👉in construction projects, Design and Build and Turnkey contracts are two common project delivery methods that assign responsibilities differently between the contractor and the client. Here's a comparison between the two:

🏷1. Design and Build:

⏺Definition: In a Design and Build contract, the contractor is responsible for both the design and the construction of the project.
The client typically provides a set of project requirements or specifications, and the contractor designs and builds accordingly.

⏺Scope of Responsibility: The contractor is responsible for:
Creating the design. Executing the construction according to the approved design.

⏺Client Involvement: The client has more involvement in the design process, as they need to approve the design before construction begins.

⏺Risk Allocation: The contractor assumes the risk for both design errors and construction issues, but the client may share the risk if they approve designs that lead to issues later on.

⏺Cost Control: There may be more flexibility for price adjustments since design changes can occur during the project.

💫Advantages

▶️ Faster project delivery, as design and construction can overlap.
▶️Single point of responsibility for both design and construction.

💫Disadvantages

⏹ Limited client control over the design once the contract is awarded.
⏹Higher potential for disputes if the design isn't aligned with the client's expectations.

🏷2. Turnkey

⏺Definition: In a Turnkey contract, the contractor takes complete responsibility for the design, construction, and final delivery of a fully operational project. The term "turnkey" refers to the idea that the client can "turn the key" to a fully functional facility upon completion, without needing to handle any design or construction aspects.

⏺Scope of Responsibility: The contractor is responsible for:
Both design and construction, similar to Design and Build.
Delivering a complete and operational project that meets the client’s specifications.

⏺Client Involvement: Minimal client involvement once the contract is signed. The contractor handles everything from start to finish.

⏺Risk Allocation: The contractor assumes the full risk for delivering the project. The client transfers both design and construction risks to the contractor.

⏺Cost Control: Turnkey contracts often have a fixed price, reducing the client’s exposure to cost overruns. However, any changes requested by the client during the project could result in additional costs.

💫Advantages

▶️Less involvement required from the client during the project.
▶️The client receives a fully operational facility upon completion.
▶️Fewer potential for design and construction disputes since the contractor handles everything.

💫Disadvantages

⏹The client has very little control over the design and construction process.
⏹Any changes or additional requirements requested after contract signing can be costly.

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

@etconp

👉የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ማስታወቂያ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏

📜የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ቁጥር:-SSNT-T-500

💫የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ GC/BC-4 እና ከዚያ በላይ የሆኑ ኮንትራክተሮችን በግልጽ ጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ አወዳድሮ በአዲስ አበባ ቦሌ አለም አቀፍ አውሮፕላን ማረፊያ የካርጎ አገልግሎት ግቢ ውስጥ የኮንፈረንስ፣ የመቀየሪያ ክፍል፣ የሴፕቲክ ታንክ እና የስፖርት ሜዳ ግንባታ ማሰራት ይፈልጋል።

🚧ስለሆነም ለስራው ብቁ የሆኑ ተጫራቾች የ ዒም የታደሰ ህጋዊ የንግድ ፈቃድ ያላቸውጭ የተጨማሪ እሴት ታክስ (ላ) ተመዝጋቢ የሆኑ የዘመኑን ግብር የከፈሉ እና ከግብር እዳ ነጻ ስለመሆናቸው እንዲሁም የመንግስት መስሪያ ቤቶች የሚያወጡት ጨረቃ ላይ ለመሳተፍ ጊዜው ያላለፈበት ፈቃድ ማቅረብ የሚችሉ መሆን ይኖርባቸዋል፡፡

🏷ተጫራቾች የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ሰነዱን ይህ የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ማስታወቂያ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ከወጣበት ቀን ጀምሮ ባሉት የስራ ቀናት በአቅራቢያቸው ከሚገኝ የኢትዮጵያ ንግድ ባንክ ቅርንጫፍ የማይመለስ 100.00 ብር (አንድ መቶ ብር) በሂሳብ ቁጥር 1000006958277 (E-99) ለኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ቁጥር SSNT-T-500 በሚል ገቢ በማድረግና የከፈሉበትን የ ደረሰኝ ቅጅ (Deposit slip Copy) ከታች በተጠቀሰው የኢ-ሜይል አድራሻ በመላክ የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ሰነዱን ከኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ ስትራቴጂክ ሶርስን ነን ቴክኒካል ክፍል በኢሜይል ማግኘት ይችላሉ፡፡

ተጫራቾች ለጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ማስከበሪያ ብር 200,000 /ሁለት መቶ/ ሺህ ብር በባንክ የተረጋገጠ ሲፒኦ/ ባንክ ጋራንቲ ማስያዝ ይኖርባቸዋል፡፡

ከማንኛውም ኢንሹራንስ እና ከባንክ የሚቀርብ ሁኔታዊ ዋስትና ተቀባይነት አይኖረውም፡፡

አሸናፊው ከተለየ በኋላ በጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ው ለተሸነፉት ተጫራቾች ያስያዙት የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ማስከበሪያ ወዲያውኑ ተመላሽ ይሆናል፡፤

ተጫራቾች በጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ው ደንብ መሠረት የመጫረቻ ሠነዳቸውን በታሸገ ኤንቨሎፕ ለኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ ስትራቴጂክ ሶርሲንግ ክፍል እስከ ህዳር 19 ቀን 2017 ዓ.ም ከቀኑ 9 ሰዓት‍‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍ ድረስ ማቅረብ አለባቸው፡፡

ጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ው ተጫራቾች ወይም ህጋዊ ወኪሎቻቸው በተገኙበት በቦሌ የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንግድ ግሩፕ ዋና መሥሪያ ግቢ ውስጥ በተመሳሳይ ቀን ከቀኑ በ 9፡15 ሰዓት ይከፈታል፡፡

ለተጨማሪ ማብራሪያ - የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ ቦሌ አለም አቀፍ አየር ማረፊያ⬇️⬇️

ስትራቴጂክ ሶርሲንግ ነን ቴክኒካል ክፍል
ወ/ሮ ሰላማዊት አባተ
ስሰክ ቁጥር፡- 011-5-17-42-58
ኢ-ሜይል፡- selamawita@ethiopianairlines.com

አየር መንገዱ የተሻለ መንገዴ ካገኘ ጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ውን በከፊለም ሆነ በሙሉ የመሠረዝ መብቱ የተጠበቀ ነው!

@etconp

⭐️TODAY TIP

👉ድርጅትዎ ትርፋማና ስኬታማ እንዲሆን ይፈለጋሉ

💫ትርፋማና ስኬታማ የንግድ ድርጅቶች እና ኩባንያዎች ግባቸውን ለማሳካት እና እድገታቸውን ለማስቀጠል ብዙ ጊዜ ተመሳሳይ የጋራ ስትራቴጂዎችን ይጠቀማሉ።

📜በውጤማነታቸው በሰፊው የሚታወቁ አምስት ቁልፍ የንግድ ስልቶች ከዚህ በታች ይገኛሉ፡፡

🏷1. ደንበኛ ተኮር አቀራረብ፦

የደንበኞችን ምርጫና የትኩረታቸውን ማእከል ለማግኘት እንደየደረጃው የዳሰሳ ጥናት ማድረግ፣

የደንበኞችን ፍላጎት ለማሟላት ምርትን አገልግሎትንና የግብይት መልእክቶችን ማበጀት፦

🏷2. ጠንካራ የኩባንያውን የምርት ወይም የአገልግሎት መለያ መፍጠር

ወጥ የሆነ የምርት ስም አርማ እና የድርጅቱን ምስላዊ ማንነት መፍጠር፣

የምርት ስም ታማኝነትን መጠበቅ፣

በተደጋጋሚ ንግድን ለማበረታታት ከደንበኞች ጋር መልካም ግንኙነትን መፍጠር ማለትም ደንበኞች ለድርጅቱ አስፈላጊ እና ጠቃሚ የመሆን ስሜት እንዲሰማቸው ማድረግ፣

🏷3. በድህረ ገፆችና በማኀበራዊ ሚዲያ መድረኮች ጠንካራ የመስመር ላይ ግንኙነቶችን ማቋቋም

የመስመር ላይ ግብይት ሰፊ የገበያ ምህዳርን ለመፍጠርና ምቾትን ለማሻሻል የመስመር ላይ ቻናሎችን መጠቀም፣

🏷4. በመረጃ የተደገፈ ውሳኔ

የንግድ ሂደቱን ውሳኔ ለማወቅ እና አፈጻጸምን ለመለካት የመረጃ ትንታኔ ማድረግ፣

ወደ ግባችን የሚያደርሱንን መሻሻሎችን ለመከታተል ቁልፍ የአፈጻጸም አመልካቾችን (KPI) መጠቀም፣

🏷5. ቀጣይነት ያለው መሻሻል

የግብረ መልስ ምልከታ፦ መሻሻል ያለባቸውን ቦታዎች ለመለየት ከደንበኞችና ሠራተኞች ጋር በየጊዜው ግብረ መልስ መጠየቅ፣

በገበያ ለውጦችና አዳዲስ በመታየት ላይ ባሉ አዝማሚያዎች ላይ ተመስርተው ስትራቴጂዎችን ለማስተካከል ራስን ማዘጋጀት ይጠበቃል።

Via Ethio Business Cast

@etconp

👉የግንባታ ቦታን ማስረከብ

💫የግንባታ ባለቤት (Client) ለግንባታ ሥራ መሰናክል ከሆኑ ነገሮች (ለምሳሌ፦ የካሳ ጥያቄ ከሚያነሱ ሰዎች ቁጥጥር፣ ከመብራት፣ ከውሃ፣ ከቴሌ ግንባታዎችና መሣሪያዎች) በማጽዳት ወይም ነጻ በማድረግ ዝግጁ የሆነ የግንባታ ቦታን ለሥራ ተቋራጩ (Contractor) የማስረከብ ሕጋዊ ኃላፊነት አለበት።

🚧ባለቤቱ የግንባታ ቦታውን ምክንያታዊ በሆነ ጊዜ ውስጥ ለሥራ ተቋራጩ ካላስረከበ የግንባታ ማስረከቢያ ጊዜ መራዘም/መዘግየት/ ላይ ለሚያስከትለው ኪሳራ ወይም ወጪ ኃላፊነቱን እንደሚወስድ የሕንጻ ግንባታ ደንቦች (Standard Building Contract with quantities) በአንቀጽ 2.4 እና 2.24 ስር የሰፈረ ድንጋጌ ነው።

@etconp

👉Soil Pressures During Seismic Events

🚧Essential Insights for Structural & Geotechnical Engineers

⏺As structural engineers, we often concentrate on forces from above, such as gravity loads, wind, and seismic forces. But what about the soil pressures acting on our structures during earthquakes and throughout a building's life? It's vital to understand how soil interacts with structures, especially when dealing with retaining walls and basements connected to the main building.

In this post, we'll look at the different types of earth pressures (at-rest, active, and passive) and explain Mononobe-Okabe method for calculating seismic soil forces on flexible walls. We'll also discuss whether this method works for so-called "stiff" walls.

Understanding Earth Pressures

• At-Rest: This happens when a structure retains soil and is stiff enough to prevent soil from moving. The pressure increases with depth, reaching its maximum at the base of the wall.

• Active: Occurs when a wall moves away from the soil, which reduces the pressure on the wall. The pressure still increases with depth, forming a triangular shape.

• Passive: Occurs when a wall moves into the soil, significantly increasing pressure. This is important for soil-structure interaction and often requires advanced analysis using nonlinear soil springs that consider the soil's different behaviour depending on load direction.

⭐️Seismic Forces due to Soil: Flexible vs. Stiff Walls

During earthquakes, soil pressures on retaining structures can increase significantly. The design approach varies depending on the wall's flexibility:

• Flexible Walls (Drift ≥ 0.4%): For walls that can move more, we assume active earth pressures behind the wall. The Mononobe-Okabe (M-O) equations expand classical earth pressure theories to include seismic forces using KₐE.

• Stiff Walls (Drift < 0.4%): For stiff walls, seismic pressures are higher than those calculated by the M-O equations. Research by Wood and Elms in the 90s shows that as wall deflection increases up to 0.4%, the earthquake pressure decreases linearly to the M-O value. The pressure distribution shifts from uniform to triangular (maximum at the base) during this range of movement.

🏷Practical Tips for Engineers

• Always consider seismic soil pressures in your load combinations during seismic design. Ignoring them can lead to underestimating loads and potential structural issues.

• How the soil and structure interact can greatly affect the forces experienced during earthquakes.

For those looking to learn more, I recommend "Seismic Design of Bridge Abutments and Retaining Walls" by Wood and Elms (1990).

Stay tuned for a future post on soil-structure interaction, where we'll cover how the relationship between soil and structure affects seismic performance.

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP®

@etconp

Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
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● Concrete Admixtures
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👉Sources Of Cracking In Concrete

1. Use of low-grade materials: One of the major sources is the use of lower quality materials which include both concrete and steel in reinforced concrete structures.

2. Shrinkage: Shrinkage can cause cracking if not controlled during mix design and curing stage. Shrinkage can become critical in high strength concrete because of low water/cement ratio and also because of use of Mineral Admixtures.

3. Quality and Type Of Aggregate: The quality of aggregate used in concrete determines the overall strength of concrete. If the aggregate is of poor quality it will not make a proper bond with cement.

4. Overloading of structure: Overloading of structure especially at younger age is a common source of cracking. This can happen if formwork is removed before time or more construction load is present.

5. Mistakes at design stage in office: If there are errors at design stage then it is obvious that problems will occur at site. concrete cracking is one of them.

6. Improper Curing: Another major cause of concrete cracking. If curing is not done appropriately for given time span then one should expect cracking.

7. Early Formwork Removal: If formwork is removed before concrete has achieved strength, there will be cracking.

8. Use of Congested Reinforcement in Lean Concrete: If you use heavy reinforcement in average quality concrete then stress distribution between steel and concrete can become non-linear causing cracking.

9. Mistakes at Site or during erection: Proper and trained labour and workmanship are necessary for any site work. Lack of it during concreting can cause cracking.

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👉This is how the staircase formwork will be prepared

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