2711. Which of the following statements is correct about measurement of the vertical angle while using a total station?
Anonymous Quiz
20%
An electronic digital theodolite is not able to measure the vertical angle.
30%
It is measured relative to the horizontal direction.
27%
It is usually measured as a zenith angle.
23%
It is measured from the instrument north in the horizontal plane.
๐6๐3โค1
2709. Which of the following conditions followed in making concrete reduces the workability of concrete?
Anonymous Quiz
35%
Higher water-cement ratio in concrete
13%
Use of superplasticisers
14%
Use of round aggregates
38%
Higher aggregate-cement ratio in concrete
๐8โค3๐ฅฐ2
2707. The distance travelled by a vehicle after the application of brakes to a dead stop position is known as:
Anonymous Quiz
8%
distance to react
19%
deacceleration distance
39%
braking distance
34%
stopping distance
๐8
2706. The curve that is generally used to avoid the obstructions like hard rocks, deep cuttings, soft gradients is called
Anonymous Quiz
17%
simple curve
43%
transitional curve
23%
compound curve
17%
parabolic curve
โค6๐ฅฐ3
2701. Which of the following options serves all the three objectives mentioned below?
I: To promote human health
II: To provide a cleaner environment III: To break the cycle of diseases
I: To promote human health
II: To provide a cleaner environment III: To break the cycle of diseases
Anonymous Quiz
15%
Scavenging system
13%
Distribution system
29%
Drainage system
43%
Sanitary system
๐4โค3
2700. Which of the following statements about the secondary treatment of sewage is INCORRECT?
Anonymous Quiz
17%
Oxidation of organic matter occurs in trickling filters under aerobic conditions.
19%
Activated sludge is biologically active.
45%
Primary treatment of sewage is not essential for efficient working of contact beds.
20%
Secondary treatment methods are broadly divided into filtration and activated sludge process.
โค10
2698. Plinth area is calculated for the covered area by taking
Anonymous Quiz
37%
external dimensions of the building at the floor level
20%
internal dimensions of the building at floor level
27%
both the external and internal dimension of the building at the floor level
16%
centre to centre length at floor level
๐ฅฐ3๐3โค1
2697. In the laboratory determination of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test on soils as per IS : 2720 (Part 16) โ 1987, the CBR values are usually reported for penetration values of:
Anonymous Quiz
21%
5.0 mm, 7.5 mm
21%
3.5 mm, 5.0 mm
24%
1.5 mm, 2.5 mm
34%
2.5 mm, 5.0 mm
๐6โค2
2692. Crushed stone, gravel and ordinary sand are examples of:
Anonymous Quiz
20%
Light-weight aggregate
33%
Normal-weight aggregate
21%
Heavy-weight aggregate
26%
Both Normal-weight aggregate and Heavy weight aggregate
๐3โค2
2688. Which of the following has more fire resisting characteristics:
Anonymous Quiz
24%
Marble
17%
Lime stone
28%
Compact sand stone
31%
Granite
โค9
2686. Which of the following properties should the subgrade soil have in order to be used as highway material?
Anonymous Quiz
52%
Stability, incompressibility, good drainage
9%
Large changes in volume under adverse conditions of weather, stability
15%
Large changes in volume under adverse conditions of weather, compressibility, good drainage
24%
Ease of compaction, compressibility, stability
โค5
2685. In the direct shear test conducted on soils, a proving ring is used to ____.
Anonymous Quiz
47%
measure the magnitude of shear load
26%
measure vertical strain
15%
measure horizontal strain
13%
measure horizontal stress
โค4
2682. If 90% of soil particles got retained over 2 mm sieve and 50% of soil particles got retained over 4.75 mm sieve, then the effective diameter of the soil will be:
Anonymous Quiz
27%
2 mm
43%
4.75 mm
18%
1.25 mm
12%
6.75 mm
โค6๐ฅ2๐1
2681. A catchment area of 10 square km has recorded a rainfall of 25 mm/h. Assuming a runoff co-efficient of 0.3, the peak discharge from the catchment using the rational method is
Anonymous Quiz
26%
18.36 cumec
35%
26.56 cumec
20%
24.6 cumec
20%
20.83 cumec
โค4๐4
๐ INTERCON Construction Chemicals
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat
โ Concrete Repair Mortar
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Grout, Self-level mortar
โ Quartz paint, Contextra
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat
โ Concrete Repair Mortar
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Grout, Self-level mortar
โ Quartz paint, Contextra
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall
โค3
๐How to Measure Sand & Aggregate in a Dumper - A Practical Guide for Civil Engineers"
๐ซAccurately measuring the quantity of sand or aggregate delivered to the site is a key responsibility for any site engineer or quantity surveyor.
๐ทThis image illustrates a practical method to calculate the volume of a dumper using basic geometry.
โบFormula: Volume = Length x Width x Height
โ๏ธIn this case, two different lengths of the dumper are measured:
- Front (L1) = 6 m
- Rear (L2) = 5.5 m
So, the average length = (6+5.5)/2 = 5.75 m
- Width (B) = 1.7 m
- Height (H) = 2 m
Calculated Volume: 5.75 x 1.7 x 2 = 19.55 cubic meters
๐งThis technique is extremely useful to verify material quantities on-site and prevent shortages or overbilling.
@etconp
๐ซAccurately measuring the quantity of sand or aggregate delivered to the site is a key responsibility for any site engineer or quantity surveyor.
๐ทThis image illustrates a practical method to calculate the volume of a dumper using basic geometry.
โบFormula: Volume = Length x Width x Height
โ๏ธIn this case, two different lengths of the dumper are measured:
- Front (L1) = 6 m
- Rear (L2) = 5.5 m
So, the average length = (6+5.5)/2 = 5.75 m
- Width (B) = 1.7 m
- Height (H) = 2 m
Calculated Volume: 5.75 x 1.7 x 2 = 19.55 cubic meters
๐งThis technique is extremely useful to verify material quantities on-site and prevent shortages or overbilling.
@etconp
๐8โค2
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โค3๐2
๐Construction Project Management Basics
๐ซPART 1
โบConstruction project management is the discipline of planning, coordinating, and controlling a construction project from its start to completion, ensuring that the clientโs goals are met within scope, time, budget, and quality constraints.
๐ง1. What is a Construction Project?
A construction project is a temporary effort to build or renovate a physical structure such as housing units, commercial buildings, roads, or infrastructure. It involves multiple stakeholders, activities, and resources, all aligned to produce a unique result.
๐ง2. The Project Life Cycle in Construction
Construction projects follow five main phases:
โข Initiation: This is where the project idea is formalized. It includes conducting feasibility studies, defining the objectives, identifying stakeholders, and obtaining approval or funding.
โข Planning: In this phase, the entire project is detailed out. Plans include technical designs, work schedules, cost estimates, procurement strategies, risk analysis, and resource planning.
โข Execution: Actual construction begins. The project team mobilizes labor, equipment, and materials to perform site works, construct structures, install systems, and carry out finishing tasks.
โข Monitoring and Control: This involves tracking the projectโs progress to ensure it stays on schedule, within budget, and according to quality standards. It includes handling site issues, reporting, inspections, and making necessary adjustments.
โข Closure: The final phase includes completing all work, verifying that deliverables meet requirements, obtaining client approval, handing over the completed project, and documenting lessons learned.
๐ง3. Core Knowledge Areas in Construction Project Management
Effective project management requires understanding and applying several key disciplines:
โข Scope Management: Clearly defining what is included and excluded from the project, to avoid misunderstandings or scope creep.
โข Time Management: Creating a realistic project schedule, sequencing tasks, and ensuring activities are completed on time.
โข Cost Management: Estimating costs accurately and tracking expenses throughout the project to stay within budget.
โข Quality Management: Making sure that construction works meet required standards, specifications, and client expectations.
โข Procurement Management: Managing how materials, subcontractors, and services are sourced and contracted.
โข Risk Management: Identifying potential project risks early and developing plans to avoid or reduce their impact.
โข Resource Management: Allocating labor, machinery, and materials effectively to avoid delays and inefficiencies.
โข Communication Management: Ensuring timely and accurate information flow among clients, contractors, consultants, and project staff.
โข Stakeholder Management: Identifying all people affected by the project and engaging them appropriately to maintain support.
๐ง4. Project Roles in Construction
Many roles contribute to a construction project:
โข The project owner or client provides funding and defines the overall goals.
โข The project manager oversees the full lifecycle of the project and ensures coordination between all parties.
โข Consultants, such as architects and engineers, provide technical design and supervision.
โข The contractor carries out the construction activities.
โข Subcontractors perform specialized tasks like plumbing, electrical, or finishing.
โข Suppliers deliver materials and equipment to the site.
@etconp
๐ซPART 1
โบConstruction project management is the discipline of planning, coordinating, and controlling a construction project from its start to completion, ensuring that the clientโs goals are met within scope, time, budget, and quality constraints.
๐ง1. What is a Construction Project?
A construction project is a temporary effort to build or renovate a physical structure such as housing units, commercial buildings, roads, or infrastructure. It involves multiple stakeholders, activities, and resources, all aligned to produce a unique result.
๐ง2. The Project Life Cycle in Construction
Construction projects follow five main phases:
โข Initiation: This is where the project idea is formalized. It includes conducting feasibility studies, defining the objectives, identifying stakeholders, and obtaining approval or funding.
โข Planning: In this phase, the entire project is detailed out. Plans include technical designs, work schedules, cost estimates, procurement strategies, risk analysis, and resource planning.
โข Execution: Actual construction begins. The project team mobilizes labor, equipment, and materials to perform site works, construct structures, install systems, and carry out finishing tasks.
โข Monitoring and Control: This involves tracking the projectโs progress to ensure it stays on schedule, within budget, and according to quality standards. It includes handling site issues, reporting, inspections, and making necessary adjustments.
โข Closure: The final phase includes completing all work, verifying that deliverables meet requirements, obtaining client approval, handing over the completed project, and documenting lessons learned.
๐ง3. Core Knowledge Areas in Construction Project Management
Effective project management requires understanding and applying several key disciplines:
โข Scope Management: Clearly defining what is included and excluded from the project, to avoid misunderstandings or scope creep.
โข Time Management: Creating a realistic project schedule, sequencing tasks, and ensuring activities are completed on time.
โข Cost Management: Estimating costs accurately and tracking expenses throughout the project to stay within budget.
โข Quality Management: Making sure that construction works meet required standards, specifications, and client expectations.
โข Procurement Management: Managing how materials, subcontractors, and services are sourced and contracted.
โข Risk Management: Identifying potential project risks early and developing plans to avoid or reduce their impact.
โข Resource Management: Allocating labor, machinery, and materials effectively to avoid delays and inefficiencies.
โข Communication Management: Ensuring timely and accurate information flow among clients, contractors, consultants, and project staff.
โข Stakeholder Management: Identifying all people affected by the project and engaging them appropriately to maintain support.
๐ง4. Project Roles in Construction
Many roles contribute to a construction project:
โข The project owner or client provides funding and defines the overall goals.
โข The project manager oversees the full lifecycle of the project and ensures coordination between all parties.
โข Consultants, such as architects and engineers, provide technical design and supervision.
โข The contractor carries out the construction activities.
โข Subcontractors perform specialized tasks like plumbing, electrical, or finishing.
โข Suppliers deliver materials and equipment to the site.
@etconp
โค12๐10
๐Types of stone used in stone mansory
๐งa) Igneous stones
These stones are obtained from igneous rocks, formed from the cooling and solidification of magma generated within the Earth at high temperatures during volcanic activity.
They are generally used for purposes that require strength and durability, such as kerbstones, countertops, floorings, and breakwaters. The igneous stone ranges from very soft rocks such as pumice and scoria to somewhat harder rocks such as tuff and hard rocks such as granite and basalt.
๐งb) Sedimentary stones
They are obtained from sedimentary rocks that are formed by accumulation and cementation of mineral grains (sediments) transported by wind, water or ice to a basin or by precipitation at a site. There are mainly two types of sedimentary stones used in masonry work, limestone and sandstone. One of the sedimentary rocks is Limestone that is composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate.
Limestone is the main construction material and used in various fields such as a building material, as aggregate for the base of roads, as white pigment or filler in products such as toothpaste or paints, and as a chemical feedstock.
On the other hand, sandstone is an elastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals (mostly quartz and/or feldspar) or rock grains. It is relatively soft, making it easy to change as the required shape.
Typically used as flooring or paving material, it has also been used for artistic purposes to create ornamental fountains and statues.
๐งc) Metamorphic stones
They are obtained from metamorphic rocks, which are pre-existing rocks that have been altered by great heat and/or pressure or by chemical conditions. They have traditionally been used for carving statues, and as facing in many Byzantine and Renaissance Italian buildings. Slate and marble are metamorphic stones commonly used in the building industry.
Slates are typically used for flooring, roofing, and countertops whereas marbles are suitable for wall-cladding, roofing, flooring, and all other interior and exterior applications.
@etconp
๐งa) Igneous stones
These stones are obtained from igneous rocks, formed from the cooling and solidification of magma generated within the Earth at high temperatures during volcanic activity.
They are generally used for purposes that require strength and durability, such as kerbstones, countertops, floorings, and breakwaters. The igneous stone ranges from very soft rocks such as pumice and scoria to somewhat harder rocks such as tuff and hard rocks such as granite and basalt.
๐งb) Sedimentary stones
They are obtained from sedimentary rocks that are formed by accumulation and cementation of mineral grains (sediments) transported by wind, water or ice to a basin or by precipitation at a site. There are mainly two types of sedimentary stones used in masonry work, limestone and sandstone. One of the sedimentary rocks is Limestone that is composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate.
Limestone is the main construction material and used in various fields such as a building material, as aggregate for the base of roads, as white pigment or filler in products such as toothpaste or paints, and as a chemical feedstock.
On the other hand, sandstone is an elastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals (mostly quartz and/or feldspar) or rock grains. It is relatively soft, making it easy to change as the required shape.
Typically used as flooring or paving material, it has also been used for artistic purposes to create ornamental fountains and statues.
๐งc) Metamorphic stones
They are obtained from metamorphic rocks, which are pre-existing rocks that have been altered by great heat and/or pressure or by chemical conditions. They have traditionally been used for carving statues, and as facing in many Byzantine and Renaissance Italian buildings. Slate and marble are metamorphic stones commonly used in the building industry.
Slates are typically used for flooring, roofing, and countertops whereas marbles are suitable for wall-cladding, roofing, flooring, and all other interior and exterior applications.
@etconp
โค14๐7
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โค1
Ethio Construction Engineering
๐Construction Project Management Basics ๐ซPART 1 โบConstruction project management is the discipline of planning, coordinating, and controlling a construction project from its start to completion, ensuring that the clientโs goals are met within scope, timeโฆ
๐ซConstruction Project Management Basics
๐PART 2
๐ง5. Essential Documents and Tools
Several tools and documents are commonly used in managing construction projects:
โข A Bill of Quantities (BOQ) details the materials and work items along with their cost.
โข A Gantt chart shows the schedule of project activities over time.
โข A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) breaks the project into smaller, manageable parts.
โข Progress reports summarize what has been accomplished each week or month.
โข Variation orders document changes to the original scope or contract.
โข Cash flow forecasts predict when and how much money is needed or spent.
โข A risk register is used to identify and monitor risks throughout the project.
๐ง6. Monitoring Project Performance
Project success is measured by tracking:
โข Whether activities are completed on time (schedule performance)
โข Whether the actual cost is within the planned budget (cost control)
โข Whether the delivered work meets the design and technical standards (quality assurance)
โข Whether safety protocols are being followed to protect workers and the public
Tools like Earned Value Management (EVM) help track time and cost performance together, showing whether the project is ahead, behind, over, or under budget.
๐ง7. Common Challenges in Ethiopian Construction Projects
Several issues often arise:
โข Delays in government permits and approvals
โข Shortage or price fluctuation of materials like cement or steel
โข Limited contractor capacity or poor site management
โข Payment delays from clients or public institutions
โข Inflation and foreign exchange-related risks
โข Design changes after work has started (leading to rework)
Proactive planning, transparent communication, and strong contract management help minimize these challenges.
๐ง8. Key Success Factors
To deliver a successful project, focus on the following:
โข Start with clear and detailed planning
โข Communicate regularly with all stakeholders
โข Supervise the site consistently and thoroughly
โข Track time, cost, and quality metrics weekly
โข Resolve issues quickly before they escalate
โข Learn from each project and apply improvements on the next
@etconp
๐PART 2
๐ง5. Essential Documents and Tools
Several tools and documents are commonly used in managing construction projects:
โข A Bill of Quantities (BOQ) details the materials and work items along with their cost.
โข A Gantt chart shows the schedule of project activities over time.
โข A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) breaks the project into smaller, manageable parts.
โข Progress reports summarize what has been accomplished each week or month.
โข Variation orders document changes to the original scope or contract.
โข Cash flow forecasts predict when and how much money is needed or spent.
โข A risk register is used to identify and monitor risks throughout the project.
๐ง6. Monitoring Project Performance
Project success is measured by tracking:
โข Whether activities are completed on time (schedule performance)
โข Whether the actual cost is within the planned budget (cost control)
โข Whether the delivered work meets the design and technical standards (quality assurance)
โข Whether safety protocols are being followed to protect workers and the public
Tools like Earned Value Management (EVM) help track time and cost performance together, showing whether the project is ahead, behind, over, or under budget.
๐ง7. Common Challenges in Ethiopian Construction Projects
Several issues often arise:
โข Delays in government permits and approvals
โข Shortage or price fluctuation of materials like cement or steel
โข Limited contractor capacity or poor site management
โข Payment delays from clients or public institutions
โข Inflation and foreign exchange-related risks
โข Design changes after work has started (leading to rework)
Proactive planning, transparent communication, and strong contract management help minimize these challenges.
๐ง8. Key Success Factors
To deliver a successful project, focus on the following:
โข Start with clear and detailed planning
โข Communicate regularly with all stakeholders
โข Supervise the site consistently and thoroughly
โข Track time, cost, and quality metrics weekly
โข Resolve issues quickly before they escalate
โข Learn from each project and apply improvements on the next
@etconp
โค11๐6๐ฅ1