👉ስለ ኮንክሪት እና የኮንክሪት ግሬዶች:

🌟ኮንክሪት (concrete) ስሙን ያገኘው ከጥንት ሮማኖች ሲሆን ቃሉም የመጣው ኮንክሪተስ (Concretus) ከሚለው የሮማ ቃል ነው የቃል በቃል ትርጉሙም በጋራ ማደግ /መቋቋም የሚለውን ይወክላል።

ኮንክሪት በአለማችን ላይ በስፋት የምንጠቀመው የግንባታ ቁስ ነው።

ኮንክሪት የሲሚንቶ የአሸዋ እና የጠጠሮች ውህድ ነው ።

የኮንክሪት የእመቃ ኃይል (compressive strength)
ሚለካው በስሪት ደረጃው/Grade ነው።

የተለያዩ የኮንክሪት ስሪት ደረጃዎች
አሉ እነዚህም C-5, C-7, C-10, C-15, C-20, C-25, C-30, C-40 ወዘተ. ናቸው።

የኮንክሪት ግሬድ ማለት ኮንክሪቱ ከሃያ ስምንት ቀን በኋላ የሚኖረው የእመቃ ኃይል
(compressive strength ) ማለት ነው።

ለምሳሌ: C-25 ግሬድ የሆነ ኮንክሪት ከ28 ቀን በኋላ የሚኖረው የእመቃ ጥንካሬ 25N/mm^2 ይሆናል ማለት ነው። C-30 ግሬድ የሆነ ኮንክሪት ደግሞ የእመቃ ኃይሉ/ጥንካሬው 30N/mm^2 ነው ማለት ነው።

የኮንክሪት ግሬዶች በተለያዩ መፅሃፎች በተለያየ መልክ ይጠቀሳሉ ለምሳሌ አንዳንድ መፅሃፎች C-30 C-15 የሚለውን አገላለፅ ሲጠቀሙ አንዳንዶቹ ደግሞ M-30 M-15
የሚለውን ይጠቀማሉ።

በ«C»የሚጠቀሱ የኮንክሪት ግሬዶች በC መጠቀሳቸው የእመቃ ኃይል/ጥንካሬያቸው የተለካው በሲሊንደሪካል ፍተሻ (CYLINDRICAL test ) ሲሆን
በM የሚጠቀሱት ደግሞ ፍተሻው (test) የተደረገው በኪውቢክ ፍተሻ (cubic test) ሲሆን ነው።

በሁለቱ የፍተሻ አይነቶች የሚደረጉ የኮንክሪት ግሬዶች የእመቃ ጥንካሬአቸው ይለያያል። ሲሊንደሪካል ፍተሻ በአንፃራዊነት የኮንክሪትን ትክክለኛ አምቅ/ጥንካሬ ይገልፃል ስለዚህ ከኪውቢክ ፍተሻ የተሻለ ነው ማለት ነው።

በቀጣይ ጊዜ በሲሊነረደሪካል ፍተሻ የተደረገ የተለያዩ የኮንክሪት ግሬድ ያላቸው የሲሚንቶ የአሸዋ እና የጠጠር ምጣኔ (ratio) እና ከ28 ቀን በኋላ የሚያገኙትን ጥንካሬ በሰንጠረዥ መልክ የምናቀርብ ይሆናል ።

ማስታወሻ: የኮንክሪት የሳይት አካባቢ መታወቂያ ስም አርማታ ነው።

አብሮነታችን ይቀጥል!

ከወደዱት ያጋሩ

@etconp

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👉አስደሳች ዜና ለዚህ ቻናል ቤተሰቦች

🌟አዲስ አመት ምክንያት በማረግ ከ ጷግሜን 1 ጀምሮ እስከ ጷግሜን 5 የሚቆይ Quantity Surveying እና Ms Project ኦንላይን ኮርሶች ስልጠና የ 25% ቅናሽ አርገናል🙏

📩ለመመዝገብ @Philemona7 ይፃፉልን

👊Qs ለሚወስዱ ETABS ቦነስ እንደተጠበቀ ነው👇
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መልካም አዲስ አመት🙏

@etconp

👉በኔፓል በቅርቡ ከተከሰተው አስከፊ የጎርፍ አደጋ መካከል ተርፎ የቆመው አንድ ፎቅ ቤት የብዙዎችን ቀልብ በመሳብ የዓለም መነጋገሪያ ሆኗል።

🏛የሰፈራቸው ሰው፣ጎረቤት ሁሉም በጎርፉ ሲወሰዱ በዚህ ቤት ውስጥ የሚኖሩ ቤተሰቦች ብቻ ተርፈዋል።

✍አስተያየት ስጡበት

@etconp

🕌ስለ መስጊድ አርክቴክቸር እና ግንባታ በተግባር ለመማር የሚረዳ 4 ምርጥ መፅሐፍ በአንድ ላይ አዘጋጅተናል📚

📐 የሚያካትተው፦
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✅ Concept & Geometry
✅ Space Planning
✅ Design Synthesis & Form
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💫እነዚህ መፅሐፍ ከፈለጉ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇

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🏗️ TYPES OF LOADS ON COLUMNS EVERY STRUCTURAL ENGINEER MUST CONSIDER

A column is not simply a vertical concrete or steel member—it is a critical load-transfer element that carries forces from beams, slabs, walls, and upper floors safely to the foundation.

Before designing a column, the engineer must identify all relevant actions and load combinations.

🔹 1. DEAD LOAD (G)
Permanent loads from:
• Self-weight of columns, beams & slabs
• Masonry/block walls
• Finishes and screeds
• Roof systems
• Permanent MEP installations

🔹 2. LIVE LOAD (Q)
Variable loads caused by occupants and movable items:
• People
• Furniture
• Equipment
• Storage
• Maintenance activities

🔹 3. WIND LOAD (W)
Wind produces lateral forces and overturning effects on the building. Columns may experience:
• Bending moment
• Shear force
• Axial compression/tension

🔹 4. EARTHQUAKE LOAD (E)
For seismic regions, columns are subjected to significant:
• Axial forces
• Shear forces
• Bending moments

⚠️ Seismic design is not just about calculating lateral load—the column must also satisfy ductility and capacity-design requirements.

🔹 5. ROOF & SPECIAL LOADS
Depending on the building:
• Roof live load
• Rain/water ponding
• Snow load where applicable
• Solar panels
• Water tanks
• Heavy rooftop equipment

🔹 6. PARTITION & WALL LOADS
Walls supported by beams or slabs ultimately transfer their loads to columns and foundations. These should not be ignored simply because they are “non-structural.”

🔹 7. IMPACT & MACHINE LOADS
Industrial and special buildings may require consideration of:
• Crane loads
• Vibrating machinery
• Vehicle impact
• Equipment loads

🔹 8. TEMPERATURE & SHRINKAGE EFFECTS
Thermal movement, concrete shrinkage and creep can generate additional forces, particularly in restrained structures.

🔹 9. EARTH PRESSURE / RETAINING EFFECTS
Columns connected to basement or retaining systems may receive forces associated with:

• Lateral earth pressure
• Groundwater pressure
• Surcharge

📐 IMPORTANT DESIGN CHECK

A column should not be designed using axial load alone.

The engineer should generally check the interaction of:

N – Axial Force
M – Bending Moment
V – Shear Force

For reinforced concrete columns, the critical design concept is often P–M interaction (axial load–bending moment interaction).

🔥 ENGINEERING RULE:

Never design a column from its tributary floor load alone. Trace the complete load path from roof → slabs → beams → columns → foundations → soil.

A professional structural engineer asks:

“Where does every load come from, how is it transferred, and what combination produces the critical design effect?”

📌 Next Part: How to Calculate Column Load Step-by-Step — From Slab Load to Foundation

#StructuralEngineering #ColumnDesign #StructuralDesign #CivilEngineering #Construction #EngineeringEducation #EthiopianEngineers #ReinforcedConcrete #LoadAnalysis #BuildingDesign

@etconp

👉ሙሉ የኮንስትራክሽን ስራዎች ላይ ቼክ ሊስት ከፈለጉ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ አውርደው ይጠቀሙ👇

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✅Masonry & Block Work Checklists እና ሌሎች ...

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✈️ Airport Runway – Construction Concept

An airport runway is a highly engineered pavement system designed to safely support repeated aircraft movements under heavy loads.

This conceptual Text presents the complete structural and infrastructure layout of a flexible runway pavement, including the pavement layers, shoulders, drainage system, taxiway connection, terminal facilities, cross-section, and construction sequence.

🔹 Runway Dimensions: 3000 m long × 30 m wide
🔹 Shoulders: 7.5 m on each side
🔹 Total Formation Width: 45 m
🔹 Pavement Type: Flexible Pavement
🔹 Design Aircraft: A320 / B737
🔹 Design Life: 20 years
🔹 Cross Slope: 2.5% from centreline toward the edges

🛣️ Pavement Layer System

The runway pavement is constructed in multiple layers to distribute aircraft loads safely to the underlying soil:

1. Asphalt Wearing Course – 50 mm

2. Asphalt Binder Course – 70 mm

3. Asphalt Base Course – 100 mm

4. Crushed Aggregate Base – 250 mm

5. Subbase Course – 300 mm

6. Compacted Subgrade

📏 Total Pavement Thickness: 770 mm

🌧️ Drainage System

Proper drainage is essential for runway safety and pavement durability. Side drainage channels collect and carry away surface runoff, preventing water accumulation and protecting the pavement structure from moisture damage.

🏗️ Main Construction Elements

✔️ Runway pavement
✔️ Asphalt shoulders
✔️ Drainage channels
✔️ Taxiway connection
✔️ Airport terminal and services
✔️ Runway markings and lighting
✔️ Compacted subgrade and granular layers

🔨 Typical Construction Sequence

1️⃣ Clearing and grubbing
2️⃣ Earthworks and subgrade preparation
3️⃣ Subbase and base laying
4️⃣ Asphalt pavement construction
5️⃣ Shoulder construction
6️⃣ Drainage channel construction
7️⃣ Runway marking and lighting installation
8️⃣ Quality control and commissioning

This infographic provides a clear overview of how different civil engineering, pavement engineering, geotechnical, drainage, and airport infrastructure components work together to create a safe and durable airport runway.

​🌐ለተጨማሪ መረጃ እና ሌሎች የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ዜናዎች የ YouTube ገፃችን ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት SubScribe አርገው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ👇

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG
‎
‎@etconp