👉ELEMENTS OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
.
➡️Asphalt concrete pavements also called flexible pavements are pavements built from asphalt- concrete (asphalt, coarse aggregate, filler (optional) , and fine aggregate).
They transmit loads imposed on the surface through lateral distribution of the applied loads over depth.
.
➡️The elements of an asphalt concrete pavement are:👇
.
▶️Surfacing: This is the uppermost layer of the
pavement. The primary function of the surfacing is
to provide a safe and comfortable riding surface for the traffic. It is also expected to protect the layers underneath from the effects of natural elements
(wind, rain, ice etc.) as well as the disintegrating
effects from vehicles skidding and braking on the roadway. In this regard, it should be impervious so
as to waterproof the underlying layers. In higher
types of roads, it may consist of two distinct sub
layers known as a wearing course and a base
course.
.
▶️ Base: this is the most important and normally the thickest layer of an asphalt concrete pavement on which the surfacing rests. It is the main load
spreading layer of the pavement. It bears the burden of distributing the applied surface loads in such a manner that the bearing Capacity of the subgrade is not exceeded. It should therefore be built from high quality materials capable of withstanding the applied loads on the surface. It consist of either: crushed stone or gravel, gravelly soils, decomposed rocks, sands or sand-clays stabilized with cement, lime or bitumen.
.
▶️Sub-base: The sub-base is the secondary load
spreading layer of the pavement underlying the
base. It may or may not be present in a pavement
depending on the purpose for which it is to be
used. It helps to distribute the applied loads to the
subgrade. Its stresses are less than those of the
base. Therefore its materials can be of lower quality than those of the base but must always be stronger than those of the subgrade. It is usually coarse grained or granular to act as a drainage layer for passage of any moisture which falls during
construction or after construction to the highway drainage system.
.
▶️Subgrade: this is the upper layer of the natural soil over which the pavement is being built. It may be undisturbed local material exposed by excavation or soil excavated elsewhere and placed into an embankment. It is usually compacted during
construction to give added stability.

@etconp

👉What is the differences between Singly reinforced and Doubly reinforced beam sections

🚧Singly reinforced beam

⏺singly reinforced beams are beams with tension reinforcement only( reinforcement to assist concrete carry tension)

🚧Doubly reinforced beam

⏺due to different reasons, it isn't always possible to use singly reinforced beam and it becomes necessary to assist concrete to carry compression too.

⏺And beams with both tension and compression reinforcement are called doubly reinforced beams.

💫Doubly reinforced beams are advantageous over singly reinforced beams for the following reasons :

*Reduces sustained deflection( long term deflection)

* Increases ductility

* Enhances tension mode of failure

* Decreased depth of section, leading to astetics

@etconp

👉Pan-United የተባለ የሲንጋፖር ኮንክሪት አምራች ኩባንያ በኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል የሚንቀሳቀስ የጭነት ካሚዮን በሥራ ላይ ማዋሉ ተሰምቷል።

🏷ካምፓኒው በመግለጫው በኤሌክትሪክ የሚንቀሳቀሱ የኮንክሪት ሚክሰር ካሚዮኖችን መጠቀም የጀመረው በነዳጅ ኃይል ከሚንቀሳቀሱ የኮንክሪት ሚክሰር ካሚዮኖች ወደ ከባቢ አየር የሚለቀቀውን የተቃጠለ አየር ለማስቀረት እንዲሁም የድምጽ ብክለትን ለመቆጣጠር ጭምር በማሰብ ነው።

💫የድምጽ ብክለት በጣም ጥቅጥቅ ብሎ በሚገኘው የሲንጋፖር ሕዝብ ወሳኝ አንገብጋቢ፣ ጥያቄ ከሆነ ሰነባብቷል።

⭐️የኮንክሪት ካምዮኑን የገነባው SANY የተባለ የቻይና ታዋቂ የኮንክሪት ካምዮን አምራች ኩባንያ ሲሆን፣ መኪናው በቀን ለሁለት ጊዜ ቻርጅ በማድረግ ብቻ ቀኑን ሙሉ በአጥጋቢ ሁኔታ ሥራውን ማከናወን እንደሚችል ተጠቅሷል።

@etconp

Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
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👉How is a reinforcement bar in hardened concrete structure exposed to corrosion?

💫ሙሉ በሙሉ ጥንካሬውን ያገኘ የ ኮንክሪት ስትራክቸር ውስጥ ያለ ወይም የተሰራበት reinforcement bar እንዴት ሊዝግ ይችላል? በምን ምክንያቶችስ ሊሆን ይችላል?

🏷3 መሰረታዊ የሆኑ ሁኔታዎች reinforcement ባራችንን በበቂ ሁኔታ ጥንካሬውን ባገኝ የ አርማታ ስትራክቸር ውስጥ ባለበት ሊያዝጉት ይችላሉ (corrosion እንዲፈጠር ሊያደርጉት ይችላሉ)

⭐️1. የመጀመሪያው carbonation ይባላል

⏺እንደሚታወቀው concrete strongly alkaline nature አለው። ይህም የሆነበት ምክንያት Ca(OH)2 ስላለው።

⏺pH value ደግሞ about 13 ነው። 

▶️due to this high alkalinity nature ኮንክሪቱ reinforcement ባሩን ከ corrosion ለመከላከል a thin passivating layer በባሩ ዙሪያ በመፍጠር ብረቱን ከዝገት ይከላከላል። ይህም process passivation በመባል ይታወቃል።

▶️As we know CO2 በራሱ reactive አይደለም። ግን in the presence of moisture( እርጥበት) ወደ dilute carbonic acid ይቀየራል። ከዛም concrete form ያደረገውን passivating layer መብላት ወይም ማፈራረስ ይጀምራል። በመጨረሻም PH value ን  ወደ 8.3 - 9 ያደርሰዋል። ልክ PH value ከ 11 ማነስ ሲጀምር ብረቱ በቀላሉ መዛግ ይጀምራል።

🏷2. ሁለተኛው ደግሞ chloride attack ነው

⏺በተመሳሳይ መንገድ ልክ carbonation passivating layer ን ማፈራረስ እንደሚችል chloride attack ም ያንን በበለጠ ማድረግ ይችላል።

▶️chloride attack is more serious reason than any other
▶️in the presence of water and oxygen, chloride can destroy the passivating layer and leads to corrosion.
▶️chloride በቀላሉ ወደ ኮንክሪቱ ሊገባ ይችላል።

⚡️ለምሳሌ በ cement,water,aggregate and sometimes from admixtures or from environment by diffusion.

🏷3. ሶስተኛው በ electrochemical process ነው

⏺ይሄኛው ደግሞ when there is a difference in electrical potential along the steel reinforcement in concrete.

⏺ብረቱ ውስጥ አንደኛው part anode ሌላኛው part ደግሞ cathode ሲሆን ነው።

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👉African Development Bank renews and expands agreement to use FIDIC standard contracts for a further five years

🏷FIDIC has renewed and expanded a major agreement with the African Development Bank Group that will now see the multilateral development bank employ ten FIDIC standard contracts for the next five years. The bank is the leading source for development financing in Africa and is committed to supporting inclusive and sustainable growth and good governance across the continent.

📜Under the terms of the agreement, FIDIC has granted the bank a non-exclusive license to refer to ten major FIDIC contracts for projects they finance and the documents will be used in the bank’s main standard bidding documents. The list of contracts now includes reprints of the 2022 FIDIC Rainbow Suite, the latest FIDIC Green Book 2021 and the reprint of Emerald Book 2023 contract for Underground Works and the Dredgers contract 2016.

⏺The suite of contracts covered by the agreement with FIDIC covers a wide range of international construction and infrastructure work.

⏺The Bank’s initiative represents a further key endorsement for FIDIC contracts from a major international funding organisation, following similar agreements signed with the World Bank and many other multilateral development banks around the world.

💫FIDIC president Catherine Karakatsanis MESc PEng FCAE ICD.D LL.D D.Eng said: “I am delighted that the AfDB has renewed and expanded its agreement with FIDIC to be used as an accepted form of contract for use with their standard bidding documents. As well as this being another major development for FIDIC, we hope that this move will create more certainty in the market, as by facilitating the use of FIDIC contacts on major projects the AfDB is saying that they endorse the fair and balanced approach that these documents offer to parties on major construction contracts.

“We know that the certainty FIDIC contracts bring makes it easier to get projects underway, as many of the common commercial risks are clearly addressed in the contracts and all parties understand their obligations and responsibilities. FIDIC looks forward to the AfDB’s continuing endorsement of these contracts providing additional reassurance to the financial, institutional and private equity investors operating in the global market to adopt the use of FIDIC standard procurement contracts as an effective tool to mitigate the risks associated with major infrastructure projects and assets.”

⏺Commenting on the signing of the agreement, Frank Mvula, director, fiduciary and inspection department at the African Development Bank, said: “We are glad to have concluded this agreement that will enable us to incorporate FIDIC contracts in our main standard bidding documents.

⏺There is no doubt that the use of the internationally recognised FIDIC contracts is a step towards enhancing equity and economy, as well as efficient and effective contract management, as emphasised under the bank’s procurement framework. We look forward to working with FIDIC for another five years.”

@etconp