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๐แ แฒแฑ แจแ
แแป แ แแ
๐ทแแแณแ แ แผแญ แซแญแแต๐
๐ฒแแแแแแ แ แตแฐแซแจแตแ แฅแ แแณแฅแ แญแปแแแ!
๐แ แตแซ แฅแ แจแจแณแแฝ แแแแ แ แต แปแแ แแแแแแ๐ @ETCONpWORK
๐ฉแแฝแแแ แซแฐแก @ETCONpBOT
๐ซแฒแญแถแญ:๐
www.tiktok.com/@etconp7
@etconp
๐ทแแแณแ แ แผแญ แซแญแแต๐
๐ฒแแแแแแ แ แตแฐแซแจแตแ แฅแ แแณแฅแ แญแปแแแ!
๐แ แตแซ แฅแ แจแจแณแแฝ แแแแ แ แต แปแแ แแแแแแ๐ @ETCONpWORK
๐ฉแแฝแแแ แซแฐแก @ETCONpBOT
๐ซแฒแญแถแญ:๐
www.tiktok.com/@etconp7
@etconp
๐12
๐แ แแญแ แแแแ แฃแแแซแแฝ แจแฐแฐแแณแ แจแแ
แ แแแฃแณ แตแแ แ แฐแแแจ
Constriction Law, Contract admin &PPA, Constriction Claim and Dispute Resolution, FIDIC แฅแแฒแแ Cost Estimation แ แแ แญแแถแฝ แแญ แตแฉแจแฑแ แซแฐแจแ แจแแ แ แแแฃแณ แตแแ แ แจแแแจแแ แจแแแ แญแแแจแฐแแฝ แแฐแแฃแก 70 แฃแแแซแแฝ แฅแจแฐแฐแ แญแแแแกแก
แจแฎแแตแซแต แ แตแฐแณแฐแญแค แจแแ แแตแตแ แแฅ แค แจแแฎแแญแต แฆแฒแต แฅแ แจแฒแแญแ แฅแซแต แแฅแฅแญ แฃแแแซแแฝ แฅแจแฐแณแฐแแ แต แจแแแแ แญแ แตแแ แ แแแฃแฎแน 10 แแแต แแฃแญแแต แแฎแต แฅแแฐแแแญ แจแขแฎแ แแ แ แแแฃแณ แณแญแฌแญแถแฌแต แซแแแแ แแจแ แซแณแซแแกแก
แจแตแซ แญแแ แ แซแญแแ แ แแฃแญแ แจแแแจแ แฅแตแจ แญแแแจแฐแ แแแแ แจแฒแแญแ แฃแแแซแแฝ แ Etabs Software, Arch cad แแชแซ แจแแ แ แแแฃแณ แตแแ แ แแแตแ แต แจแ แตแ แแแ แต แตแซแแฝ แแ แแแแธแแ แ แ แทแแกแก
แจแ แฒแต แ แ แฃ แฒแแญแแ แแแฃแณ แตแซแแฝ แขแฎ แฎแแแฌแฝแ แแณแฎแฝ แณแญแฌแญแถแฌแต
@etconp
Constriction Law, Contract admin &PPA, Constriction Claim and Dispute Resolution, FIDIC แฅแแฒแแ Cost Estimation แ แแ แญแแถแฝ แแญ แตแฉแจแฑแ แซแฐแจแ แจแแ แ แแแฃแณ แตแแ แ แจแแแจแแ แจแแแ แญแแแจแฐแแฝ แแฐแแฃแก 70 แฃแแแซแแฝ แฅแจแฐแฐแ แญแแแแกแก
แจแฎแแตแซแต แ แตแฐแณแฐแญแค แจแแ แแตแตแ แแฅ แค แจแแฎแแญแต แฆแฒแต แฅแ แจแฒแแญแ แฅแซแต แแฅแฅแญ แฃแแแซแแฝ แฅแจแฐแณแฐแแ แต แจแแแแ แญแ แตแแ แ แแแฃแฎแน 10 แแแต แแฃแญแแต แแฎแต แฅแแฐแแแญ แจแขแฎแ แแ แ แแแฃแณ แณแญแฌแญแถแฌแต แซแแแแ แแจแ แซแณแซแแกแก
แจแตแซ แญแแ แ แซแญแแ แ แแฃแญแ แจแแแจแ แฅแตแจ แญแแแจแฐแ แแแแ แจแฒแแญแ แฃแแแซแแฝ แ Etabs Software, Arch cad แแชแซ แจแแ แ แแแฃแณ แตแแ แ แแแตแ แต แจแ แตแ แแแ แต แตแซแแฝ แแ แแแแธแแ แ แ แทแแกแก
แจแ แฒแต แ แ แฃ แฒแแญแแ แแแฃแณ แตแซแแฝ แขแฎ แฎแแแฌแฝแ แแณแฎแฝ แณแญแฌแญแถแฌแต
@etconp
๐17โค2
แณแแซแต แแแต แฅแ แแฆแแต แ แ
แซแข
๐แจ แ แฃแญ แแตแฅ แฅแตแจ แฎแชแฐแญ แแแต
แจแแแฐแฅ แคแถแฝ แฅแตแจ แฐแแแต แฅแ
แแแแแฝ แ แแแ แจแขแตแฎแฝแซ แญแแ
แ แปแซแฝแแ แ แณแญแแแ
๐ฐแแ แญแแแแ?
โ๏ธแแแซ แแแจแซ รท แแ แแซ แฅแ แแฅแป แแฝแแฝ แ แแ
๐แแฎ (แถแแฒแ) แฅแญแต แแตแ แแต แแญแแ แแณแ แ แซแฐแก แแฑแ แแฝแ แ แแฝแ แแ
๐แแแแแแ แจแแฐแแญ แตแซแแฝแ แจแแฐแฉ แฅแ แฃแแแซแแฝแ แ แแ
โ๏ธแญแฐแแแแ แซแแญแฉแ
๐แขแตแฎแตแซ แแตแฅ แจแตแ แฅแแแญแแณแแ
แ แตแซแปแฝแแฆ
แ.1 แแญแซแถ
แ.2 แฐแญแแแญแแแต
แ.3 แ แจแญ แคแ
0904040477
0911016833
๐แจ แ แฃแญ แแตแฅ แฅแตแจ แฎแชแฐแญ แแแต
แจแแแฐแฅ แคแถแฝ แฅแตแจ แฐแแแต แฅแ
แแแแแฝ แ แแแ แจแขแตแฎแฝแซ แญแแ
แ แปแซแฝแแ แ แณแญแแแ
๐ฐแแ แญแแแแ?
โ๏ธแแแซ แแแจแซ รท แแ แแซ แฅแ แแฅแป แแฝแแฝ แ แแ
๐แแฎ (แถแแฒแ) แฅแญแต แแตแ แแต แแญแแ แแณแ แ แซแฐแก แแฑแ แแฝแ แ แแฝแ แแ
๐แแแแแแ แจแแฐแแญ แตแซแแฝแ แจแแฐแฉ แฅแ แฃแแแซแแฝแ แ แแ
โ๏ธแญแฐแแแแ แซแแญแฉแ
๐แขแตแฎแตแซ แแตแฅ แจแตแ แฅแแแญแแณแแ
แ แตแซแปแฝแแฆ
แ.1 แแญแซแถ
แ.2 แฐแญแแแญแแแต
แ.3 แ แจแญ แคแ
0904040477
0911016833
๐6
๐UNDERSTANDING DRAINAGE SETTING OUT AND CONSTRUCTION
๐ทEffective drainage systems are critical for managing stormwater runoff and preventing flooding in urban and rural areas.
๐ซProperly constructed drainage systems ensure the safe removal of excess water, protecting infrastructure and the environment.
๐ซConstruction techniques/Activities description
โช๏ธCarry out project assessment by evaluating the drainage requirements based on the project plans and specifications and also understanding the intended function, capacity, and location of the drainage system.
โช๏ธDesign analysis is by carrying out site assessment which include identifying topography, soil types, and water flow patterns, gradients, aninlet/outlet locations.
โช๏ธDetermining drainage requirements based on local regulations and rainfall data.
โช๏ธSetting out
โช๏ธSet up benchmarks to establish a reference level at a known elevation
โช๏ธEstablishing profile
โช๏ธEstablish the levels
โช๏ธEnsuring proper slope and alignment to facilitate water flow
โช๏ธExcavation and trenches
โช๏ธPreparation of drainage bed
โช๏ธBlinding of 50mm - 70mm thick to receive drainage base
โช๏ธLaying of reinforcement baskets
โช๏ธLaying of concrete cover blocks
โช๏ธInstallation of formwork
โช๏ธPreparation of materials
โช๏ธDesign mix (1:2:4) used with proper amount of water.
โช๏ธCarry out slump test to ascertain concrete workability
โช๏ธCasting the base and walls of drainage with vibrated concrete
โช๏ธCompaction and backfilling
โช๏ธde-shuttering
โช๏ธAllow for curing
โช๏ธCarry out QA and inspection during and after.
Via Eagleng
@etconp
๐ทEffective drainage systems are critical for managing stormwater runoff and preventing flooding in urban and rural areas.
๐ซProperly constructed drainage systems ensure the safe removal of excess water, protecting infrastructure and the environment.
๐ซConstruction techniques/Activities description
โช๏ธCarry out project assessment by evaluating the drainage requirements based on the project plans and specifications and also understanding the intended function, capacity, and location of the drainage system.
โช๏ธDesign analysis is by carrying out site assessment which include identifying topography, soil types, and water flow patterns, gradients, aninlet/outlet locations.
โช๏ธDetermining drainage requirements based on local regulations and rainfall data.
โช๏ธSetting out
โช๏ธSet up benchmarks to establish a reference level at a known elevation
โช๏ธEstablishing profile
โช๏ธEstablish the levels
โช๏ธEnsuring proper slope and alignment to facilitate water flow
โช๏ธExcavation and trenches
โช๏ธPreparation of drainage bed
โช๏ธBlinding of 50mm - 70mm thick to receive drainage base
โช๏ธLaying of reinforcement baskets
โช๏ธLaying of concrete cover blocks
โช๏ธInstallation of formwork
โช๏ธPreparation of materials
โช๏ธDesign mix (1:2:4) used with proper amount of water.
โช๏ธCarry out slump test to ascertain concrete workability
โช๏ธCasting the base and walls of drainage with vibrated concrete
โช๏ธCompaction and backfilling
โช๏ธde-shuttering
โช๏ธAllow for curing
โช๏ธCarry out QA and inspection during and after.
Via Eagleng
@etconp
๐12
Intercon Construction Chemicals
๐ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Concrete Repair, Grout
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
โ Quartz, Contextra
โ Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Concrete Repair, Grout
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
โ Quartz, Contextra
โ Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐6โค1
๐แจแฃแแแ แจแแ แ
๐ซGENERAL KNOWLEDGE ON CONSTRUCTION
21. Clear cover for rebar in beams is typically 25mm.
22. Clear cover for rebar in slabs is typically 20mm.
23. Standard consistency of cement paste is about 30%.
24. The fineness modulus of fine aggregate ranges from 2.2 to 3.2.
25. The Poisson's ratio for steel is approximately 0.3.
26. The unit weight of water is 1000 kg/mยณ.
27. Specific gravity of cement is around 3.15.
28. The initial setting time of ordinary Portland cement is 30 minutes.
29. The final setting time of ordinary Portland cement is 10 hours.
30. Slump values for structural concrete typically range from 75 to 125 mm
31. Maximum size of coarse aggregate in RCC is 20mm.
32. The tensile strength of concrete is approximately 10% of its compressive strength.
33. The allowable bearing capacity of soil should be determined through soil tests.
34. Plate load test is used to determine the bearing capacity of soil.
35. Permeability of soil affects the design of foundations and drainage systems.
36. Standard penetration test (SPT) assesses soil compaction and bearing capacity.
37. The unit weight of sand is approximately 1600 kg/mยณ.
38. Soil compaction increases the bearing capacity of soil.
39. Angle of repose indicates the stability of granular materials.
40. Cohesion is a measure of the shear strength of cohesive soils
. . .)แญแแฅแแ!
๐ฒแแแแแแ แ แตแฐแซแจแตแ แฅแ แแณแฅแ แญแปแแแ!
๐แ แตแซ แฅแ แจแจแณแแฝ แแแแ แ แต แปแแ แแแแแแ๐ @ETCONpWORK
๐ฉแแฝแแแ แซแฐแก @ETCONpBOT
๐ซแฒแญแถแญ:๐
www.tiktok.com/@etconp7
@etconp
๐ซGENERAL KNOWLEDGE ON CONSTRUCTION
21. Clear cover for rebar in beams is typically 25mm.
22. Clear cover for rebar in slabs is typically 20mm.
23. Standard consistency of cement paste is about 30%.
24. The fineness modulus of fine aggregate ranges from 2.2 to 3.2.
25. The Poisson's ratio for steel is approximately 0.3.
26. The unit weight of water is 1000 kg/mยณ.
27. Specific gravity of cement is around 3.15.
28. The initial setting time of ordinary Portland cement is 30 minutes.
29. The final setting time of ordinary Portland cement is 10 hours.
30. Slump values for structural concrete typically range from 75 to 125 mm
31. Maximum size of coarse aggregate in RCC is 20mm.
32. The tensile strength of concrete is approximately 10% of its compressive strength.
33. The allowable bearing capacity of soil should be determined through soil tests.
34. Plate load test is used to determine the bearing capacity of soil.
35. Permeability of soil affects the design of foundations and drainage systems.
36. Standard penetration test (SPT) assesses soil compaction and bearing capacity.
37. The unit weight of sand is approximately 1600 kg/mยณ.
38. Soil compaction increases the bearing capacity of soil.
39. Angle of repose indicates the stability of granular materials.
40. Cohesion is a measure of the shear strength of cohesive soils
. . .)แญแแฅแแ!
๐ฒแแแแแแ แ แตแฐแซแจแตแ แฅแ แแณแฅแ แญแปแแแ!
๐แ แตแซ แฅแ แจแจแณแแฝ แแแแ แ แต แปแแ แแแแแแ๐ @ETCONpWORK
๐ฉแแฝแแแ แซแฐแก @ETCONpBOT
๐ซแฒแญแถแญ:๐
www.tiktok.com/@etconp7
@etconp
๐24โค13
#ADVERTISEMENT
๐แแแแฃแณแ แแ แต แฅแแ แตแ แแแตแแแแ แจแแแฃแณ แ แแ แแฐ แฅแ แญแฐแแแข
๐ซAR Building Finishing & Water Proofing Works แแ แแแแฝ แแ แต แแฃแชแแฝ แแ
๐งแ แแฉ แฅแซแต แจแแแฝแแ แตแซแแ แ แ แแแ แคแตแ แแ แต แ แแแ แแ แฅแแตแจแญแฅแแณแแแข
๐แจแแแชแซ แคแต แฅแตแจ แตแแแ แ แแแแฝ แ แปแซแฝแแ แ แณแญแแแแข
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๐แ แตแซแป:โแกแซแคแ แแญแแแ แ แแ
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๐แแแแฃแณแ แแ แต แฅแแ แตแ แแแตแแแแ แจแแแฃแณ แ แแ แแฐ แฅแ แญแฐแแแข
๐ซAR Building Finishing & Water Proofing Works แแ แแแแฝ แแ แต แแฃแชแแฝ แแ
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๐แจแแแชแซ แคแต แฅแตแจ แตแแแ แ แแแแฝ แ แปแซแฝแแ แ แณแญแแแแข
โถ๏ธContextra
โถ๏ธFine quartez
โถ๏ธStone paint
โถ๏ธ Water Proofing Chemicals
โถ๏ธ Membranes แ แฅแซแต แฅแแฐแซแแแข
๐แ แตแซแป:โแกแซแคแ แแญแแแ แ แแ
แตแแญ 0977 67 67 90
0912 23 04 71
๐ซAR Building Finishing & Water Proofing Works
แดแแแซแ:
@antearb
@antearb
๐3๐1
Ethio Construction Engineering
๐แจแฃแแแ แจแแ แ ๐ซGENERAL KNOWLEDGE ON CONSTRUCTION 21. Clear cover for rebar in beams is typically 25mm. 22. Clear cover for rebar in slabs is typically 20mm. 23. Standard consistency of cement paste is about 30%. 24. The fineness modulus of fine aggregateโฆ
๐แจ แตแแแต แจแแ แ
๐ซGENERAL KNOWLEDGE ON CONSTRUCTION
41. A cantilever beam is fixed at one end and free at the other.
42. Fixed-end moments are moments developed at fixed supports.
43. Bending stress in a beam is calculated using the formula ฯ = My/I.
44. Torsion in beams is caused by twisting moments or torques.
45. A simply supported beam has supports at both ends.
46. The moment of inertia of a rectangular section is bdยณ/12.
47. Deflection in beams can be calculated using integration methods.
48. Reinforcement bars should be free of rust and other contaminants.
49. Development length is the length required to transfer stress to concrete.
50. Hooked bars are used to anchor reinforcement in concrete.
51. A truss is a structure composed of members arranged in triangles.
52. Load-bearing walls transfer loads from floors and roofs to foundations.
53. Shear walls resist lateral forces such as wind and earthquakes.
54. Moment-resisting frames provide lateral stability to structures.
55. Expansion joints allow for thermal expansion and contraction in structures.
56. Pre-tensioning and post-tensioning are methods of prestressing concrete.
57. Masonry walls can be constructed using bricks, blocks, or stones.
58. Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand, and water used in masonry.
59. The typical thickness of a residential slab is 125mm.
60. The minimum reinforcement in slabs is 0.12% of the cross-sectional area.
๐ฒแแแแแแ แ แตแฐแซแจแตแ แฅแ แแณแฅแ แญแปแแแ!
๐แ แตแซ แฅแ แจแจแณแแฝ แแแแ แ แต แปแแ แแแแแแ๐ @ETCONpWORK
๐ฉแแฝแแแ แซแฐแก @ETCONpBOT
๐ซแฒแญแถแญ:๐
www.tiktok.com/@etconp7
@etconp
๐ซGENERAL KNOWLEDGE ON CONSTRUCTION
41. A cantilever beam is fixed at one end and free at the other.
42. Fixed-end moments are moments developed at fixed supports.
43. Bending stress in a beam is calculated using the formula ฯ = My/I.
44. Torsion in beams is caused by twisting moments or torques.
45. A simply supported beam has supports at both ends.
46. The moment of inertia of a rectangular section is bdยณ/12.
47. Deflection in beams can be calculated using integration methods.
48. Reinforcement bars should be free of rust and other contaminants.
49. Development length is the length required to transfer stress to concrete.
50. Hooked bars are used to anchor reinforcement in concrete.
51. A truss is a structure composed of members arranged in triangles.
52. Load-bearing walls transfer loads from floors and roofs to foundations.
53. Shear walls resist lateral forces such as wind and earthquakes.
54. Moment-resisting frames provide lateral stability to structures.
55. Expansion joints allow for thermal expansion and contraction in structures.
56. Pre-tensioning and post-tensioning are methods of prestressing concrete.
57. Masonry walls can be constructed using bricks, blocks, or stones.
58. Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand, and water used in masonry.
59. The typical thickness of a residential slab is 125mm.
60. The minimum reinforcement in slabs is 0.12% of the cross-sectional area.
๐ฒแแแแแแ แ แตแฐแซแจแตแ แฅแ แแณแฅแ แญแปแแแ!
๐แ แตแซ แฅแ แจแจแณแแฝ แแแแ แ แต แปแแ แแแแแแ๐ @ETCONpWORK
๐ฉแแฝแแแ แซแฐแก @ETCONpBOT
๐ซแฒแญแถแญ:๐
www.tiktok.com/@etconp7
@etconp
๐22โค2
๐Bricks
๐ซBricks are a type of building material typically made of concrete, sand, lime, or clay. They are generally used to construct walls, pavements, and other types of architecture.
๐งBricks can be produced in a variety of shapes and types depending on the materials used to make them and the use for which they are intended.
โบIt is because of their sturdiness, strength, and fire resistance, that they continue to be a popular building material.
โญ๏ธDifferent types of bricks
1. Sun-dried bricks
2. Burnt clay bricks
1) First class bricks
2) Second class bricks
3) Third class bricks
4) Fourth class bricks
3. Fly ash bricks
4. Concrete bricks
5. Engineering bricks
6. Calcium silicate bricks
7. Eco bricks
โถ๏ธBricks can be identified by their size, colour, texture, and sound.
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
๐ซBricks are a type of building material typically made of concrete, sand, lime, or clay. They are generally used to construct walls, pavements, and other types of architecture.
๐งBricks can be produced in a variety of shapes and types depending on the materials used to make them and the use for which they are intended.
โบIt is because of their sturdiness, strength, and fire resistance, that they continue to be a popular building material.
โญ๏ธDifferent types of bricks
1. Sun-dried bricks
2. Burnt clay bricks
1) First class bricks
2) Second class bricks
3) Third class bricks
4) Fourth class bricks
3. Fly ash bricks
4. Concrete bricks
5. Engineering bricks
6. Calcium silicate bricks
7. Eco bricks
โถ๏ธBricks can be identified by their size, colour, texture, and sound.
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
๐16
PHP:- This typically refers to the type of steel used in the rebar. In this context, it denote a specific brand or manufacturer designation for the rebar.
TMT:- This stands for Thermo-Mechanically Treated steel.
TMT bars are produced through a process that involves heating and rapid cooling, which enhances their strength and ductility compared to conventional steel bars.
The TMT process results in a composite structure with a tough outer layer and a softer core, providing better performance under stress.
500:- This number indicates the yield strength of the rebar in megapascals (MPa).
A yield strength of 500 MPa means that the rebar can withstand stresses up to this limit before deforming permanently.
Higher numbers indicate stronger steel, making it suitable for various construction applications where high tensile strength is required.
20:- This figure usually represents the diameter of the rebar in millimeters (mm)
Therefore, โ20โ indicates that this particular rebar has a diameter of 20 mm
@etconp
TMT:- This stands for Thermo-Mechanically Treated steel.
TMT bars are produced through a process that involves heating and rapid cooling, which enhances their strength and ductility compared to conventional steel bars.
The TMT process results in a composite structure with a tough outer layer and a softer core, providing better performance under stress.
500:- This number indicates the yield strength of the rebar in megapascals (MPa).
A yield strength of 500 MPa means that the rebar can withstand stresses up to this limit before deforming permanently.
Higher numbers indicate stronger steel, making it suitable for various construction applications where high tensile strength is required.
20:- This figure usually represents the diameter of the rebar in millimeters (mm)
Therefore, โ20โ indicates that this particular rebar has a diameter of 20 mm
@etconp
๐16โค5
Let's talk about Retrofitting work.
Retrofitting is strengthening of existing structures or structural elements to enhance their performance with new technology, features, and components.
Generally retrofitting can be classified in two categories
1. Global retrofitting, and
2. Local retrofitting
๐๐น๐ผ๐ฏ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ฟ๐ผ๐ณ๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด:
The global retrofitting technique targets the seismic resistance of the structures. It includes adding of shear structure, adding of steel bracings, adding of infill structure and base isolation.
๐๐ผ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ฟ๐ผ๐ณ๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด:
Local retrofitting technique targets the seismic resistance of a member. The local retrofit technique includes the concrete, steel or fibre reinforced polymer
jacketing to the structural members, like beams, columns,foundation, and beam column joint. Concrete jacketing involves adding a new layer of concrete with longitudinal reinforcement and closely spaced ties. The jacket increases both the flexural strength and the shear strength of the beam or the column.
@etconp
Retrofitting is strengthening of existing structures or structural elements to enhance their performance with new technology, features, and components.
Generally retrofitting can be classified in two categories
1. Global retrofitting, and
2. Local retrofitting
๐๐น๐ผ๐ฏ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ฟ๐ผ๐ณ๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด:
The global retrofitting technique targets the seismic resistance of the structures. It includes adding of shear structure, adding of steel bracings, adding of infill structure and base isolation.
๐๐ผ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ฟ๐ผ๐ณ๐ถ๐๐๐ถ๐ป๐ด:
Local retrofitting technique targets the seismic resistance of a member. The local retrofit technique includes the concrete, steel or fibre reinforced polymer
jacketing to the structural members, like beams, columns,foundation, and beam column joint. Concrete jacketing involves adding a new layer of concrete with longitudinal reinforcement and closely spaced ties. The jacket increases both the flexural strength and the shear strength of the beam or the column.
@etconp
๐19
Intercon Construction Chemicals
๐ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Concrete Repair, Grout
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
โ Quartz, Contextra
โ Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK
โ Concrete Admixtures
โ Bonding Agents
โ Waterproofings
โ Concrete Repair, Grout
โ Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
โ Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
โ Quartz, Contextra
โ Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
โ Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐3
๐The Plate Load Test (PLT) is a field test used in geotechnical engineering to determine the bearing capacity of soil and the modulus of subgrade reaction (k) for foundations.
๐ทIt involves applying a load to a steel plate placed at the foundation level and measuring the settlement of the plate under various loads.
๐งKey Steps of the Plate Load Test:
1. Excavation: A pit is dug at the foundation level, ensuring the bottom is level and undisturbed.
2. Plate Placement: A rigid steel plate (typically circular or square, with diameters ranging from 30 cm to 75 cm) is placed on the soil.
3. Load Application: Load is applied incrementally through a hydraulic jack, often using a reaction system (e.g., anchored beams or a heavy vehicle).
4. Settlement Measurement: Settlements corresponding to each load increment are recorded using dial gauges.
5. Load Increment: The load is increased until failure (significant settlement) or a pre-determined load is reached.
---
โญ๏ธKey Results
1. Bearing Capacity: The ultimate bearing capacity of the soil can be estimated based on the load-settlement curve.
2. Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (k): This is calculated as the ratio of applied pressure to the corresponding settlement.
---
โญ๏ธApplications:
โบDesigning shallow foundations.
โบVerifying design assumptions for bearing capacity.
โบAssessing soil performance for pavements or other load-bearing structures.
---
โ๏ธAdvantages:
โบProvides direct data about soil behavior under actual loading.
โบUseful for designing foundations in site-specific conditions.
---
โ๏ธDisadvantages:
โบTime-consuming and expensive.
โบLimited to the soil at the depth of the test; may not reflect deeper strata behavior.
โบResults can vary based on plate size and soil conditions.
---
๐The Plate Load Test (PLT) is described in several international codes, such as:
1. ASTM D1194: Standard Test Method for Bearing Capacity of Soil for Static Load and Spread Footings.
2. IS 1888:1982: Indian Standard for Method of Load Test on Soils.
3. BS 1377-9:1990: British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes โ In-situ Tests.
Via Eagleng
@etconp
๐ทIt involves applying a load to a steel plate placed at the foundation level and measuring the settlement of the plate under various loads.
๐งKey Steps of the Plate Load Test:
1. Excavation: A pit is dug at the foundation level, ensuring the bottom is level and undisturbed.
2. Plate Placement: A rigid steel plate (typically circular or square, with diameters ranging from 30 cm to 75 cm) is placed on the soil.
3. Load Application: Load is applied incrementally through a hydraulic jack, often using a reaction system (e.g., anchored beams or a heavy vehicle).
4. Settlement Measurement: Settlements corresponding to each load increment are recorded using dial gauges.
5. Load Increment: The load is increased until failure (significant settlement) or a pre-determined load is reached.
---
โญ๏ธKey Results
1. Bearing Capacity: The ultimate bearing capacity of the soil can be estimated based on the load-settlement curve.
2. Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (k): This is calculated as the ratio of applied pressure to the corresponding settlement.
---
โญ๏ธApplications:
โบDesigning shallow foundations.
โบVerifying design assumptions for bearing capacity.
โบAssessing soil performance for pavements or other load-bearing structures.
---
โ๏ธAdvantages:
โบProvides direct data about soil behavior under actual loading.
โบUseful for designing foundations in site-specific conditions.
---
โ๏ธDisadvantages:
โบTime-consuming and expensive.
โบLimited to the soil at the depth of the test; may not reflect deeper strata behavior.
โบResults can vary based on plate size and soil conditions.
---
๐The Plate Load Test (PLT) is described in several international codes, such as:
1. ASTM D1194: Standard Test Method for Bearing Capacity of Soil for Static Load and Spread Footings.
2. IS 1888:1982: Indian Standard for Method of Load Test on Soils.
3. BS 1377-9:1990: British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes โ In-situ Tests.
Via Eagleng
@etconp
๐16โค3
๐แ แชแ แฅแตแดแต แแญแ แ แแก แแฅแแแฝ แแญ แแแซแจแตแ แจแแฎ แแแฝ แแญแแ แจแแ แ
แ แญแแแแฝแ แซแแ แ แแณแ แจแชแ แฅแตแดแต แฅแ แจแคแต แ แแฐ-แญแแญ แแซแแต แแ
๐ทแญแซแแณแ แจแฐแฃแแ แญแ แ แแฐ-แญแแญ แ แขแตแฎแตแซ แจแคแต แแแต แแญแ แจแแ แแญแ แจแแแจแแ แแ แแแณแฐแ แฅแแฒแจแณ แณแตแฆ แแแแแต แจแแแจแ แขแฒ แชแ แตแดแต แฅแ แแ แคแญแตแ แจแชแ แตแดแต แ แแแแฝแ แจแคแต แฃแแคแถแฝแฃ แจแแฅแแฝแฃ แจแปแฎแฝแฃ แฅแ แจแแแฑ แแ แ แจแฐแฅ แแญ แแแแแแต แซแแ แแแ แต แแแแ แฐแแแฏแแกแก
๐งแขแตแฎแตแซ แจแแ แแญแ แจแแแชแฑแ แขแฎแแ แฅแตแแต แแแฐแแแ แจแ แแฅ แ แแแแแถแฝแ แ แฐแแญแ แจแแฐแจแฐ แแแตแ แฅแซแต แแแปแปแ แ แตแแแ แแแแ แ แแแแแฅ แจแแแแตแตแ แจแแ แแญแ แ แแญแแตแ แจแแซแแปแฝ แ แแ แ แแฅแญ 1076/2018 แแ แตแ แจแแณแแ แฒแแ แญแ แ แแฐ-แซแแญ แแแ แ แแ แ แแฅ แแฅแฅแต แฅแแฐแแแ แญแ แ แแ แแ แจแฐแฃแแแข
๐ซแจแแฐแ แ แแแแฝแแฃ แฃแแแฅแถแฝแแฃ แจแแญแแแต แฐแแแตแแฃ แจแคแต แแแขแแฝแ แฅแ แจแคแฐ แแ แต แฃแแแซแแฝแ แจแแฎ แ แ แแต แแญ แจแแซแฐแฃแตแ แ แญแ แแญแ แแตแฅ แซแ แ แณแฒแต แฅแตแแถแฝแแฃ แแ แซแแฝแ แฅแ แจแขแแจแตแตแแแต แฅแตแแฝแ แแแณแจแต แซแแ แฒแแ แ แขแแฑแตแตแช แแชแแฝ แแซแจแ แตแตแตแญ แฅแ แตแฅแฅแญแ แญแแฅแซแ แฐแฅแแ แญแ แ แแแข
โญ๏ธแ แแ แแแณแ แชแ แฅแตแดแต แฅแ แจแคแต แคแญแตแ แจแคแแแฅแฝแ แ แฐแจแแช แ แขแแฑแตแตแชแ แแญ แจแแแ แแ แฃแแตแญแป แ แซแแต แจแแแแแต แฅแตแ แฅแแฐแแแฅแญแ แฐแแแฏแ::
Via แ แฒแต แแแณ
@etconp
๐ทแญแซแแณแ แจแฐแฃแแ แญแ แ แแฐ-แญแแญ แ แขแตแฎแตแซ แจแคแต แแแต แแญแ แจแแ แแญแ แจแแแจแแ แแ แแแณแฐแ แฅแแฒแจแณ แณแตแฆ แแแแแต แจแแแจแ แขแฒ แชแ แตแดแต แฅแ แแ แคแญแตแ แจแชแ แตแดแต แ แแแแฝแ แจแคแต แฃแแคแถแฝแฃ แจแแฅแแฝแฃ แจแปแฎแฝแฃ แฅแ แจแแแฑ แแ แ แจแฐแฅ แแญ แแแแแแต แซแแ แแแ แต แแแแ แฐแแแฏแแกแก
๐งแขแตแฎแตแซ แจแแ แแญแ แจแแแชแฑแ แขแฎแแ แฅแตแแต แแแฐแแแ แจแ แแฅ แ แแแแแถแฝแ แ แฐแแญแ แจแแฐแจแฐ แแแตแ แฅแซแต แแแปแปแ แ แตแแแ แแแแ แ แแแแแฅ แจแแแแตแตแ แจแแ แแญแ แ แแญแแตแ แจแแซแแปแฝ แ แแ แ แแฅแญ 1076/2018 แแ แตแ แจแแณแแ แฒแแ แญแ แ แแฐ-แซแแญ แแแ แ แแ แ แแฅ แแฅแฅแต แฅแแฐแแแ แญแ แ แแ แแ แจแฐแฃแแแข
๐ซแจแแฐแ แ แแแแฝแแฃ แฃแแแฅแถแฝแแฃ แจแแญแแแต แฐแแแตแแฃ แจแคแต แแแขแแฝแ แฅแ แจแคแฐ แแ แต แฃแแแซแแฝแ แจแแฎ แ แ แแต แแญ แจแแซแฐแฃแตแ แ แญแ แแญแ แแตแฅ แซแ แ แณแฒแต แฅแตแแถแฝแแฃ แแ แซแแฝแ แฅแ แจแขแแจแตแตแแแต แฅแตแแฝแ แแแณแจแต แซแแ แฒแแ แ แขแแฑแตแตแช แแชแแฝ แแซแจแ แตแตแตแญ แฅแ แตแฅแฅแญแ แญแแฅแซแ แฐแฅแแ แญแ แ แแแข
โญ๏ธแ แแ แแแณแ แชแ แฅแตแดแต แฅแ แจแคแต แคแญแตแ แจแคแแแฅแฝแ แ แฐแจแแช แ แขแแฑแตแตแชแ แแญ แจแแแ แแ แฃแแตแญแป แ แซแแต แจแแแแแต แฅแตแ แฅแแฐแแแฅแญแ แฐแแแฏแ::
Via แ แฒแต แแแณ
@etconp
๐10