👉Factors Affecting Concrete Compressive Strength

🏷Among the large number of factors affecting the compressive strength of concrete.

💫the following are probably the most important for concretes used in structures.

🚧1.  Water/cement ratio

⏺The strength of concrete is governed in large part by the
ratio of the weight of the water to the weight of the cement for a given volume of concrete.

⏺A lower water/cement ratio reduces the porosity of the hardened concrete and thus increases the number of interlocking solids.

🚧2.  Type of cement

⏺Traditionally, five basic types of Portland cement have been produced:

Normal, Type I:
Modified, Type II:
High early strength, Type III:
Low heat, Type IV:
Sulfate resisting, Type V:

🚧3. Supplementary cementitious materials

⏺Sometimes, a portion of the cement is replaced by materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, or silica fume to achieve economy, reduction of heat of hydration, and, depending on the materials, improved workability.

🚧4. Aggregate

⏺The strength of concrete is affected by the strength of the aggregate, its surface texture, its grading, and, to a lesser extent, by the maximum size of the aggregate.

🚧5.  Mixing water

⏺There are no standards governing the quality of water for use in mixing concrete.

⏺In most cases, water that is suitable for drinking and that has no pronounced taste or odor may be used

🚧6. Moisture conditions during curing

⏺The development of the compressive strength of concrete is strongly affected by the moisture conditions during curing.

⏺Prolonged moist curing leads to the highest concrete strength

🚧7. Temperature conditions during curing

⏺The effect of curing temperature on strength gain for specimens placed and moist-cured for 28 days under the constant temperatures shown in the figure and then moist-cured at 73°F.

⏺The 7- and 28-day strengths are reduced by cold curing temperatures, although the long-term strength tends to be enhanced.

🚧8. Age of concrete.

Concrete gains strength with age

🚧9. Maturity of concrete

⏺Young concrete gains strength if the concrete remains about a threshold temperature of to or to Maturity is the summation of the product of the difference between the curing temperature and the threshold temperature, and the time the concrete has cured at that temperature

@etconp

👉ELEMENTS OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
.
➡️Asphalt concrete pavements also called flexible pavements are pavements built from asphalt- concrete (asphalt, coarse aggregate, filler (optional) , and fine aggregate).
They transmit loads imposed on the surface through lateral distribution of the applied loads over depth.
.
➡️The elements of an asphalt concrete pavement are:👇
.
▶️Surfacing: This is the uppermost layer of the
pavement. The primary function of the surfacing is
to provide a safe and comfortable riding surface for the traffic. It is also expected to protect the layers underneath from the effects of natural elements
(wind, rain, ice etc.) as well as the disintegrating
effects from vehicles skidding and braking on the roadway. In this regard, it should be impervious so
as to waterproof the underlying layers. In higher
types of roads, it may consist of two distinct sub
layers known as a wearing course and a base
course.
.
▶️ Base: this is the most important and normally the thickest layer of an asphalt concrete pavement on which the surfacing rests. It is the main load
spreading layer of the pavement. It bears the burden of distributing the applied surface loads in such a manner that the bearing Capacity of the subgrade is not exceeded. It should therefore be built from high quality materials capable of withstanding the applied loads on the surface. It consist of either: crushed stone or gravel, gravelly soils, decomposed rocks, sands or sand-clays stabilized with cement, lime or bitumen.
.
▶️Sub-base: The sub-base is the secondary load
spreading layer of the pavement underlying the
base. It may or may not be present in a pavement
depending on the purpose for which it is to be
used. It helps to distribute the applied loads to the
subgrade. Its stresses are less than those of the
base. Therefore its materials can be of lower quality than those of the base but must always be stronger than those of the subgrade. It is usually coarse grained or granular to act as a drainage layer for passage of any moisture which falls during
construction or after construction to the highway drainage system.
.
▶️Subgrade: this is the upper layer of the natural soil over which the pavement is being built. It may be undisturbed local material exposed by excavation or soil excavated elsewhere and placed into an embankment. It is usually compacted during
construction to give added stability.

@etconp

👉What is the differences between Singly reinforced and Doubly reinforced beam sections

🚧Singly reinforced beam

⏺singly reinforced beams are beams with tension reinforcement only( reinforcement to assist concrete carry tension)

🚧Doubly reinforced beam

⏺due to different reasons, it isn't always possible to use singly reinforced beam and it becomes necessary to assist concrete to carry compression too.

⏺And beams with both tension and compression reinforcement are called doubly reinforced beams.

💫Doubly reinforced beams are advantageous over singly reinforced beams for the following reasons :

*Reduces sustained deflection( long term deflection)

* Increases ductility

* Enhances tension mode of failure

* Decreased depth of section, leading to astetics

@etconp

👉Pan-United የተባለ የሲንጋፖር ኮንክሪት አምራች ኩባንያ በኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል የሚንቀሳቀስ የጭነት ካሚዮን በሥራ ላይ ማዋሉ ተሰምቷል።

🏷ካምፓኒው በመግለጫው በኤሌክትሪክ የሚንቀሳቀሱ የኮንክሪት ሚክሰር ካሚዮኖችን መጠቀም የጀመረው በነዳጅ ኃይል ከሚንቀሳቀሱ የኮንክሪት ሚክሰር ካሚዮኖች ወደ ከባቢ አየር የሚለቀቀውን የተቃጠለ አየር ለማስቀረት እንዲሁም የድምጽ ብክለትን ለመቆጣጠር ጭምር በማሰብ ነው።

💫የድምጽ ብክለት በጣም ጥቅጥቅ ብሎ በሚገኘው የሲንጋፖር ሕዝብ ወሳኝ አንገብጋቢ፣ ጥያቄ ከሆነ ሰነባብቷል።

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@etconp

Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
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👉How is a reinforcement bar in hardened concrete structure exposed to corrosion?

💫ሙሉ በሙሉ ጥንካሬውን ያገኘ የ ኮንክሪት ስትራክቸር ውስጥ ያለ ወይም የተሰራበት reinforcement bar እንዴት ሊዝግ ይችላል? በምን ምክንያቶችስ ሊሆን ይችላል?

🏷3 መሰረታዊ የሆኑ ሁኔታዎች reinforcement ባራችንን በበቂ ሁኔታ ጥንካሬውን ባገኝ የ አርማታ ስትራክቸር ውስጥ ባለበት ሊያዝጉት ይችላሉ (corrosion እንዲፈጠር ሊያደርጉት ይችላሉ)

⭐️1. የመጀመሪያው carbonation ይባላል

⏺እንደሚታወቀው concrete strongly alkaline nature አለው። ይህም የሆነበት ምክንያት Ca(OH)2 ስላለው።

⏺pH value ደግሞ about 13 ነው። 

▶️due to this high alkalinity nature ኮንክሪቱ reinforcement ባሩን ከ corrosion ለመከላከል a thin passivating layer በባሩ ዙሪያ በመፍጠር ብረቱን ከዝገት ይከላከላል። ይህም process passivation በመባል ይታወቃል።

▶️As we know CO2 በራሱ reactive አይደለም። ግን in the presence of moisture( እርጥበት) ወደ dilute carbonic acid ይቀየራል። ከዛም concrete form ያደረገውን passivating layer መብላት ወይም ማፈራረስ ይጀምራል። በመጨረሻም PH value ን  ወደ 8.3 - 9 ያደርሰዋል። ልክ PH value ከ 11 ማነስ ሲጀምር ብረቱ በቀላሉ መዛግ ይጀምራል።

🏷2. ሁለተኛው ደግሞ chloride attack ነው

⏺በተመሳሳይ መንገድ ልክ carbonation passivating layer ን ማፈራረስ እንደሚችል chloride attack ም ያንን በበለጠ ማድረግ ይችላል።

▶️chloride attack is more serious reason than any other
▶️in the presence of water and oxygen, chloride can destroy the passivating layer and leads to corrosion.
▶️chloride በቀላሉ ወደ ኮንክሪቱ ሊገባ ይችላል።

⚡️ለምሳሌ በ cement,water,aggregate and sometimes from admixtures or from environment by diffusion.

🏷3. ሶስተኛው በ electrochemical process ነው

⏺ይሄኛው ደግሞ when there is a difference in electrical potential along the steel reinforcement in concrete.

⏺ብረቱ ውስጥ አንደኛው part anode ሌላኛው part ደግሞ cathode ሲሆን ነው።

@etconp

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