything.
2. Do you think hard work is more important than luck in business?
Yes, overall, I think it is. Luck can give you a good opportunity, but hard work helps you make the most of it. Someone might open a café just before the area becomes popular, which is lucky. However, if the food is terrible and the staff are rude, customers probably won’t come back. You still have to put in the effort every day. So, luck might help you get started, but I wouldn’t want to rely on it to keep a business going.
3. Why do some businesses succeed while others fail?
I think a lot depends on whether they understand what their customers actually want. Sometimes people fall in love with their own business idea without checking whether anyone would pay for it. Successful businesses usually offer something useful at a price people are happy to pay. Managing money matters as well. A shop could be busy every day and still struggle if its costs are too high. So, having customers is important, but you also need to know how to run the business properly.
I’d say you need patience, determination and the ability to work well with people. Running a business rarely goes exactly as planned, so you have to stay calm when things go wrong. You also need to listen to your customers and be willing to change your approach. For example, if people keep complaining about your delivery service, you can’t just ignore them. You need to find out what’s wrong and fix it. I think being willing to learn is often more useful than thinking you already know everything.
2. Do you think hard work is more important than luck in business?
Yes, overall, I think it is. Luck can give you a good opportunity, but hard work helps you make the most of it. Someone might open a café just before the area becomes popular, which is lucky. However, if the food is terrible and the staff are rude, customers probably won’t come back. You still have to put in the effort every day. So, luck might help you get started, but I wouldn’t want to rely on it to keep a business going.
3. Why do some businesses succeed while others fail?
I think a lot depends on whether they understand what their customers actually want. Sometimes people fall in love with their own business idea without checking whether anyone would pay for it. Successful businesses usually offer something useful at a price people are happy to pay. Managing money matters as well. A shop could be busy every day and still struggle if its costs are too high. So, having customers is important, but you also need to know how to run the business properly.
Agar biror insonni sindirmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, uni urib, so‘kib o‘tirmang. Shunchaki unga e’tibor bermang — vaqt o‘tishi bilan u ruhan ezilib, sinib ketadi. #Dr. Holov
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In terms of — ...jihatidan
As far as I'm concerned — mening fikrimcha
On the other hand — boshqa tomondan
To be honest — rostini aytsam
It depends on — ...ga bog'liq
As a result — natijada
At the same time — bir vaqtning o'zida
To some extent — ma'lum darajada
In other words — boshqacha aytganda
Point of view — nuqtai nazar
Take into account — hisobga olmoq
Come up with — taklif/g'oya bilan chiqmoq
Make sense — mantiqiy bo'lmoq
Deal with — bilan shug'ullanmoq
Set up — tashkil qilmoq, o'rnatmoq
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1. Once in a lifetime - hayotida bir bora(bir marta).
This is a once in a lifetime chance to earn thousands of dollars from home.
2. Annually - yilda bir bor, har yillik.
My brother loves to travel, he visits London annually.
3. Brand new - juda yangi, zamonaviy.
His waterproof trousers were brand new and stiff.
4. Punctual - o'z vaqtida, aniq.
He likes his guests to be punctual.
5. Upcoming - yaqinlashib kelayotgan, oldimizda turgan.
I used to study a lot when I had an upcoming exam.
6. Take your time - shoshilmang ( biror narsani sekin va eʼtibor bilan qilish).
Take your time and read each sentence carefully.
7. Age-old - anchadan beri mavjud boʻlgan.
Giving much priority is age-old custom, but not in modern days.
8. Down the road - kelajakda.
This deal will be beneficial down the road.
9. Time-consuming - koʻp vaqt oladigan.
This is a very time-consuming task.
10. In this day and age - hozirda, hozirgi kunda.
In this day and age recording videos is easier than ever.
This is a once in a lifetime chance to earn thousands of dollars from home.
2. Annually - yilda bir bor, har yillik.
My brother loves to travel, he visits London annually.
3. Brand new - juda yangi, zamonaviy.
His waterproof trousers were brand new and stiff.
4. Punctual - o'z vaqtida, aniq.
He likes his guests to be punctual.
5. Upcoming - yaqinlashib kelayotgan, oldimizda turgan.
I used to study a lot when I had an upcoming exam.
6. Take your time - shoshilmang ( biror narsani sekin va eʼtibor bilan qilish).
Take your time and read each sentence carefully.
7. Age-old - anchadan beri mavjud boʻlgan.
Giving much priority is age-old custom, but not in modern days.
8. Down the road - kelajakda.
This deal will be beneficial down the road.
9. Time-consuming - koʻp vaqt oladigan.
This is a very time-consuming task.
10. In this day and age - hozirda, hozirgi kunda.
In this day and age recording videos is easier than ever.
Describe a place you would like to visit
You should say:
· Where this place is
· How you would travel there
· What you would like to do there
· And explain why you want to visit this place
Sample answer
I would like to visit Switzerland because it is one of the most beautiful countries in the world. It is located in Europe and is famous for its mountains, lakes, and amazing scenery.
I would like to travel there by plane because it is fast and comfortable. I would probably go with my family or close friends. Before the trip, I would prepare a travel itinerary and book a hotel.
When I arrive in Switzerland, I would like to visit small villages, walk around beautiful lakes, and take lots of photos. I would also like to try local food and travel by train because I have heard that the views are amazing.
The main reason I want to visit Switzerland is its natural beauty. I enjoy spending time in peaceful places, especially in the mountains. I think this trip would be an unforgettable experience for me. It would also help me relax, learn about a different culture, and broaden my horizons.
Overall, Switzerland is my dream destination, and I hope I can visit it one day.
You should say:
· Where this place is
· How you would travel there
· What you would like to do there
· And explain why you want to visit this place
Sample answer
I would like to visit Switzerland because it is one of the most beautiful countries in the world. It is located in Europe and is famous for its mountains, lakes, and amazing scenery.
I would like to travel there by plane because it is fast and comfortable. I would probably go with my family or close friends. Before the trip, I would prepare a travel itinerary and book a hotel.
When I arrive in Switzerland, I would like to visit small villages, walk around beautiful lakes, and take lots of photos. I would also like to try local food and travel by train because I have heard that the views are amazing.
The main reason I want to visit Switzerland is its natural beauty. I enjoy spending time in peaceful places, especially in the mountains. I think this trip would be an unforgettable experience for me. It would also help me relax, learn about a different culture, and broaden my horizons.
Overall, Switzerland is my dream destination, and I hope I can visit it one day.
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BShS learning center
Describe a place you would like to visit You should say: · Where this place is · How you would travel there · What you would like to do there · And explain why you want to visit…
Part 2 uchun eslab qolish kerak bo‘lgan iboralar
I have always wanted to visit… — Men har doim ... ga borishni xohlaganman.
It is famous for… — U ... bilan mashhur.
One of the main reasons is… — Asosiy sabablardan biri ...
I would love to experience… — Men ... ni boshdan kechirishni juda xohlardim.
What attracts me most is… — Meni eng ko‘p jalb qiladigan narsa ...
It would be a memorable trip. — Bu esda qolarli sayohat bo‘lardi.
I hope to visit it someday. — Bir kun kelib u yerga borishga umid qilaman.
I have always wanted to visit… — Men har doim ... ga borishni xohlaganman.
It is famous for… — U ... bilan mashhur.
One of the main reasons is… — Asosiy sabablardan biri ...
I would love to experience… — Men ... ni boshdan kechirishni juda xohlardim.
What attracts me most is… — Meni eng ko‘p jalb qiladigan narsa ...
It would be a memorable trip. — Bu esda qolarli sayohat bo‘lardi.
I hope to visit it someday. — Bir kun kelib u yerga borishga umid qilaman.
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Baza speaking savollari
1. What season do you like?
2. Do you use a computer?
3. What is your hometown famous for?
Practice 2
1. Tell me about your favorite celebrity
2. Do you eat fruits?
3. What do you do when you are bored?
Practice 3
1. When do you usually cook?
2. What is your main goal?
3. How often do you go out?
Practice 4
1. Do you eat fast food?
2. Do you work or are you a student?
3. Do you wear watches?
Practice 5
1. What season do you like?
2. Do you prefer studying in groups or alone?
3. When do you usually eat out?
1. What season do you like?
2. Do you use a computer?
3. What is your hometown famous for?
Practice 2
1. Tell me about your favorite celebrity
2. Do you eat fruits?
3. What do you do when you are bored?
Practice 3
1. When do you usually cook?
2. What is your main goal?
3. How often do you go out?
Practice 4
1. Do you eat fast food?
2. Do you work or are you a student?
3. Do you wear watches?
Practice 5
1. What season do you like?
2. Do you prefer studying in groups or alone?
3. When do you usually eat out?
Fossils
What is a fossil? A fossil is what is left from a very old animal or plant. The word fossil
means “dug up.” Fossils can be bones. They can also be shapes of bones or plants left in a rock. People dig up rocks. They hope to find clues to our past. We learn about dinosaurs from fossils. These animals are gone. But they left their bones and shapes behind.
An animal or plant dies. It is buried. Over the years, it breaks down. What is left behind is stone. This is called a fossil. We can learn a lot from fossils. We learn about our land. We learn about animals. Do you want a fossil?
Go digging!
1. The word fossil means . . .
a. dig it. c. dug up. b. dinosaur. d. land.
2. Why do people dig up rocks?
a. to find clues to our past c. to hit dinosaurs
b. to hit each other d. to find gold
3. What did dinosaurs leave behind?
a. babies c. sand b. bones d. plants
4. What should you do if you want a fossil?
a. dig it up b. steal one
c. make one d. bury a plant
What is a fossil? A fossil is what is left from a very old animal or plant. The word fossil
means “dug up.” Fossils can be bones. They can also be shapes of bones or plants left in a rock. People dig up rocks. They hope to find clues to our past. We learn about dinosaurs from fossils. These animals are gone. But they left their bones and shapes behind.
An animal or plant dies. It is buried. Over the years, it breaks down. What is left behind is stone. This is called a fossil. We can learn a lot from fossils. We learn about our land. We learn about animals. Do you want a fossil?
Go digging!
1. The word fossil means . . .
a. dig it. c. dug up. b. dinosaur. d. land.
2. Why do people dig up rocks?
a. to find clues to our past c. to hit dinosaurs
b. to hit each other d. to find gold
3. What did dinosaurs leave behind?
a. babies c. sand b. bones d. plants
4. What should you do if you want a fossil?
a. dig it up b. steal one
c. make one d. bury a plant
BSHS_Multilevel_Results_25102026.pdf
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25.10.2026 Multilevel Mock Results
Eslatma! Yangi guruh so'rab yozayotganlar, har oyning boshida yangi guruhlarimiz ochiladi. 3- noyabr 10:00 va 16:00 da yangi qabul kuni. Bemalol kelishlaringiz mumkin!
Although families have a significant influence on a child’s life, factors outside the home play a bigger part in their development.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Child development has long been a subject of considerable debate, with some arguing that external influences play a greater role than families in shaping young people’s mindsets and behavior. However, I disagree with this argument, as parents and other family members possess more opportunities and tools to exert greater impact on children’s morality, physical fitness,and mental health.
Admittedly, factors outside the home play a considerable part in children’s development. Many impressionable young individuals are susceptible to peer pressure, mostly imitating their friends and people around them, who might not serve as positive role models. In addition, the role of social media is also too great to ignore. Some children spend countless hours on social media doom scrolling or digesting inappropriate content. This can negatively affect not only on young people’s moral views but also physical well-being, since they often pursue sedentary lifestyles due to digital influences.
Nonetheless, I contend that the role families play in children’s development far outweighs any external factors.Children spend the majority of their free time at home, which allows older family members to instill morals and acceptable behaviors.In fact, a grandparent communicating and setting a good example in a home setting has a much more powerful impact on a child’s manners than peers and social media. Furthermore, by encouraging their children to engage in physical activities, eat a balanced diet, and follow hygiene, parents can improve and maintain these young people’s overall health.
In conclusion, I admit that factors outside the home such as peer pressure and social media do influence children’s mental and physical growth, but the part families play is indispensable. Parents and other older family members have a higher chance of imparting sound moral values and enhancing their children’s physical and mental well-being.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Child development has long been a subject of considerable debate, with some arguing that external influences play a greater role than families in shaping young people’s mindsets and behavior. However, I disagree with this argument, as parents and other family members possess more opportunities and tools to exert greater impact on children’s morality, physical fitness,and mental health.
Admittedly, factors outside the home play a considerable part in children’s development. Many impressionable young individuals are susceptible to peer pressure, mostly imitating their friends and people around them, who might not serve as positive role models. In addition, the role of social media is also too great to ignore. Some children spend countless hours on social media doom scrolling or digesting inappropriate content. This can negatively affect not only on young people’s moral views but also physical well-being, since they often pursue sedentary lifestyles due to digital influences.
Nonetheless, I contend that the role families play in children’s development far outweighs any external factors.Children spend the majority of their free time at home, which allows older family members to instill morals and acceptable behaviors.In fact, a grandparent communicating and setting a good example in a home setting has a much more powerful impact on a child’s manners than peers and social media. Furthermore, by encouraging their children to engage in physical activities, eat a balanced diet, and follow hygiene, parents can improve and maintain these young people’s overall health.
In conclusion, I admit that factors outside the home such as peer pressure and social media do influence children’s mental and physical growth, but the part families play is indispensable. Parents and other older family members have a higher chance of imparting sound moral values and enhancing their children’s physical and mental well-being.
Forwarded from Times.uz
Media is too big
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Президент Гарвард мутахассисига вазир маслаҳатчиси бўлишни таклиф қилди.
Бухоролик шифокор Нилуфар Қаҳҳорова Ўзбекистонга фойдаси тегса, мамлакатда қолишга тайёрлигини билдиргaн. @times_officialuz
Бухоролик шифокор Нилуфар Қаҳҳорова Ўзбекистонга фойдаси тегса, мамлакатда қолишга тайёрлигини билдиргaн. @times_officialuz
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Times.uz
Президент Гарвард мутахассисига вазир маслаҳатчиси бўлишни таклиф қилди. Бухоролик шифокор Нилуфар Қаҳҳорова Ўзбекистонга фойдаси тегса, мамлакатда қолишга тайёрлигини билдиргaн. @times_officialuz
Ilm insonni rostan ham uluglaydi, kimlardir ish yo'q deb nolib yurgan bir paytda, Prezidentni o'zi Sizni taklif qilishi uchun har bir inson o'ziga men shunga loyiqmanmi deb savol berishi kerak, deb o'ylayman. Har kuni davlatimiz rahbarini har bir videolarini ko'rib kuch olaman. Har bir o'quvchilarimga ham darsni ng kirish qismida shu haqida motivatsiyalar berishga harakat qilaman.
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