đá ááá á 2 á˘áá¨á áĽá á᪠á¨áŽáŞá°á áááľ áĽáŤ áĽáá°áá¨ááá á°ááá¸
đŤá áľááŤá ááá áá˛á ááá á 2017 á.á á áááľ á˘ááŽá áĽá á¨áŽáŞá°á áááľ áĽáŤáá˝á ááá¨ááá ááłááąá á¨á¨á°á á áľá°áłá°áŠ á áľáłááá˘
âď¸áá á¨á°ááá¸á á¨ááá áááŤá á áľá°áłá°á ááŹááłááľ á áś ááłá¸á á¨áł á á°ááá áľ áĽá¨á°áŤáá° áŁááᤠá á¨á°áá áĽá¨á°á¨ááá á¨ááá á¨áááľ áľáŤáá˝ á¨ááľá°ááá á á¨ááááá፠ááľá¨á ááá˘
đˇá¨á¨á°á á áľá°áłá°áŠ áááľá á¨áá˛áŁ á áś á¤ááŤáľ áŤááłáᤠá¨áŽáŞá°á áááľ áľáŤááš á 35 áşá áŤáŹ ááľá á áá¸áá áŚáł áá áá¨áááá áááłá¸áá á˘áá ááá§áá˘
âşá¨áŽáŞá°á áááą áá ááá áááá ááĽá á áą á ááľá¨á ááąáŞáľáľ ááľá áĽáŁ áááŁáśá˝á á á¨áááŤá ááš áááľá¨á áááá á°ááá¨ááá˘
@etconp
đŤá áľááŤá ááá áá˛á ááá á 2017 á.á á áááľ á˘ááŽá áĽá á¨áŽáŞá°á áááľ áĽáŤáá˝á ááá¨ááá ááłááąá á¨á¨á°á á áľá°áłá°áŠ á áľáłááá˘
âď¸áá á¨á°ááá¸á á¨ááá áááŤá á áľá°áłá°á ááŹááłááľ á áś ááłá¸á á¨áł á á°ááá áľ áĽá¨á°áŤáá° áŁááᤠá á¨á°áá áĽá¨á°á¨ááá á¨ááá á¨áááľ áľáŤáá˝ á¨ááľá°ááá á á¨ááááá፠ááľá¨á ááá˘
đˇá¨á¨á°á á áľá°áłá°áŠ áááľá á¨áá˛áŁ á áś á¤ááŤáľ áŤááłáᤠá¨áŽáŞá°á áááľ áľáŤááš á 35 áşá áŤáŹ ááľá á áá¸áá áŚáł áá áá¨áááá áááłá¸áá á˘áá ááá§áá˘
âşá¨áŽáŞá°á áááą áá ááá áááá ááĽá á áą á ááľá¨á ááąáŞáľáľ ááľá áĽáŁ áááŁáśá˝á á á¨áááŤá ááš áááľá¨á áááá á°ááá¨ááá˘
@etconp
đ11đ˘4â¤2đ2
Intercon Construction Chemicals
đ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
â Concrete Admixtures
â Bonding Agents
â Waterproofings
â Concrete Repair, Grout
â Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
â Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
â Quartz, Contextra
â Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
â Floor hardener, Epoxy
â Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
đ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
â Concrete Admixtures
â Bonding Agents
â Waterproofings
â Concrete Repair, Grout
â Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
â Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
â Quartz, Contextra
â Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
â Floor hardener, Epoxy
â Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
đ6đ1
đThe common structure of asphalt concrete road?
đˇAsphalt concrete roads, often referred to as asphalt pavements, are composed of several layers designed to distribute loads and provide a smooth, durable surface.
đHere's an overview of the typical structure of an asphalt concrete road:
âş1. Subgrade: The natural soil layer, which is compacted to provide a stable foundation. Proper preparation and compaction of the subgrade are critical for the road's overall performance.
âş2. Sub-base: This layer consists of granular material such as crushed stone or gravel.
âšIt provides additional load distribution, drainage, and frost protection.
âď¸The thickness of the sub-base depends on the traffic load and subgrade conditions.
âş3. Base Course: A high-quality granular material or stabilized base (e.g., cement or lime-stabilized) that provides structural support and further load distribution.
âšThe base course must be well-compacted and evenly spread.
âş4. Prime Coat: A low-viscosity bituminous layer applied to the base course to promote adhesion between the base course and the asphalt layers.
âśď¸It also helps to seal the base course and prevent water infiltration.
âş5. Binder Course: This is the first layer of asphalt concrete, composed of coarser aggregates and bitumen.
âśď¸It provides structural strength and helps distribute traffic loads. The binder course is designed to withstand heavy loads and resist deformation.
âş6. Tack Coat: A light application of bitumen emulsion applied between asphalt layers to ensure proper bonding.
âśď¸It improves the adhesion between the binder course and the surface course.
âş7. Surface Course: The top layer of asphalt concrete, made of finer aggregates and bitumen.
âśď¸It provides a smooth, durable, and skid-resistant driving surface.
âśď¸The surface course is designed to resist wear and weathering.
đ§Summary of Asphalt Concrete Road Structure
1. Subgrade
2. Sub-base
3. Base Course
4. Prime Coat
5. Binder Course
6. Tack Coat
7. Surface Course
âď¸Each layer in the asphalt concrete road structure serves a specific function to ensure the road can handle traffic loads, provide a smooth driving surface, and maintain durability over time.
âśď¸Proper design, material selection, and construction practices are essential for the longevity and performance of an asphalt concrete road.
@etconp
đˇAsphalt concrete roads, often referred to as asphalt pavements, are composed of several layers designed to distribute loads and provide a smooth, durable surface.
đHere's an overview of the typical structure of an asphalt concrete road:
âş1. Subgrade: The natural soil layer, which is compacted to provide a stable foundation. Proper preparation and compaction of the subgrade are critical for the road's overall performance.
âş2. Sub-base: This layer consists of granular material such as crushed stone or gravel.
âšIt provides additional load distribution, drainage, and frost protection.
âď¸The thickness of the sub-base depends on the traffic load and subgrade conditions.
âş3. Base Course: A high-quality granular material or stabilized base (e.g., cement or lime-stabilized) that provides structural support and further load distribution.
âšThe base course must be well-compacted and evenly spread.
âş4. Prime Coat: A low-viscosity bituminous layer applied to the base course to promote adhesion between the base course and the asphalt layers.
âśď¸It also helps to seal the base course and prevent water infiltration.
âş5. Binder Course: This is the first layer of asphalt concrete, composed of coarser aggregates and bitumen.
âśď¸It provides structural strength and helps distribute traffic loads. The binder course is designed to withstand heavy loads and resist deformation.
âş6. Tack Coat: A light application of bitumen emulsion applied between asphalt layers to ensure proper bonding.
âśď¸It improves the adhesion between the binder course and the surface course.
âş7. Surface Course: The top layer of asphalt concrete, made of finer aggregates and bitumen.
âśď¸It provides a smooth, durable, and skid-resistant driving surface.
âśď¸The surface course is designed to resist wear and weathering.
đ§Summary of Asphalt Concrete Road Structure
1. Subgrade
2. Sub-base
3. Base Course
4. Prime Coat
5. Binder Course
6. Tack Coat
7. Surface Course
âď¸Each layer in the asphalt concrete road structure serves a specific function to ensure the road can handle traffic loads, provide a smooth driving surface, and maintain durability over time.
âśď¸Proper design, material selection, and construction practices are essential for the longevity and performance of an asphalt concrete road.
@etconp
đ11â¤10
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âď¸áá፠ááá¨áŤ ááĽáťá áá á፠áá˝áá˝ á áá
đáᎠ(áśáá˛á) áĽááľ áĽáá ááá áĽáá˛áá áĽááĽááá
đáááááá á¨áá°áá áľáŤáá˝á áĽáá°áŤáá
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á.2 áááŤáś
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0904040477
0911016833
đáááľá ááŚááľ á ááááľ á áááľ á¨á°ááá á áá
âď¸áá፠ááá¨áŤ ááĽáťá áá á፠áá˝áá˝ á áá
đáᎠ(áśáá˛á) áĽááľ áĽáá ááá áĽáá˛áá áĽááĽááá
đáááááá á¨áá°áá áľáŤáá˝á áĽáá°áŤáá
đá˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááľáĽ á¨áľá áĽáááááłáá
á áľáŤáťá˝áጠá.1 á ááśáĽáľ á°áŤ(ááłáááŤ)
á.2 áááŤáś
á.3 á°áááááááľ
0904040477
0911016833
đ3
Ethio Construction Engineering
https://t.me/ETCONp
đBleeding in road pavement
đ§occurs when excessive asphalt binder rises to the surface, creating a shiny, sticky layer. This condition can make the pavement slick and dangerous, particularly when wet.
âşThe primary causes of bleeding include:
1. Excess Asphalt Binder: An overly rich asphalt mix with too much binder can cause the binder to seep to the surface, especially under the weight of traffic.
2. High Temperatures: Hot weather can soften the asphalt binder, making it more likely to rise to the surface and cause bleeding.
3. Insufficient Aggregate: If the mix has insufficient aggregate or fines, the binder has fewer particles to bond with, leading to an excess that can bleed to the surface.
4. Low Air Voids: A pavement with low air void content can trap the binder, which, under pressure and high temperatures, can migrate to the surface.
5. Repeated Heavy Loads: Continuous heavy traffic can push the asphalt binder to the surface, especially if the mix is too rich or if there are low air voids.
6. Improper Construction Techniques: Poor construction practices, such as inadequate compaction or improper mixing, can result in a pavement prone to bleeding.
7. Aging and Oxidation: Over time, the asphalt binder can oxidize and harden, potentially leading to bleeding if the mix was initially too rich or improperly compacted.
đŤTo prevent bleeding, it is essential to use the correct asphalt mix design, ensuring the right balance of binder and aggregate.
âśď¸Proper compaction during construction and considering climate conditions can also help mitigate this issue.
âśď¸Regular maintenance and monitoring can address early signs of bleeding before they become significant problems.
@etconp
đ§occurs when excessive asphalt binder rises to the surface, creating a shiny, sticky layer. This condition can make the pavement slick and dangerous, particularly when wet.
âşThe primary causes of bleeding include:
1. Excess Asphalt Binder: An overly rich asphalt mix with too much binder can cause the binder to seep to the surface, especially under the weight of traffic.
2. High Temperatures: Hot weather can soften the asphalt binder, making it more likely to rise to the surface and cause bleeding.
3. Insufficient Aggregate: If the mix has insufficient aggregate or fines, the binder has fewer particles to bond with, leading to an excess that can bleed to the surface.
4. Low Air Voids: A pavement with low air void content can trap the binder, which, under pressure and high temperatures, can migrate to the surface.
5. Repeated Heavy Loads: Continuous heavy traffic can push the asphalt binder to the surface, especially if the mix is too rich or if there are low air voids.
6. Improper Construction Techniques: Poor construction practices, such as inadequate compaction or improper mixing, can result in a pavement prone to bleeding.
7. Aging and Oxidation: Over time, the asphalt binder can oxidize and harden, potentially leading to bleeding if the mix was initially too rich or improperly compacted.
đŤTo prevent bleeding, it is essential to use the correct asphalt mix design, ensuring the right balance of binder and aggregate.
âśď¸Proper compaction during construction and considering climate conditions can also help mitigate this issue.
âśď¸Regular maintenance and monitoring can address early signs of bleeding before they become significant problems.
@etconp
đ12đ5â¤1
á¨áŽááľáľáŤáá˝á_ááĽáśá˝_ááááľ_áĽá_á¨ááľá°áá_á˝ááŽá˝_1.pdf
167.6 KB
đˇ
đá¨áŽááľáľáŤáá˝á ááĽáśá˝ ááááľ áĽá á¨ááľá°áá á˝ááŽá˝
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
đá¨áŽááľáľáŤáá˝á ááĽáśá˝ ááááľ áĽá á¨ááľá°áá á˝ááŽá˝
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
đ6đ2
đá á˛áľ á¨áááá፠áĽá ááá°á á˛á᪠áľáá
ááľ áŽááśá˝
đ§á á ááť áá ááľáľá ᨠáááá፠áĽá ááá°á á˛á᪠áľáá ááľ ááá áľ á¨áŁááľááť á áŤááľ áľáĽá°áŁ á EiABC áĽá á AEBE (Association of Ethiopian Building Engineers) á ááŤáááľ á°ááá áś áá áá˘
đŤá áá á¨áŁááľááťáá˝ á¨áááá áľáĽá°áŁ áá ᨠBSc Building Engineering áĽá ᨠMSc Advanced Building Engineering áááááĽáŽá˝ áááá á°á°áááŁá¸á áá áá˘
Via á áá ááłá¸á
@etconp
đ§á á ááť áá ááľáľá ᨠáááá፠áĽá ááá°á á˛á᪠áľáá ááľ ááá áľ á¨áŁááľááť á áŤááľ áľáĽá°áŁ á EiABC áĽá á AEBE (Association of Ethiopian Building Engineers) á ááŤáááľ á°ááá áś áá áá˘
đŤá áá á¨áŁááľááťáá˝ á¨áááá áľáĽá°áŁ áá ᨠBSc Building Engineering áĽá ᨠMSc Advanced Building Engineering áááááĽáŽá˝ áááá á°á°áááŁá¸á áá áá˘
Via á áá ááłá¸á
@etconp
đ16â¤5đ3
Punching shear in a footing develops at
Anonymous Quiz
19%
Top of the footing
24%
Bottom of a footing
46%
Axis junction of a column and footing
11%
Bottom end of a footing
đ13đ˘2
đá áááŤá˝á áá á YOUTUBE áťááá˝á á á˛áľ á¨áá á¨áłá˝ áŁáá ááá ááĽá°á
đ§áĽááľáá°áŤááš ááľááááľ áŞáľáŽá á áááâ¤ď¸
https://www.youtube.com/@ETHIOCONp
@etconp
SUBSCRIBE á áá¨á á¤á°á°áĽ ááá áĽáá˛áá áááłá
á áŤááŠđ§áĽááľáá°áŤááš ááľááááľ áŞáľáŽá á áááâ¤ď¸
https://www.youtube.com/@ETHIOCONp
@etconp
đ7â¤3
Intercon Construction Chemicals
đ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
â Concrete Admixtures
â Bonding Agents
â Waterproofings
â Concrete Repair, Grout
â Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
â Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
â Quartz, Contextra
â Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
â Floor hardener, Epoxy
â Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
đ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
â Concrete Admixtures
â Bonding Agents
â Waterproofings
â Concrete Repair, Grout
â Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
â Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
â Quartz, Contextra
â Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
â Floor hardener, Epoxy
â Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
đ3â¤1
đStructural failures in construction can have various causes, ranging from design flaws to material defects and construction errors. Here are some common causes of construction structural failures:
1. Poor Design: Inadequate structural analysis, underestimation of loads, improper dimensioning of members, or flawed design calculations can lead to structural failure.
2. Material Defects: The use of substandard or defective materials, including poor quality concrete, steel, or other building materials, can compromise the structural integrity of a building.
3. Construction Errors: Mistakes made during the construction phase, such as poor workmanship, inadequate supervision, improper sequencing of construction activities, or deviations from the design specifications, can weaken the structure.
4. Foundation Issues: Problems with the foundation, such as poor soil conditions, inadequate site investigation, improper foundation design, or incorrect construction techniques, can result in structural failure.
5. Natural Disasters: Events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, or other natural disasters can exceed the structure's design capacity and lead to collapse.
6. Overloading: Excessive loading beyond the structure's capacity, whether due to occupancy changes, additional equipment, or storage of heavy materials, can cause structural failure.
7. Corrosion: The deterioration of structural elements due to corrosion, especially in coastal areas or environments with high humidity, can weaken the structure over time.
8. Aging Infrastructure: Old structures may deteriorate over time due to wear and tear, lack of maintenance, or inadequate rehabilitation and repair efforts.
9. Fire Damage: Fires can weaken structural elements, compromising their load-bearing capacity and leading to collapse.
10. Improper Maintenance: Neglecting regular maintenance, inspections, and repairs can allow structural issues to worsen over time, eventually leading to failure.
11. Vibration or Impact: Continuous vibration from machinery, nearby construction activities, or impact from vehicles or heavy equipment can weaken structural elements and cause failure.
12. Poor Welding or Joint Design: Improper welding techniques or inadequate joint design in steel structures can lead to weak connections and potential failure under load.
13. Settlement: Differential settlement in the foundation, where different parts of the structure settle at different rates, can cause stress and structural failure.
đ§To prevent structural failures, it is crucial to ensure proper design, quality materials, skilled construction practices, regular maintenance, and adherence to safety standards and building codes throughout the lifespan of a structure.
@etconp
1. Poor Design: Inadequate structural analysis, underestimation of loads, improper dimensioning of members, or flawed design calculations can lead to structural failure.
2. Material Defects: The use of substandard or defective materials, including poor quality concrete, steel, or other building materials, can compromise the structural integrity of a building.
3. Construction Errors: Mistakes made during the construction phase, such as poor workmanship, inadequate supervision, improper sequencing of construction activities, or deviations from the design specifications, can weaken the structure.
4. Foundation Issues: Problems with the foundation, such as poor soil conditions, inadequate site investigation, improper foundation design, or incorrect construction techniques, can result in structural failure.
5. Natural Disasters: Events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, or other natural disasters can exceed the structure's design capacity and lead to collapse.
6. Overloading: Excessive loading beyond the structure's capacity, whether due to occupancy changes, additional equipment, or storage of heavy materials, can cause structural failure.
7. Corrosion: The deterioration of structural elements due to corrosion, especially in coastal areas or environments with high humidity, can weaken the structure over time.
8. Aging Infrastructure: Old structures may deteriorate over time due to wear and tear, lack of maintenance, or inadequate rehabilitation and repair efforts.
9. Fire Damage: Fires can weaken structural elements, compromising their load-bearing capacity and leading to collapse.
10. Improper Maintenance: Neglecting regular maintenance, inspections, and repairs can allow structural issues to worsen over time, eventually leading to failure.
11. Vibration or Impact: Continuous vibration from machinery, nearby construction activities, or impact from vehicles or heavy equipment can weaken structural elements and cause failure.
12. Poor Welding or Joint Design: Improper welding techniques or inadequate joint design in steel structures can lead to weak connections and potential failure under load.
13. Settlement: Differential settlement in the foundation, where different parts of the structure settle at different rates, can cause stress and structural failure.
đ§To prevent structural failures, it is crucial to ensure proper design, quality materials, skilled construction practices, regular maintenance, and adherence to safety standards and building codes throughout the lifespan of a structure.
@etconp
đ21
â¨Looking for premium materials for your next project? EKT Ceramics offers top-quality SPC flooring for durability and style, UV boards with a sleek, easy-to-maintain finish, and PVC ceilings that are lightweight, moisture-resistant, and easy to install. Complete your space with our SPC skirting, perfectly designed to match your flooring.
â¨Trust EKT Ceramics for competitive prices, excellent customer service, and a comprehensive selection of products. Visit us today and start building your dream space!
đHead Office
Location: Derar Mall 9th floor opposite to Sahlite Mihret Church
đą+251 929 93 0206
đą+251 929 53 1707
www.ektceramics.com
#EKTceramics #ethiopia #theklinker #ektceramics #construction #admixture #ceramic #paint #sika #jotun #aquapa #primacera #hanbon #tesaassaabloy #spc #tiles #pprpipe #doorlock #sanitarywares #buildingmaterials
â¨Trust EKT Ceramics for competitive prices, excellent customer service, and a comprehensive selection of products. Visit us today and start building your dream space!
đHead Office
Location: Derar Mall 9th floor opposite to Sahlite Mihret Church
đą+251 929 93 0206
đą+251 929 53 1707
www.ektceramics.com
#EKTceramics #ethiopia #theklinker #ektceramics #construction #admixture #ceramic #paint #sika #jotun #aquapa #primacera #hanbon #tesaassaabloy #spc #tiles #pprpipe #doorlock #sanitarywares #buildingmaterials
đ2đ2â¤1
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14 ááá áŁá˘áŤáá˝ á á°ááŤáŠ áŚáłáḠá°áááá á áááááľ á ááľá áľ áá á¨ááá á˛áá ᣠááá á áŤáŁá˘áŤá¸áááĄ- áá ᣠáá᳠ᣠáąáá᳠ᣠá ááłá ᣠá˛á (á°á áł) ᣠáá ᣠáťá¸áá ᣠá áὠᣠá á፠áŁá°ááá ᣠáŽááŚáᝠᣠá˘á (á°áá) áŁáá¨áł ᣠáŠáá (ááá) áá¸áá˘
á á°ááá á¨á áá˝ 7 áĽá á¨á á፠á¨ááá áŁá˘áŤáá˝ á¨áá°á á¨áá á¨á᪠áĽá áᢠáááľá áŤáľá°áááłá áá ááľáá á¨áŁáŁáľ ááŞáá˝ á¨á áĄá˛ áá° ááá ááá á¨áááááąá áľ áĽá á áá ááľáĽ á ááŤáł á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞáá˝á á¨ááŤáľá°áááľ áá á á፠ááłá ááá˘
á ááľáአá¨á°ááá°á áá á á áá á ááŤá á¨ááááłááą á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞáá˝ á¨ááľá°áá á ááá ááááą áá¨áá°á ááłáľ áĽá¨á°áłá¨á áááááĄáĄ
áá áá ááá°áľ áááááľ áľáá á¨áŤá á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞ áááá ááá á á¨áá˝áá ááŤáá áľáá áááľ á°áá˘áá á¨á áŁáľ áá፠á¨á¨áá á áá áľááá áĽáá˛áŤáŤáá á ááŤá á áá á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞ áá áĽáá˛ááľáľ á á áá°áááááĄáĄ
đˇááĽáŤááłááą á ááľá á¨ááááľ á¨ááĽá°áľ áá á
I. á¨áá á á ááľá (Axle) áááľ ááá áśáľáľ áááá˝ á¨á°áá áááľ á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞ á¨ááľ áĽá á¨áá á¨á ááľá (Axle) áááá˝ á á áá á¨ááĽá°áľ áá á á¨áá¨á°áá áááĄ-
á) á¨ááľ á ááľá (á¨á᪠á ááľá) Steering Axle á¨áááááľ á¨ááĽá°áľ áá á á¨7.7 áśá (77 áŠááłá) á¨á áá áĽáá°áá á¤
á) á¨ááŞá á ááľá (Steering Axle) á᪠áá áá á áá á¨á°áá áááľ á°á¸á¨ááŤáŞ á¨áá á á áá ááĽá°áą á¨8 áśá (80 áŠááłá) á¨á áá áĽáá°áá áááĄáĄ
á) á¨ááá á¨á ááľá ááá á áŤáľ áááá˝ á¨á°áá áááľ á¨áá á¨á ááľá ááĽá°áą á¨10 áśá (100 áŠááłá) á¨á áá áĽáá°áá áááĄáĄ
II. á¨á°á¸á¨ááŤáŞá á¨á ááľá ááá áŁá áááľ (Tandem Axle Unit) ááá áŁááśáľáľ (Tri-dem axle) á˛áá ᣠáá°á˝á¨ááŤáŞá á¨áááááľ á¨á ááľá (Axle) á¨ááĽá°áľ áá á áĽáá°áá¨á°áá áááĄ-
á) á¨áĽááľ á ááľá (Steering Tandem Axle) ááĽá°áľ áłáá¨áá á á áá á¨áá á¨á ááľá ááĽá°áą á á ááľ áá á°á°áᎠá¨18 áśá (180 áŠááłá) á¨á áá áĽáá°áá áááĄáĄ
âď¸á áááá ááá á¨á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞ áŁáááĽá¨áśá˝á á á˝á¨ááŤáŞáá˝ áĽáá˛áá á¨ááááľ á°á áááá˝ á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááááśá˝ á áľá°áłá°á áá á áá°áŁá á á¨áá°á á¨ááá ááĽáľ á¨áá°á°á áľá á¨ááááľ áá°á¨á° áááľ ááá á á á áá°á¨áá áĽá¨áľ á¨á áŠáá˝áá áľááť áĽááľáľáᥠáááłá°áĽ áĽáááłááá˘
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đá¨áá°á áááá ááá á¨áááľá áľ á¨ááááľ ááĽáľ á¨áá á á á áľá á áááááľ áĽáá˛á°áĽ á°áᢠáĽá á áĽá áĽáááĽáŤá¤ áŤáľááááááĄáĄ
áá á á°ááŁá ááá¸á á¨ááá˝áá áááááľ áĽáá°áá á¨áááá ááłá á áá°ááá˘
ááááśá˝á ááĽáá˝áľ á¨ááłáá ááááŤáśá˝ á ááąá áááá á¨á°ááá°á ááĽá°áľ á áá á ááŤá ááá (Axels load) áá á˘
á áá á á¨ááľ á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááááśá˝ á áľá°áłá°á á á°ááŤáŠ á¨áááŤá˝á á áŤáŁá˘áá˝ á¨áŁáľ áááľá ááááŁá á á¨ááŤáľá˝á ááá áŁá˘áŤáá˝á á áááá áĽáá°áá°áŤ ááłáááá˘
á¨á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞáá˝á ááĽá°áľ á¨áááŁá á áá á áá á ááááśá˝ áá á¨ááááłááą á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞáá˝ á¨á°ááá°áá¸á á¨á ááľá ááĽá°áľ áá á á áá ááá á á¨áá°á á᪠á¨á°ááᥠá¨ááááľ á ááłáŽá˝ áá ááłáľ áĽááłáŤá°ááą á¨áá¨áá¨á áĽáá˛áá ááááśá˝ áĽá áľááľáŽá˝ áłáá ááš á á˛ááá áá°á¨áľ á áááááľ ááľá áľ áĽáá˛á˝á ááľá¨á áááĄáĄ
á áááŤá˝á á¨á°ááŤáŠ á áŤáŁá˘áá˝ á áááááľ á ááľá áľ áá á¨ááá á¨ááá áŁá˘áŤáá˝ áĽá ááá áŚáłá¸ááĄ-
14 ááá áŁá˘áŤáá˝ á á°ááŤáŠ áŚáłáḠá°áááá á áááááľ á ááľá áľ áá á¨ááá á˛áá ᣠááá á áŤáŁá˘áŤá¸áááĄ- áá ᣠáá᳠ᣠáąáá᳠ᣠá ááłá ᣠá˛á (á°á áł) ᣠáá ᣠáťá¸áá ᣠá áὠᣠá á፠áŁá°ááá ᣠáŽááŚáᝠᣠá˘á (á°áá) áŁáá¨áł ᣠáŠáá (ááá) áá¸áá˘
á á°ááá á¨á áá˝ 7 áĽá á¨á á፠á¨ááá áŁá˘áŤáá˝ á¨áá°á á¨áá á¨á᪠áĽá áᢠáááľá áŤáľá°áááłá áá ááľáá á¨áŁáŁáľ ááŞáá˝ á¨á áĄá˛ áá° ááá ááá á¨áááááąá áľ áĽá á áá ááľáĽ á ááŤáł á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞáá˝á á¨ááŤáľá°áááľ áá á á፠ááłá ááá˘
á ááľáአá¨á°ááá°á áá á á áá á ááŤá á¨ááááłááą á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞáá˝ á¨ááľá°áá á ááá ááááą áá¨áá°á ááłáľ áĽá¨á°áłá¨á áááááĄáĄ
áá áá ááá°áľ áááááľ áľáá á¨áŤá á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞ áááá ááá á á¨áá˝áá ááŤáá áľáá áááľ á°áá˘áá á¨á áŁáľ áá፠á¨á¨áá á áá áľááá áĽáá˛áŤáŤáá á ááŤá á áá á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞ áá áĽáá˛ááľáľ á á áá°áááááĄáĄ
đˇááĽáŤááłááą á ááľá á¨ááááľ á¨ááĽá°áľ áá á
I. á¨áá á á ááľá (Axle) áááľ ááá áśáľáľ áááá˝ á¨á°áá áááľ á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞ á¨ááľ áĽá á¨áá á¨á ááľá (Axle) áááá˝ á á áá á¨ááĽá°áľ áá á á¨áá¨á°áá áááĄ-
á) á¨ááľ á ááľá (á¨á᪠á ááľá) Steering Axle á¨áááááľ á¨ááĽá°áľ áá á á¨7.7 áśá (77 áŠááłá) á¨á áá áĽáá°áá á¤
á) á¨ááŞá á ááľá (Steering Axle) á᪠áá áá á áá á¨á°áá áááľ á°á¸á¨ááŤáŞ á¨áá á á áá ááĽá°áą á¨8 áśá (80 áŠááłá) á¨á áá áĽáá°áá áááĄáĄ
á) á¨ááá á¨á ááľá ááá á áŤáľ áááá˝ á¨á°áá áááľ á¨áá á¨á ááľá ááĽá°áą á¨10 áśá (100 áŠááłá) á¨á áá áĽáá°áá áááĄáĄ
II. á¨á°á¸á¨ááŤáŞá á¨á ááľá ááá áŁá áááľ (Tandem Axle Unit) ááá áŁááśáľáľ (Tri-dem axle) á˛áá ᣠáá°á˝á¨ááŤáŞá á¨áááááľ á¨á ááľá (Axle) á¨ááĽá°áľ áá á áĽáá°áá¨á°áá áááĄ-
á) á¨áĽááľ á ááľá (Steering Tandem Axle) ááĽá°áľ áłáá¨áá á á áá á¨áá á¨á ááľá ááĽá°áą á á ááľ áá á°á°áᎠá¨18 áśá (180 áŠááłá) á¨á áá áĽáá°áá áááĄáĄ
âď¸á áááá ááá á¨á°á˝á¨ááŤáŞ áŁáááĽá¨áśá˝á á á˝á¨ááŤáŞáá˝ áĽáá˛áá á¨ááááľ á°á áááá˝ á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááááśá˝ á áľá°áłá°á áá á áá°áŁá á á¨áá°á á¨ááá ááĽáľ á¨áá°á°á áľá á¨ááááľ áá°á¨á° áááľ ááá á á á áá°á¨áá áĽá¨áľ á¨á áŠáá˝áá áľááť áĽááľáľáᥠáááłá°áĽ áĽáááłááá˘
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