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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
Latest updates, tips, and tutorials on building, civil engineering, and construction in World.
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๐Ÿ‘‰Complete procedure of Slump test

๐ŸšงThe slump test is a standard test in the construction industry used to measure the consistency of freshly mixed concrete.

๐ŸทHere's a complete procedure for conducting a slump test:

โบPrepare Equipment: Gather the necessary equipment, including a slump cone, a tamping rod, a scoop, and a trowel.

โบSet Up: Place the slump cone on a smooth, flat surface. Ensure it's clean and free from any debris or contaminants.

โบMix Concrete: Mix the concrete sample thoroughly following the specified proportions and mixing instructions.

โบFill the Cone: Fill the slump cone in three layers of approximately equal volume, tamping each layer with the tamping rod 25 times.

โบStrike Off Excess: After filling, strike off the excess concrete from the top of the cone using the trowel.

โบLift the Cone: Lift the slump cone vertically in a steady, upward motion, allowing the concrete to flow freely. Do this without applying any lateral or twisting force to the cone.

๐Ÿ’ซMeasure Slump: Measure the difference in height between the original height of the cone and the displaced concrete slump. Use the vertical distance from the top of the cone to the highest point of the slumped concrete as the slump measurement.

๐Ÿ“œRecord Results: Record the measured slump value. This value indicates the workability and consistency of the concrete mix.

โ‡๏ธClean Equipment: Clean all equipment thoroughly after completing the test to prevent contamination in future tests.

๐Ÿ”ฐInterpret Results: Compare the measured slump value with the specified range or requirements for the project to determine if the concrete mix meets the desired consistency standards.

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๐Ÿ‘4โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ต แ‹จ @etconp แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠจ แ‹›แˆฌ แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แˆˆแ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ณแ‹ญ 15 แ‰€แŠ“แ‰ต แ‹จ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆแˆฑ แ‹ญแˆธแˆˆแˆ™ แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆ แŠ แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ…แ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ

๐Ÿ’ซแˆฝแˆแˆ›แ‰ฑ แ‰€แˆˆแˆ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‹จ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ˜แˆแˆฑ แ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแˆฐ แ‹จ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ˆแˆญ 1GB แŠขแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆญแŠ”แ‰ต แ“แŠฌแŒ… แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠซแˆˆแŠ•แข

๐ŸŒŸแ‹จ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆญ แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‹จ แŒˆแƒแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆŠแŠ•แŠจ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ https://t.me/ETCONp แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ 10 แŒ“แ‹ฐแŠ›แ‹Ž แˆแŠจแ‹ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ ScreenShoot แˆ˜แˆ‹แŠญ::

๐Ÿ“œแ‹จ แ‹›แˆฌ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ• 6:00 แˆฒแˆ แ‹ญแˆˆแŒ แ‹แˆ! แ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ๐Ÿ™

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โœ‹แ‹จ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆแˆฑ แ‹ญแˆธแˆˆแˆ™ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ 1โƒฃ

๐Ÿ’ซแˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แ‹แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ปแŠ“แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆแŠ• 1GB Internet Package แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆธแˆแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆˆแŠ• แ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แ‰ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแˆฐ 1 แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆฝแˆแˆ›แ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแˆต แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จ แ‹›แˆฌ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ•...๐Ÿ‘‡

๐Ÿ‘Š calculate the shear modulus of elasticity (G)

โžก๏ธWhere Given๐Ÿ‘‡

โบthe modulus of elasticity (E)= 207 X 10โน N/mยฒ (steel)

โบPoisson's ratio (ฮฝ)= 0.28 (steel)


๐ŸšงBased On The Above Data Choose The Correct Answer

A)108 x 10โธ N/mยฒ
B)80.8 X 10โน N/mยฒ
C)108 x 10โน N/mยฒ
D) 80.8 x 10โธ N/mยฒ

โžก๏ธแˆ˜แˆแˆณแ‰น แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแА แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠณแˆแŠฉแˆŒแˆฝแŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆ›แ‰ณ 12:00 @ETCONpBOT แ‹ญแˆ‹แŠฉแˆแŠ•แข

โšก๏ธแˆ›แˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅแ‹ซ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ˜แ‹แŒˆแ‰ฅ แ‹จ แŒแ‹ต ๐Ÿ‘‰ @ETCONp ๐Ÿ‘ˆ แŠฅแˆแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹‹แŠ• แˆŠแŠ•แŠญ แˆˆ 10 แŒ“แ‹ฐแŠžแ‰ปแ‰น แ‰  Message แˆ˜แˆ‹แŠญ แŠฃแˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰น แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆŠแŠ•แŠซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰  แŒแˆฉแ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแˆˆแŒฅแ‰แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแˆ‹แŠซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ Screen Shoot แŠฃแˆญแŒ‹แ‰น แˆ‹แŠฉแˆแŠ•::

๐Ÿ“œแˆ…แŒ‰แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แˆŸแˆ‹ แŠจแ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉ แ‹แŒช แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

@etconp
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Ethio Construction Engineering
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๐Ÿ‘‰HARDCORE

โ–ถ๏ธHardcore is among the building elements which needs to be given prior attention in building construction process.

๐ŸšงWANT IS HARDCORE

โบHardcore as the name suggest is the name given to the filling Materials such as broken bricks, or stone, which are hard and do not absorb water or deteriorate.

โบThis hardcore is spread over the site within the external walls of the building to raise the finished surface of the site concrete. The hardcore should be spread, level and compacted until it forms a compact bed for the over site concrete.

โบThe thickness of the hardcore bed is usually from 100 to 300 mm thick. The hardcore bed serves as a solid working base for building and as a bed for the concrete over site as earlier mentioned.

โบMaterials for hardcore should therefore be clean and free from impurities like clay which if in contact with broken bricks or gravel would present capillary Parth for moisture to rise, similarly, the materials should be chemically free , for example,  if soluble sulphate that is in combination with water combine with cement can cause concrete to disintegrate.

๐ŸŽฒMATERIALS USED FOR HARDCORE

โ–ถ๏ธThere are various types of materials which can be used as hardcore but I will select only three among them.

โญ๏ธ1. BRICK OR TILE RUBBLE : Clean, hard broken bricks or tile are an excellent materials for hardcore, the only thing we should put in mind is that the bricks should not contain amount of soluble sulphate.

โญ๏ธ2. CONCRETE RUBBLE : Clean, broken, well graded concrete is another excellent material for hardcore. 

โ–ถ๏ธThe concrete should be free from plaster and other building materials.

โญ๏ธ3. GRAVEL AND CRUSHED HARD ROCK : Clean, well graded gravel or crushed hard rock are both excellent, but somewhat expensive materials for hardcore.

๐Ÿ“œDAMP PROOF MEMBRANE

โ–ถ๏ธThe building bylaws required damp proof membrane to be laid under the hardcore as a barrier to moisture rising from ground.

๐ŸทOn site where the ground is wet or damp, it is advisable to lay polyethylene sheet membrane

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๐Ÿ‘‰แˆตแˆˆ โ€œSpecificationโ€ แˆฐแАแ‹ต

๐Ÿšงแ‰ 'FIDIC multilateral Development Bank Harmonized edition 2010 แˆ•แŒ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต โ€œSpecificationโ€ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆฐแАแ‹ต แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹แˆ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ˜แŠซแ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แŒแˆแŒฝ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ“œแˆตแˆˆ แˆฐแАแ‹ฑ แˆแŠ•แŠ•แАแ‰ต  โ€œSpecificationโ€ means the document entitled specification, as included in the Contract, and any additions and modifications to the specification in accordance with the Contract. Such document specifies the Works แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆแข

๐ŸทแАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠžแ‰น แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹แˆŽแ‰ฝ (contract documents) แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

โ–ถ๏ธแˆตแˆˆแŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆฅแˆซ แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆญแฃ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ต แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ต แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆญ แˆ›แ‰ฅแˆซแˆชแ‹ซ (แ‹จแˆแˆญแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ตแฃ แˆแŠฌแ‰ตแฃ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ•แฃ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต)แฃ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แˆบแАแˆช แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆจแ‹ณ แ‹จแ‹แˆ แˆฐแАแ‹ต แŠ แŠซแˆ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ’ซแ‹ญแˆ… แˆฐแАแ‹ต แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰น แ‹แˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐ แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ต (Material) แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แฃ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แˆ˜แŒ“แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‰…แˆฌแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹‹แŒ‹ แŠญแˆญแŠญแˆญ แŠ แ‹ซแˆตแАแˆณ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแข

๐ŸซตแŠฅแˆญแˆตแ‹Ž แ‰ แˆšแˆฐแˆฉแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต โ€œSpecificationโ€ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แˆฐแАแ‹ต แŠ แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ…แ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹ซแ‹แ‰ƒแˆ‰?

#ConstructionLaw

โ‡๏ธแˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ตแ‹Ž  แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅแ‹Ž แ‹ญแŒปแ‰แˆแŠ•!

๐Ÿ“œแˆˆ แˆตแˆซ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแŠ•แˆˆแ‰…แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แˆ‹แ‰€แˆ๐Ÿ‘‰ @ETCONpWORK

๐Ÿ“ฉแˆŠแŒฝแ‰แˆแŠ• แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก @ETCONpBOT

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ฒแŠญแ‰ถแŠญ:๐Ÿ‘‡

www.tiktok.com/@etconp7

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๐Ÿ‘5โค1
Ethio Construction Engineering
โœ‹แ‹จ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆแˆฑ แ‹ญแˆธแˆˆแˆ™ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ 1โƒฃ ๐Ÿ’ซแˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แ‹แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ปแŠ“แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆแŠ• 1GB Internet Package แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆธแˆแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆˆแŠ• แ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แ‰ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแˆฐ 1 แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆฝแˆแˆ›แ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแˆต แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข ๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จ แ‹›แˆฌ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ•...๐Ÿ‘‡ ๐Ÿ‘Š calculate the shear modulus of elasticity (G) โžก๏ธWhere Given๐Ÿ‘‡ โบthe modulus of elasticity (E)= 207โ€ฆ
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จ แ‹›แˆฌ แ‹จ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆแˆฑ แ‹ญแˆธแˆˆแˆ™ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰…แ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ตแˆ˜แˆแˆฑแˆ แˆŠแŠ•แŠซแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆ 10 แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆ‹แŠจ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ฐแˆธแˆ‹แˆš แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แˆฐแˆˆแАแ‰ แˆญ แˆ›แŠ•แˆ แˆฐแ‹ แŠ แˆ‹แŠจแˆ แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‹›แˆฌ แ‰ฐแˆธแˆ‹แˆš แŠ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแˆ!

๐Ÿ’ซแАแŒˆแˆ แˆŒแˆ‹ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แŠ แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ…แ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ แŠจ แ‰€แŠ‘ 6:00 แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ฐแ‰

๐Ÿ“œแ‹จแ‹›แˆฌ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆ˜แˆแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แˆ†

๐ŸšงAnswer is  B

Given

๐Ÿ“Œ E= 207 x 10โน N/mยฒ (modulus of elasticity)

๐Ÿ“Œ ฮฝ = 0.28(steel)


Required

G( shear modulus of elasticity) =?


Solution

G= E/2*(1+v)
G= 207ร—10^9/(2*(1+0.28))
G= 80.8ร—10^9

The answer is B

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘1
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ˜แ‰แˆจแŒซ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆปแŠ“  แˆ›แŒ แŠแ‹ซ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ แŒƒแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠฅแŠ“แŒฅแ‹แˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆฐแˆซแˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ(แˆ˜แˆณแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซ)
                    แ‰.2 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

0904040477
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๐Ÿ‘‰A residential drainage system during rainfall.

๐ŸšงThe foundation drain surrounds the house, capturing groundwater to prevent water buildup around the foundation.

โ–ถ๏ธThe lateral pipe connects the foundation drain to the storm sewer, safely directing excess water away from the house.

โ–ถ๏ธThe system separates stormwater from the city sanitary sewer, ensuring that rainwater does not overburden the sewage system.

โ–ถ๏ธThis type of drainage design protects the home from flooding and structural damage, efficiently managing both groundwater and surface runoff.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘3
Sustainable-Cities-Through-Transport-240910.pdf
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๐Ÿ‘‰แŒ แ‰ƒแˆš  แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แˆ˜แŒฝแˆ€แ

๐Ÿ’ซ"Sustainable cities through Transport: Optimising Urban Investments in Africa" แ‰ แˆšแˆ แˆญแ‹•แˆต แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ• แ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆด แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ปแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆˆแŠญแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒฝแˆ€แ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ…แˆแ แ‰ แ’แ‹ฒแŠคแ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ญแ‹˜แ‹‹แˆ แŠ แ‹แˆญแ‹ถ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ“œแˆ˜แŒฝแˆ€แ‰ แ‰  Sept 2024 แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แ‰ƒแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ˜แŒฝแˆ€แ แАแ‹แข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘2โค1
โœ‹แ‹จ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆแˆฑ แ‹ญแˆธแˆˆแˆ™ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ 2โƒฃ

๐Ÿ’ซแˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แ‹แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ปแŠ“แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆแŠ• 1GB Internet Package แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆธแˆแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆˆแŠ• แ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แ‰ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแˆฐ 1 แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆฝแˆแˆ›แ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹ฐแˆญแˆต แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จ แ‹›แˆฌ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ•...๐Ÿ‘‡

๐Ÿ‘Š ๐Ÿ‘‰1. Drive w=Dยฒ x Length of the bar 162
                        

โžก๏ธแˆ˜แˆแˆณแ‰น แŒแˆแ… แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแА แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠณแˆแŠฉแˆŒแˆฝแŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆ›แ‰ณ 12:00 @ETCONpBOT แ‹ญแˆ‹แŠฉแˆแŠ•แข

โšก๏ธแˆ›แˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅแ‹ซ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ˜แ‹แŒˆแ‰ฅ แ‹จ แŒแ‹ต ๐Ÿ‘‰ @ETCONp ๐Ÿ‘ˆ แŠฅแˆแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹‹แŠ• แˆŠแŠ•แŠญ แˆˆ 10 แŒ“แ‹ฐแŠžแ‰ปแ‰น แˆ˜แˆ‹แŠญ (Share) แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠฃแˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰น แ‹จแˆ‹แŠซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ Screen Shoot แŠฃแˆญแŒ‹แ‰น แˆ‹แŠฉแˆแŠ•::

๐Ÿ“œแˆ…แŒ‰แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แˆŸแˆ‹ แŠจแ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉ แ‹แŒช แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘‰How to select suitable type of foundations?

๐Ÿšง1. ADEQUATE DEPTH

The foundation must have an adequate depth to prevent frost damage.

For such foundations as bridge piers, the depth of the foundation must be sufficient to prevent undermining by scour.

๐Ÿšง2. BEARING CAPACITY FAILURE

The foundation must be safe against a bearing capacity failure.

๐Ÿšง3. SETTLEMENT

The foundation must not settle to such an extent that it damages the structure.

๐Ÿšง4. QUALITY

The foundation must be of adequate quality so that it is not subjected to deterioration, such as fromsulfate attack.

๐Ÿšง5. ADEQUATE STRENGTH

The foundation must be designed with sufficient strength that it does not fracture or break apart under the applied superstructure loads.

The foundation must also be properly constructed in conformance with the design specifications.

๐Ÿšง6. ADVERSE SOIL CHANGES

The foundation must be able to resist long-term adverse soil changes.

An example is expansive soil, which could expand or shrink causing movement of the foundation and damage to the structure.

๐Ÿšง7. SEISMIC FORCES

The foundation must be able to support the structure during an earthquake without excessive settlement or lateral movement.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘8โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ‹แ‹ แ‹จแŠญแˆญแˆตแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹•แˆแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แŠณแŠ• แˆˆแ‰ฅแˆญแˆƒแА แˆ˜แˆตแ‰€แˆ‰ แ‹ฐแˆ˜แˆซ แ‰ แ‹“แˆ แ‰ แˆ แˆ‹แˆ แŠ แ‹ฐแˆจแˆณแ‰ฝแˆแข

๐Ÿšฉแ‰ แ‹“แˆ‰ แ‹จแˆ แˆ‹แˆ แฃ แ‹จแŒคแŠ“ แฃ แ‹จแแ‰…แˆญ แฃ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‰ต แฃ แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆแ…แŒแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ• แˆแŒฃแˆช แŠ แˆแˆ‹แŠญ แแ‰ƒแ‹ฑ แ‹ญแˆแŠ•!"๐Ÿ™

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘7โค3
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จ แˆตแŠฎแˆ‹แˆญแˆฝแ• แŒฅแ‰†แˆ›

๐Ÿ’ซGovernment of Ireland Scholarships Now Open for Master's and PhD Students!

๐ŸŒŸPrograms: Masters and PhD

๐ŸทScholarship Value:The scholarship is valued at up to โ‚ฌ31,000 per annum and includes the following:

๐ŸทStipend: โ‚ฌ22,000 per annum, Contribution to fees (up to โ‚ฌ5,750 per annum, Eligible direct research expenses: โ‚ฌ3,250 per annum

๐ŸŽฒDeadline: 10 October 2024

๐Ÿ“ŽLink: https://scholarshipscorner.website/government-of-ireland-postgraduate-scholarship/

๐Ÿ“Credit: Irish Research Council
Sourced and rewritten from official site.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘4๐Ÿ™4โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠจแŠ แˆซแ‰ต แŠชแˆŽ-แ‰€แ‰ แŠ“-แ‹ฒแ‹ซแˆตแ–แˆซ แŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ญ แŠฎแˆชแ‹ถแˆญ แŠ แŠซแˆ แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ•แŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ•แŠ“ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ขแˆฎ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แ‹จแ‹จแŠซ แ‰ณแŠญแˆฒ แ‰ฐแˆญแˆšแŠ“แˆ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹แŒ แА แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแข

๐Ÿšงแ‹จแˆ˜แ‹ฒแŠ“แ‹‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แแˆฐแ‰ต แ‰ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแˆแŒฅ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒฃแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›แŠ“ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠแŠญ แˆ˜แŒจแŠ“แАแ‰… แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‹ญแ‰€แˆญแ‹แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแ‰ณแŠญแˆฒ แ‰ฐแˆญแˆšแŠ“แˆ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแА แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแข

โ–ถ๏ธแ‰ฐแˆญแˆšแŠ“แˆ‰ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒชแ‹‹แŠ• แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‹•แˆณแ‰ค แ‰ฃแŒฃแŒฃแˆ˜ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ• แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆญแˆšแŠ“แˆ แˆ…แŠ•แƒแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ 14 แˆœ.แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹‹แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ“ 15 แˆœ.แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝแฃ แˆžแ‰ฐแˆญ แŠ แˆแ‰ฃ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ“แ‹ฅ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆˆแŠแ‹ซแฃ แ‹แŒซแ‹Š แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆณแ‹แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซ แˆตแแˆซแฃ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆณแ‹แˆช แˆ˜แŒซแŠ›แŠ“ แˆ›แ‹แˆจแŒƒแฃ แŠ แˆจแŠ•แŒ“แ‹ด แˆตแแˆซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ แ‰ฐแ‹แˆฐแˆต แ‹ญแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ณแˆแข

Via แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ•แŠ“ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ขแˆฎ แŠฎแˆ™แŠ’แŠฌแˆฝแŠ•

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘11โค2
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ‘‰แˆแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ

๐Ÿ”ฐแˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ‰?

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ›แˆตแ‰†แˆซแˆจแŒฅ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แˆณแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠจแˆแˆˆแŒ‰  แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ก แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก แˆˆแˆฑแˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ‘ แ‰ แŒƒแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹‰

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

โ˜Ž๏ธแ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹‰แˆ‰แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ›แŠญแˆฉแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ(แˆ˜แˆณแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซ)
                    แ‰.2 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

0904040477
0911016833
๐Ÿ‘2โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แˆŠแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแŠ“ แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰‚แ‹ซ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ

๐Ÿšงแˆ€) แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆตแŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ

แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ/แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แŒฅ แ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆŠแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆจแŠจแ‰ แ‹ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆŠแ‹ แ‹แˆ แŠจแˆแˆจแˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰€แŠ• แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แˆˆแ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒ แ‹ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แˆ˜แˆจแˆฐแ‰ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแАแŒแŒ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แŒฃแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆแŒงแˆแข

แ‰ แˆŠแ‹ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แŒฃแˆชแ‹ซแฆ แˆˆแŠ แŠ•แˆฐแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ = 6 แ‹ˆแˆญแฃ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆˆแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ = 9 แ‹ˆแˆญแฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ = 18 แ‹ˆแˆญ แАแ‹ แˆ†แŠ–แˆ แŒแŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แАแ‰ฃแˆซแ‹Š แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆฑแ‰ต แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆณแ‹ญแŒ€แˆ˜แˆญ แ‰ขแ‰€แˆญ แˆˆแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹™แˆญ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹จแˆšแˆแ‰€แ‹ต แˆˆแŠ แŠ•แˆฐแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ  6 แ‹ˆแˆญแฃ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆˆแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ 9 แ‹ˆแˆญแฃ แˆˆแŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆตแŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แแ‰ƒแ‹ต แˆฐแŒชแ‹ แŠ แŠซแˆ แŠจแˆ›แˆตแŒ แŠ•แ‰€แ‰‚แ‹ซ แ‹ฐแ‰ฅแ‹ณแ‰ค แŒ‹แˆญ แˆŠแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

๐ŸŒŸแˆˆ) แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰‚แ‹ซ

แ‰ แˆŠแ‹ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰‚แ‹ซ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅแฆ แˆˆแŠ แŠ•แˆฐแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ 24 แ‹ˆแˆซแ‰ตแฃ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆˆแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ 36 แ‹ˆแˆซแ‰ตแฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ  48 แ‹ˆแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แแ‰ƒแ‹ต แˆฐแŒช แŠ แŠซแˆ แŠซแˆ˜แАแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แ‹แˆตแ‰ฅแˆตแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹จ แˆŠแ‹ซแˆซแ‹แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข แˆ†แŠ–แˆ แŒแŠ• แˆˆแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰‚แ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒ แ‹ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต (แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ) แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แˆˆแŠ แŠ•แˆฐแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ  2 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต 6 แ‹ˆแˆญแฃ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆˆแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ 4 แ‹“แˆแ‰ตแฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆˆแŒฅ แ‹จแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแˆแข

โ‡๏ธแˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ตแ‹Ž  แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅแ‹Ž แ‹ญแŒปแ‰แˆแŠ•!

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