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EOT Request Course p01.pdf
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๐Ÿ‘‰Extension of Time In Construction

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘8๐Ÿ‘2
Ethio Construction Engineering
EOT Request Course p01.pdf
๐Ÿ‘‰EXNTENSION OF TIME IN CONSTRUCTION (EOT)

๐ŸšงWhat is extension of time in construction (EOT) ?

โบAn extension of time (EOT) in construction is a formal request from the contractor to the client for additional time to complete the project.

This can be due to unforeseen circumstances such as bad weather, delays in receiving materials, or other unexpected events. An EOT can be granted by the client and will typically include an adjustment to the project's completion date, with no additional costs to the client. It's also used as a means of recording delays that are beyond the control of the contractor or the employer, and which may affect the completion date of the project.

๐Ÿ’ซWhat are the procedure submitting EOT according to FIDIC red book 1999 ?

1.Notify the Engineer
2.Submit a written claim
3.Provide supporting documents
4.Allow the Engineer to investigate
5.Wait for the Engineer's decision
6.Appeal the decision

โ–ถ๏ธIt's important to note that the contractor must follow the specific procedures outlined in the contract for submitting an EOT claim, including the time frame for submitting the claim and providing supporting documentation.

๐ŸšงIt's also important for the contractor

๐ŸทHow a request for an Extension of time to be assessed ?

- The event should be one for which an EOT is permitted under the contract.
- Timely notice has been given by the contractor.
- The event is likely to cause delay and the effective items of work are on critical path.
- Contractor made all his efforts to mitigate the effects of delay.

๐Ÿ”ฐWhat is the benefit to contractor by getting EOT ?

- The benefit to the contractor of EOT is only to relieve the contractor of liability for damages for delay (adjusting the completion data).

โญ๏ธWhat is the benefit to employer by approving EOT ?

- The benefit to the employer is that it establishes a new contract completion date and prevent time for completion of the works becoming โ€˜at largeโ€™.

๐Ÿ“œWhat are the type of of extension of time in construction ?

In construction, there are several types of extension of time (EOT) that can be requested by a contractor during following events :

1.Compensable delay.
2.Concurrent delay.
3.Non-compensable delay.
4.Force majeure delay.
5.Excusable delay.

๐Ÿ”ฐWhat are the causes of extension of time in fidic red book 1999 ?

โบThe FIDIC Red Book 1999 outlines several causes of extension of time (EOT) that can be claimed by a contractor. These include:

1.Delays caused by the client.
2.Delays caused by factors beyond the contractor's control.
3.Delays caused by the Engineer.
4.Delays caused by other contractors
5.Delays caused by force majeure

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘19๐Ÿ‘3โค2๐ŸŽ‰2
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ˜แ‰แˆจแŒซ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆปแŠ“  แˆ›แŒ แŠแ‹ซ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ แŒƒแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠฅแŠ“แŒฅแ‹แˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆฐแˆซแˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ(แˆ˜แˆณแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซ)
                    แ‰.2 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

0904040477
0911016833
๐Ÿ‘5โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰The purpose of spacers between tiles serves several important functions:

1. Uniform Grout Lines: Spacers help maintain consistent gaps between tiles, ensuring even grout lines for a professional finish.

2. Tile Alignment: They assist in keeping tiles aligned and level during installation, reducing the risk of uneven surfaces.

3. Expansion and Contraction: Spacers allow for slight movement due to temperature changes, helping to prevent cracking or shifting of tiles.

4. Aesthetic Appeal: Consistent spacing contributes to the overall look of the tiled surface, enhancing its visual appeal.

5. Easier Grouting: The uniform gaps make it easier to apply grout, ensuring that it fills the spaces evenly and adheres properly.

Using spacers is essential for achieving a high-quality tile installation.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘20
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠจแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แ‹แŒช แ‹ซแˆˆ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฑ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ:

๐Ÿšง1. แˆแŠฌแ‰ฑ แŠจแŠ•แ‹ตแ‰ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆ›แˆ›แ‰ฑ/Size as per drawing/

โบ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแ‹ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ‹จแˆšแˆธแแАแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŠญแˆแˆ แ‰ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆซแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ธแˆซแˆ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ‘ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฑแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ“แ‹ณแŠ แ‹ˆแˆแˆ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต (Respective floor area) แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒฃแŒฃแˆ˜ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•แข

๐Ÿšง2. แ‹จแ‰€แŒคแАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŒแ‹ณแˆ›แ‹Š แŠ แŠ•แŒแˆ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰แŠ• (Horizontal and Vertical angles as required)

โบแ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆ•แŠ•แŒปแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ณ แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‹ณแˆ›แ‹Š แŒˆแŠ•แ‹ดแˆ‹ (beam) แ‹จแ‰ณแŒ แˆฉ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆ‰แข

โ–ถ๏ธแŠจแ‰ขแˆ แ‹แŒช แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŠ•แŒ แˆแŒฃแ‹ญ แ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆฆแˆตแ‰ต แŒŽแŠ•แฃ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŒแˆ›แˆฝ แŠญแ‰ฅแฃ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰…แˆญแŒฝ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆŽแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉแ‰ แ‰ต แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ›แ‹แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แŠ แŠ•แŒแˆ แˆ˜แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ‹แˆƒแˆแŠญ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰…แฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแ‹ถแˆแฃ แ‰ตแˆซแ’แ‹žแ‹ญแ‹ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆฆแˆตแ‰ต แŒŽแŠ• แ‰…แˆญแŒฝ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆแŠฌแ‰ต แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแŒˆแˆฑ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰…แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆแข

๐Ÿšง3. แ‹จแŒ แ‰ แ‰€ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ•/rigidity/

โบแ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแ‹ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆธแŠซแˆšแ‹แŠ• แŒฅแ‰ฅแ‰…แАแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ปแ‹ญแАแ‰ต (scaffolding rigidity and material capability)แฃ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แŒฅแ‰ฅแ‰…แАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆธแŠจแˆ แŠ แ‰…แˆ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต (Formwork rigidity and appropriateness of materials) แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแ‰ตแข

โบแŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แ‹ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แˆฒแˆฐแˆซ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แŠญแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠญแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแˆ›แˆฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠญแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแŠ•แ‹แˆต แŒซแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฑแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แŒแŠแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ข แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿšง4. แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠฉแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฑ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แˆ˜แ‰€แˆ˜แŒกแŠ• (Spacer)

โบแ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แˆ™แˆŒแ‰ต แŠจแˆ˜แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต /แŒแˆฎ/ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ›แ‹แŠ“ แ‰ แŒŽแŠ•แ‹ฎแˆฝ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ŽแˆญแŠญ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ (between reinforcement and formworks panels) แ‰ แ‹จแ‰ตแŠ›แ‹แˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ขแ‹ซแŠ•แˆต 2.5แˆด.แˆœ แ‹จแˆ†แА แŠญแแ‰ฐแ‰ต (space) แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

โบแ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแˆšแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ แ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ถแ‰ฝ (spacers) แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แˆญแ‰€แ‰ต (appropriately and in reasonable distance) แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒก แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹แข etconp

๐Ÿšง5. แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ›แАแ‰ต (Formwork panels compatibility)

โบแˆˆแŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠจแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹ซแˆแŒฃแŒฃแˆ˜แฃ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆตแˆ›แˆ› แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

โบแ‰ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ แˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ“แŠ”แˆŽแ‰น แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆ™แฃ แŠ แ‰ฃแŒฃ แŒŽแ‰ฃแŒฃ แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แŠ‘แฃ แ‰ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ‘ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฃ แŠซแˆแˆ†แА แ‰ แ‰€แˆญ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แŠจแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹จแŠจแแ‰ณ แˆแ‹ฉแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แข

๐Ÿšง6. แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ (expansion joint)

โบแ‰ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆชแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠแАแ‰ฑ แˆตแŠ•แŒฅแ‰†แ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŒˆแŒฃแŒ แˆšแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข etconp

โบแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆชแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแˆฐแˆฐ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‰ แˆตแŠ•แŒฅแ‰… แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ‹แˆˆแŒฅ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ‹แˆˆแŒ  แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆซแˆ แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซแŠ• แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ™แ‰€แ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆตแ‹แ‹แ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŒˆแŒฃแŒ แˆšแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒก แŠจแˆ†แА แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑแŠ• แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ› แ‰ฆแ‰ณแฃ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ›แАแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแ‰ต แŒแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿšง7. แ‹จแ‹˜แ‹ญแ‰ต แ‰…แ‰ฅแŠฅ แˆฅแˆซ (Oiling of shuttering)

โบแ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ฑ แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แ‹จแ‹แˆตแŒ แŠ›แ‹ แŠญแแˆ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแˆแ‹ถ แŠฆแˆŠแ‹ฎ (Olio) แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ฑ แŠจแŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠฉ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแŒ แˆจแ‹ แŒ แŠ•แŠซแˆซ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŠ–แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ (preventing bonding contact of concrete with formwork surface) แ‹˜แ‹ญแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰€แ‰ฃแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แŠ•แข

โ‡๏ธแˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ตแ‹Ž  แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅแ‹Ž แ‹ญแŒปแ‰แˆแŠ•!

๐Ÿ“œแˆˆ แˆตแˆซ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแŠ•แˆˆแ‰…แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แˆ‹แ‰€แˆ๐Ÿ‘‰ @ETCONpWORK

๐Ÿ“ฉแˆŠแŒฝแ‰แˆแŠ• แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก @ETCONpBOT

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ฒแŠญแ‰ถแŠญ:๐Ÿ‘‡

www.tiktok.com/@etconp7

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘9๐Ÿ™3โค2๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰  แˆ˜แ‰แˆˆ แ‰ 9 แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ 8 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ณแ‰…แ‹ทแˆ

แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰แˆˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แ‰ 9 แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ 8 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ›แ‰€แ‹ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แข

แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แ‰ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แˆŠแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ แ‰ณแ‰€แ‹ฑ แ‹จแˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แŠจแАแ‹‹แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แŠจแˆšแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แˆ˜แŠญแˆฏแˆแกแก

แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃ แ‹ญแ‰ตแ‰ฃแˆจแŠญ แŠ แˆแˆ€ แ‰ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แ‰ 9 แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ 8 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ›แŠซแˆ„แ‹ต แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰€แ‹ฑแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒคแŠ“ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แˆ›แˆตแ‹แ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแŒ แ‰ฑแŠ• แŒ แ‰แˆ˜แ‹รทแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆแ‹ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ€แˆแˆจแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠฅแ‰…แ‹ฑ แŠ แŠซแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰€แˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠขแ‹œแŠ  แ‹˜แŒแ‰งแˆแกแก

@etconp
โค3๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰Standard sizes for various components in a building are as follows

๐Ÿšง1. Door

- Standard interior door size is approximately 2 meters in height and 0.7-0.8 meters in width. etconp
- Standard exterior door size is approximately 2 meters in height and 0.9 meters in width.

๐Ÿšง2. Window

- Standard window sizes vary depending on the type of window, but they typically range from 0.6 to 1.8 meters in width and 0.9 to 1.8 meters in height.

๐Ÿšง3. Toilet

- Standard toilet dimensions are approximately 0.76 meters in width and 0.74 meters in depth. The height of a toilet is usually between 0.35-0.45 meters.

๐Ÿšง4. Bathroom

- A standard bathroom size is around 1.5 meters by 2.4 meters or 1.8 meters by 2.7 meters, which provides enough space for a toilet, sink, and shower or bathtub.

๐Ÿšง5. Dining Room

- A standard dining room size is around 3 meters by 3.7 meters or 3.7 meters by 4.3 meters, which can comfortably accommodate a dining table and chairs. etconp

๐Ÿšง6. Bedroom

- A standard bedroom size is around 3 meters by 3.7 meters or 3.7 meters by 4.3 meters, which allows enough space for a bed, nightstands, and dressers.

๐Ÿšง7. Kitchen

- A standard kitchen size is around 3 meters by 3.7 meters or 3.7 meters by 4.3 meters, which provides space for cabinets, countertops, appliances, and a dining table.

๐Ÿšง8. Store Room

- A standard store room size is typically around 1.8 meters by 1.8 meters or 2.4 meters by 3 meters, providing enough space for storing household items, tools, or equipment.

๐Ÿ“œThese are general guidelines and actual sizes may vary depending on the specific requirements and layout of the building.

๐ŸทIt is always recommended to consult with a professional architect or designer to determine the best sizes for your building project.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘23๐Ÿ‘4โค3
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแАแ‰ต แˆ›แˆจแŒˆแŒˆแŒซ/แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ/ แˆˆแˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ˜แŠญแŠ“แˆโ“
(แ‰ แŠ แ‰ถ แˆณแˆ™แŠคแˆ แŒแˆญแˆ›)

๐ŸทแŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆแŠจแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แก- แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฅแ‰ถ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจ แ‹จแ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ แˆฐแАแ‹ต แ‰ แˆ…แŒ แŠแ‰ต แ‹จแ€แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แˆ…แŒ‹แ‹Š แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‹แˆ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข แ‰ แˆ›แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒก แŠซแˆญแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แˆŠแ‹ซแˆ˜แŠญแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แˆฒแŒˆแŠ แ‰ แ‹จแ‰ตแŠ›แ‹แˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ˜แŠญแŠ‘ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆแข แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แˆŠแˆ˜แŠญแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆแŠญแŠ’แ‹ซแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆซแ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

1แŠ›. แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆแŠญแŠ’แ‹ซแ‰ต แŠซแˆญแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒญแ‰ แˆจแ‰ แˆจ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆ…แŒ‹แ‹Š แ‹จแ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ แŠ แˆฐแŒฃแŒฅแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆแ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ฐแˆˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆฒแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ

2แŠ›. แˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แˆแŠญแŠ’แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แˆ…แŒ‹แ‹Š แˆแŠญแŠ’แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‹จแˆŠแ‹ แ‹แˆ‰ แˆฒแ‰‹แˆจแŒฅ แАแ‹แกแก

3แŠ›. แˆถแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹•แŒ… แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‹แ‰ฑ แˆฒแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‰ แˆแ‰ตแŠฉ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ข แˆ†แŠ– แˆฒแŒˆแŠแˆ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แˆŠแˆ˜แŠญแŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแกแก

4แŠ›. แŠ แˆซแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹ แŠซแ‰ขแŠ” แˆฒแ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ• แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แˆฒแˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‹ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ˜แŠญแŠ• แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆแข แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แ‹ญแˆแŠจแŠ•แˆแŠ• แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„/แŒฅแ‰†แˆ› แˆฒแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ›แŒฃแˆซแ‰ต แˆณแ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒแ‰ แ‰ต แŒฅแ‰†แˆ›แ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‹ˆแ‰„แ‹ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ˜แŠญแŠ•แˆแข

๐Ÿ“œแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ญแ‹ž แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณแŠ• แŠ แŒแ‹ถ แˆตแˆˆแˆ›แ‰†แ‹จแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

โบแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแˆณแŠ” แˆณแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ แ‰ แ‹•แŒแ‹ต แˆŠแ‰†แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹ แŠจแˆถแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆญ แˆ‹แˆแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ›แˆแŠจแŠ• แ‰ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆšแ‹ซ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฉ แ‰ฐแŒฃแˆญแ‰ถ แ‹แˆณแŠ” แŠฅแˆตแŠชแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŠซแˆญแ‰ณแ‹ แ‰ณแŒแ‹ถ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰†แ‹ญ แˆˆแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆšแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ แŠญ/แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŒฝ/แ‰คแ‰ต แŠƒแˆ‹แŠ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแŠแАแ‰ต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆถ แ‰ แŒฝแˆแ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹แ‰แ‰ต แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ณแˆแข

โบแ‰ แŠญแแˆˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแŒ แ‹ แ‹จแŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แ‹ญแˆแŠจแŠ• แ‹แˆณแŠ” แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแАแˆณ แ‰…แˆฌแ‰ณ แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŒฝ/แ‰คแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆˆแ‰ขแˆฎแ‹ แ‰ แ‰…แ‹ฐแˆ แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ แ‰€แˆญแ‰ฆ แˆŠแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแข

โบแ‰…แˆฌแ‰ณแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แŠซแŒˆแŠ˜ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠจแАแ‹ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แ‹จแ‹•แŒแ‹ต แ‹ฐแ‰ฅแ‹ณแ‰ค แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแАแˆณ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แŒˆแˆˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆแข {แ‹จแ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠ แˆฐแŒฃแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰ 12/2004แฃ แŠ แŠ•แ‰€แ… 16}

โ‡๏ธแˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ตแ‹Ž  แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅแ‹Ž แ‹ญแŒปแ‰แˆแŠ•!

๐Ÿ“œแˆˆ แˆตแˆซ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแŠ•แˆˆแ‰…แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แˆ‹แ‰€แˆ๐Ÿ‘‰ @ETCONpWORK

๐Ÿ“ฉแˆŠแŒฝแ‰แˆแŠ• แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก @ETCONpBOT

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ฒแŠญแ‰ถแŠญ:๐Ÿ‘‡

www.tiktok.com/@etconp7

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘13โค2๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰แАแแˆตแˆ… แ‰  แŠ แ€แ‹ฐ แŒˆแАแ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ‘แˆญ๐Ÿ™๐Ÿ˜ข๐Ÿ˜‡

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK/2279

@etconp
๐Ÿ˜ญ6๐Ÿ‘5
แ‰ขแˆฎแ‹ แ‰ แ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แ‹•แˆˆแ‰ต 32 แˆ›แˆ•แ‰ แˆซแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แ‰…แ‹ฐแˆ-แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ตแˆแˆ


แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ•แŠ“ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ขแˆฎ แ‰ แ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แ‹•แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰…แŠ•แŠ“ แŠ แАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆˆแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆซแŒ 32 แˆ›แˆ•แ‰ แˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แ‹•แŒฃ แ‰…แ‹ฐแˆ-แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ขแˆฎแ‹ แˆแˆ•แŠ•แ‹ตแˆตแŠ“ แŒแ‹ข แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆฌแŠญแ‰ฐแˆญ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹จแˆ แ‰ฑแˆŠ แˆˆแŠฎแˆ™แŠ’แŠฌแˆฝแŠ• แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆฌแŠญแ‰ถแˆฌแ‰ต แŒˆแˆแ€แ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แАแˆปแАแ‰ต แ‰ แ‹•แŒฃ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆˆแ‹ฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆ›แˆ•แ‰ แˆซแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แˆตแ‹ตแˆตแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แ‹•แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แˆตแˆแˆชแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹แˆ แŠ แŠญแˆˆแ‹ แŒˆแˆแ€แ‹‹แˆแข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘11๐Ÿฅฐ1
แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แฆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒญ แ‰ 63,930,000 แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แŒแˆแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแˆˆแ‰ตแŠ• แ•แˆฎแŒ€แ‰ฝแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ฑ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰  "แ‹ˆแŒช แ‹จแˆšแˆธแˆแŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต  (Cost-reimbursement)" แ‹แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‹‹แ‹แˆŽ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‰ฅแˆญ 59,322,550.60 แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แ‹‹แ‹‹แˆช แ‹ˆแŒชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแˆญ 7,250,000 (แ‰ตแˆญแแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŒช) แ‰ขแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“แ‰…แ‰… แ‹จแ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆแ‹ฉแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹แŠ• 2,642,550.60 แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆธแˆแŠ• แŒแ‹ดแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹? @etconp
Anonymous Quiz
61%
แ‹จแŠ แˆฐแˆชแ‹ /แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ต/ (Client/owner)
32%
แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉ (Contractor)
7%
แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆช (Consultant)
๐Ÿ™19๐Ÿ‘11โค5๐Ÿ‘2๐Ÿฅฐ1
แŠฅแŠ•แŠณแŠ• แˆˆแ‹ฐแˆ›แ‰ แ‹จแŠฅแˆฌแ‰ป แ‰ แŠ แˆ แŠ แ‹ฐแˆจแˆณแ‰ฝแˆแฃ แŠ แ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแŠ•!

Baga Irreecha Baranaa Geenye!

แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แ‰ แŠ แˆ!

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘13โค2๐Ÿ˜2
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ˜แ‰แˆจแŒซ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆปแŠ“  แˆ›แŒ แŠแ‹ซ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ แŒƒแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠฅแŠ“แŒฅแ‹แˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆฐแˆซแˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ(แˆ˜แˆณแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซ)
                    แ‰.2 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

0904040477
0911016833
๐Ÿ‘3
๐Ÿ‘‰Why Crushed stone (ballast) are placed in Railway Track ?

๐ŸšงCrushed stones, or ballast, are placed in railway tracks to provide stability and support for the tracks, allowing trains to run safely and smoothly:

โบStability: Ballast holds the tracks in place as trains pass over them.

โบLoad distribution: Ballast distributes the weight of the train from the sleepers to the subgrade.

โบDrainage: Ballast allows water to drain quickly so it doesn't stay on the tracks.

โบVegetation control: Ballast prevents vegetation from growing on the tracks, which could compromise the track structure.

โบNoise and vibration absorption: Ballast absorbs noise and vibration.

โบInsulation: Ballast provides insulation properties to help with track power supply.

โบTrack geometry: Ballast maintains the track's geometry against vertical, longitudinal, and lateral displacements.

Via Eagleng

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘20๐Ÿ‘2
Ethio Construction Engineering
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแ‰…แ‹ตแˆ™ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆ˜แˆแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แˆ†

๐ŸšงแŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แฆ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แŒ แˆจแŒ‹ (Site Clearance) แˆฅแˆซ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ญแ‹ž แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แАแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ตแŠ›แ‹ แАแ‹?

๐Ÿ–ฑแˆ˜แˆแˆตแฆ แˆˆแŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹ แˆ˜แˆแˆฑ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 10cm แ‹แแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹›แŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿทแ‹จแŒ แˆญแŒ‹ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ แŠซแˆฌแˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแˆฐแ‰ฅ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 80mm (8cm) แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆต แ‹แแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ•แˆ แ‹›แŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰แˆจแŒฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰€แˆ แˆฅแˆซแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แ‰ƒแˆแˆ แАแ‹แข

๐ŸชงแАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠจ 80mm (8cm) แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹แแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹›แŽแ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰ แˆˆแ‰ฅแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แˆแŠฌแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‰ แŒ แˆจแŒ‹ (Site Clearance) แˆฅแˆซ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แŒ‹แˆˆแˆ‰ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆแข

๐Ÿ“ƒ[see: BaTCoDA Specification reference number 02312 (023121)]

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘15๐Ÿ™11
๐Ÿ‘‰A typical building project will include the following

๐ŸšงA.Substructure

1.Excavation & Earth work
2.Concrete Work
3.Masonry Work

๐ŸšงB.Super structure

1.Concrete work
2.Roofing
3.Masonry works
4.Metal Work
5.Finishing work
6.Glazing
7.Electrical Installation
8.Carpentry & Joinery
9.Sanitary Installation
10.Fence Work

๐Ÿ’ซGeneral factors to be considered for determining depth of foundation are:

1.Load applied from structure to the foundation
2.Bearing capacity of soil
3.Depth of water level below the ground surface
4.Types of soil and depth of layers in case of layered soil
5.Depth of adjacent foundation

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘37โค4
แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŠ• แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แŠญแ‰กแˆซแŠ• ETCONp แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ?

แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แฆ แ‰ แŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แˆ™แˆŒแ‰ต แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠชแ‹ฉแ‰ขแŠญ แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŠ• แˆตแˆŒแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆแ‰ แ‰ต "แ‰ แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แˆแˆจแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆ (Hourly output/Productivity)" แ‹จแ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ“แ‹ แ‰ฐแŒฝแŠฅแŠ– แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแˆณแ‹ตแˆจแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ตแŠ›แ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹?
Anonymous Quiz
31%
แ‹จแŠ แˆธแ‹‹แฃ แ‹จแˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒ แŒ แˆญ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ
28%
แ‹จแˆ˜แˆแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆถแ‰ฝแฃ แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒ‰แˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ
18%
แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰€แ‹จแŒซ (mixer) แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แŠ•แ‹˜แˆชแ‹ซ (vibrator) แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ
23%
แˆ˜แˆแˆต แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแˆฐแŒ แˆ
๐Ÿ‘31๐Ÿ‘7