👉Design Requirements of Shear Walls according to EBCS (Ethiopian Building Code Standards)

🚧1. Purpose of Shear Wall

💫Shear walls are structural elements provided to:
⏺Resist lateral loads (earthquake & wind)
⏺Control story drift
Increase stiffness and strength of buildings
⏺Improve seismic performance, especially for mid- and high-rise buildings

🚧2. Location & Layout Requirements

💫According to EBCS-8: Shear walls shall be:
⏺Continuous from foundation to roof
⏺Uniformly distributed in plan to avoid torsion
⏺Preferably placed:
At building cores (stairs, elevators)
⏺Symmetrically in both X and Y directions
⏺Avoid: Sudden termination of walls and Large offsets or irregular wall alignment

🚧3. Thickness Requirements
As per EBCS-2:

💫Minimum wall thickness:
⏺150 mm for low-rise buildings
⏺200 mm or more for multi-storey buildings

⚡️Thickness must satisfy:Slenderness limits,Fire resistance,Durability requirements

🚧4. Material Requirements
Concrete

⏺Minimum concrete grade:
C25 (fck ≥ 25 MPa) for seismic areas
⏺Good compaction and curing are mandatory

⚡️Reinforcement Steel
⏺Deformed bars with:
fy = 300–500 Mpa

🚧5. Reinforcement Requirements (Very Important)

🏷5.1 Vertical Reinforcement
Minimum vertical steel ratio:
ρv ≥ 0.0025 (0.25%)
Bars: Uniformly distributed
⏺Minimum bar diameter: Ø10 mm
⏺Spacing: ≤ 300 mm

🏷5.2 Horizontal Reinforcement
⏺Minimum horizontal steel ratio: ρh ≥ 0.0025
⏺Spacing: ≤ 300 mm

📍Purpose:
⏺Control cracking
⏺Improve ductility

🚧6. Boundary Elements (Seismic Requirement)

⏺According to EBCS-8: Boundary elements are mandatory when:

🔰Wall is heavily stressed High axial force exists
🎲Requirements:

⏺Confined reinforcement (ties/stirrups)
⏺Tie spacing: ≤ 100 mm near ends
⏺Boundary zone width: ≥ max( wall thickness, 300 mm )

🚧7. Openings in Shear Walls

💫Openings (doors/windows) must:
⏺Be limited in size
⏺Be properly reinforced around edges
⏺Lintels and coupling beams:
Must be designed for shear + bending
⏺Require diagonal reinforcement in seismic zones

🚧8. Seismic Design Provisions (EBCS-8)

💫Shear walls must be designed for:
⏺Design base shear
⏺Overstrength factor
⏺Ductile detailing is compulsory:
⏺Proper anchorage
⏺Lap splices away from critical zones
⏺Drift limits must be checked:
Inter-story drift ≤ allowable limit

🚧9. Foundation Connection

💫Shear walls must be:

⏺Rigidly connected to foundation
⏺Proper dowel bars and development length provided
⚡️Foundation must resist:
⏺Overturning
⏺Sliding

🚧10. Construction & Quality Control

💫Accurate bar placement
Proper cover:

⏺≥ 25–40 mm depending on exposure
⏺Continuous supervision is required

📜Conclusion

💫According to EBCS, a shear wall must be:

⏺Properly located
⏺Adequately thick
⏺Correctly reinforced
⏺Detailed for ductility and seismic resistance
⏺Fully integrated with foundation and slabs

@etconp

👉ሌላኛው ቻናላችን ተቀላቅለዋል?

⚡️ሰሙኑ የወጡ ጨረታዎች ጨምሮ

🌟አዳዲስ የስራ ቅጥሮች እና የኮንስትራክሽን ጨረታዎች ሲወጡ በቀላሉና በ ትኩሱ ለመመልከት ከታች ባለው ሊንካችን ይቀላቀሉን።

📌እንዲሁም ለወዳጆቻቹ SHARE በማረግ አዳርሱ👇

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

👉Diagonal Reinforcement Bar in Open-Down Building Structures

💫Diagonal reinforcement bars are steel bars placed at an inclined (diagonal) angle in structural elements.

🚧In open-down structures (such as buildings with open ground floors, soft storey, large openings, or stilt parking), these bars are very important for stability and earthquake resistance.

❇️What is an Open-Down Structure?

⏺An open-down (soft storey) building has: Open ground floor (parking, shops, halls)
Fewer walls or columns at the lower level Reduced stiffness compared to upper floors
This makes the structure vulnerable to lateral loads (earthquake & wind).

📍Purpose of Diagonal Reinforcement Bars

⏺Diagonal bars are mainly used to: Resist shear forces
Prevent diagonal cracking due to lateral loads
⏺Improve seismic performance:-Act like a bracing system during earthquakes
⏺Control cracking:-Especially around openings (doors, windows, soft storey)
⏺Increase ductility:-Helps structure deform safely without sudden failure

🏷Where Diagonal Bars Are Commonly Used

⏺Shear walls Masonry walls (around openings)
⏺Soft storey / open ground floor
⏺Beam-column joints Infill walls for seismic zones

🏷How They Work (Simple Explanation)

⚡️When an earthquake pushes a building sideways:
⏺One diagonal bar works in tension
⏺The opposite diagonal resists compression
⏺This action distributes forces safely to the foundation

🔰Typical Arrangement

⏺Placed at 45°–60° angle
Anchored properly into beams, columns, or boundary elements
⏺Used in X-shape or single diagonal pattern
⏺According to Codes (General) Required in seismic design codes (EBCS, IS, Eurocode, ACI)
⏺Mandatory for soft storey mitigation
⏺Bar diameter and spacing depend on structural design

📜Simple Summary

Diagonal reinforcement bars strengthen open-down buildings by resisting shear, improving earthquake safety, and preventing sudden collapse.

@etconp

👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

☎️ Tel: 0961955555

🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
      Dinberwa Hospital

🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
     Dani Plaza

👉Foundation masonry work

💫it is masonry construction (stone, brick, or block) built below or just above ground level as part of the building foundation system.

🚧Its main purpose is to safely transfer building loads to the soil and protect the structure.

⭐️Purpose of Foundation Masonry Work

🎲1. Load Transfer to Soil

⏺Foundation masonry:
Receives loads from columns, walls, and beams Distributes these loads evenly to the footing and soil This prevents uneven settlement and structural cracks.

🎲2. Raises Structure Above Ground Level

⏺Masonry foundation walls or plinth walls: Lift the superstructure above natural ground Protect the building from surface water, moisture, and flooding

🎲3. Protection Against Moisture & Soil Contact

⏺Foundation masonry:Acts as a barrier between soil and upper structure Reduces dampness, termites, and soil chemicals from affecting walls
Often combined with DPC (Damp Proof Course) at plinth level.

🎲4. Provides a Level & Strong Base

⏺It creates: A firm, level base for RCC columns or load-bearing walls
⏺Proper alignment and stability for the superstructure

🎲5. Improves Durability & Strength

⏺Stone or block masonry foundations: Are durable and economical
⏺Resist compression forces very well
⏺Extend the building’s service life

🎲6. Cost Efficiency (Especially Low-rise Buildings)

⏺For: Low-rise buildings Load-bearing structures
Masonry foundations are often cheaper than full RCC foundations.

🏷Common Types of Foundation Masonry

❇️Stone masonry foundation
❇️Brick masonry foundation
❇️Block masonry foundation

📜Summary

📍Foundation masonry work is essential to:

⏺Transfer loads safely
⏺Protect against moisture and soil effects
⏺Provide a strong, durable, and level base
⏺Improve structural safety and building life

@etconp

👉CALCULATION – Field Density Test (FDT)

📜Example

⚖️ Weight of sand used

= Weight of sand + cylinder before test − Weight of sand + cylinder after test
= 8373 − 2524
= 5849 g

🕳️ Weight of sand in hole

= Weight of sand used − Weight of sand in cone
= 5849 − 1610
= 4239 g

📦 Volume of hole

= Weight of sand in hole ÷ Bulk density of sand
= 4239 ÷ 1.344
= 3154 cc

🪨 Weight of soil passing 19 mm sieve

= Weight of wet material − Weight retained on 19 mm sieve
= 7263 − 1350
= 5913 g

⚙️ Bulk density of soil

= Weight of soil ÷ Volume of hole
= 5913 ÷ 3154
= 1.875 g/cc

💧 Moisture content (Speedy Moisture Tester)

= 7.8 %

📊 Field dry density

= Bulk density ÷ (1 + Moisture content ÷ 100)
= 1.875 ÷ (1 + 7.8 ÷ 100)
= 1.875 ÷ 1.078
= 1.74 g/cc

📈 Percentage of compaction

= Field dry density ÷ Laboratory MDD × 100
= 1.74 ÷ 2.144 × 100
= 96.3 %

✅ RESULT

📌 Field Dry Density = 1.74 g/cc
📌 Laboratory MDD = 2.144 g/cc
📌 Compaction Achieved = 96.3 %

🫵For More Subscribe👇

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp

👉በጨረታ ሂደት ውስጥ አንድ ብቻ ተጫራች ከተሳተፈ አሸናፊ ማድረግ ይቻላል?

✅አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ከሆነ አሸናፊ ማድረግ በህግ ሊቻል ይችላል፣
✅ ነገር ግን ይህ የሚከናወነው የጨረታ ሂደቱ በሙሉ በግልጽነት እና በህግ መሠረት ከተካሄደ እና የቀረበው የዋጋ ስሌት
     ➣ተመራጭ፣
     ➣ብቁ እና
      ➣በተገቢው የገበያ ዋጋ ክልል ውስጥ ከሆነ ብቻ ነው።

⭐️ይህንን ለመረዳት የሚከተሉትን ነጥቦች ማስተዋል አስፈላጊ ነው፡

📍1. የጨረታው ህጋዊ እና ሥርዓታዊ መሠረት

⏺የማንኛውም ጨረታ ዋና ዓላማ ተጫማሪ ውድድርን ማምጣት እና ለግምገማ ብቁ የሆኑ ብዙ ተጫራቾችን ማሰባሰብ ነው።
⏺ "የማይመለከታቸው ጨረታዎች" ወይም "ሙሉ በሙሉ ያልተሳኩ ጨረታዎች" በብዙ የግዥ ስርዓቶች ውስጥ እንደ አንድ ጉዳይ ተደርጎ ይቆጠራል። አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ መኖሩ ይህንን ሁኔታ ያስከትላል።

📍2. አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ሲኖር የጨረታውን ሂደት ለመቀጠል የሚከተሉት መሟላት አለባቸው፡-

❇️የጨረታው ማስታወቂያ (Bid Invitation) በቂ ጊዜ እና በተገቢው መንገድ መወጣቱ፡
❇️ጨረታው በሕዝብ ተደራሽ የሆኑ መገናኛዎች (ማለትም ጋዜጦች፣ ድረገጾች) ላይ በተገቢው ጊዜ እንደተለጠፈ ማረጋገጥ አለበት።
❇️ይህ ለሁሉም አመቺ የሆኑ ተጫራቾች የመሳተፍ እድል እንዳላቸው ለማረጋገጥ ነው።
❇️የአንድ ተጫራች ዋጋ ስሌት (Bid) ተመራጭ እና ኢኮኖሚያዊ መሆኑ፡ የቀረበው ዋጋ በጨረታው ሰነድ ውስጥ በተገለጸው በጀት ወይም በገበያ ዋጋ ማለት ይቻላል በሚገመት የዋጋ ክልል ውስጥ መሆን አለበት።

🔰ከመጠን በላይ ከፍ ያለ ዋጋ መጠየቅ ችግር ሊፈጥር ይችላል።
🔰የተጫራቹ የብቃት ማረጋገጫ (Responsiveness and Responsibility)፡ አንድ ብቁ ተጫራች መሆኑን ማለትም ሁሉንም የጨረታ መስፈርቶች እንደሚያሟላ እና ሥራውን ለማከናወን የሚያስፈልገውን ቴክኒካል፣ ፋይናንሻል እና ህጋዊ አቅም እንዳለው ማረጋገጥ አለበት።
🔰የግዢው ኮሚቴ/አካል ውሳኔ፡ በመጨረሻ ላይ፣ ጨረታውን የሚያስተዳድረው ኮሚቴ ወይም አካል አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ሆኖ የቀረበውን የዋጋ ስሌት የመቀበል ወይም የመግባባት ውሳኔ ማሳለጥ አለበት።
🔰ይህ ውሳኔ ብዙውን ጊዜ ከላይ ከተጠቀሱት መስፈርቶች ጋር በማገናኘት ይወሰዳል።

📍3. የሚከተሉት ሁኔታዎች ሊኖሩ ይችላሉ

⏺ጨረታው መዝጋት እና እንደገና መቅረብ፡ የግዢው አካል አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ስላለ ወይም የቀረበው ዋጋ ከመጠን በላይ ከፍ ብሎ ስላገኘ ጨረታውን ሙሉ በሙሉ እንደማይመለከት ሊወስን ይችላል።
⏺በዚህ ሁኔታ ጨረታው ይታጠፍና  እና እንደገና በተሻለ ማስተዋወቂያ እና በማሳሰቢያ ሊቀርብ ይችላል።
⏺ከአንድ ተጫራች ጋር በቀጥታ ድርድር (Direct Negotiation)፡ በአንዳንድ ስርዓቶች፣ አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ከቀረበ በኋላ፣ የግዢው አካል ከዚያ ተጫራች ጋር በቀጥታ ለመድርስ ውሳኔ ሊሰጥ ይችላል።
⏺ይህ ሂደት ግን በጣም ጥብቅ የሆኑ ህጎች ውስጥ ነው እና በግልጽነት መሠረት መከናወን አለበት።

🏷ለስራ ቅጥር እና ጨረታዎች👇

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp