Ethio Construction Engineering
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๐Ÿ’ป Civil 3D Full Tutorials (4K Video)

Tutorials with project files used throughout the video for hands-on learning.
๐Ÿ“Š All Supporting Materials

Access materials, including PKT Files, Superelevation Excels, & ERA Manual XML, to streamline your design work.
๐Ÿ— Girder Bridge Working Drawing Preparation

Complete working drawings for Girder Bridges, including all materials used in the tutorial, & the 3D model created in SketchUp.
๐Ÿš— Highway Design Expertise

Professional highway design services
๐Ÿ›  Template Production & PKT Development Template creation & PKT development as per your project standards.

๐Ÿ“ Earthwork & Pavement Quantity Preparation

Earthwork & pavement quantity preparation to ensure precise cost estimation.
๐Ÿ— Structural Working Drawing Preparation

Detailed structural working drawings Preparation
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๐Ÿ“แ‹จแˆ›แ‰ณ

แˆฐแŠž - แŠฅแˆแ‹ต (แŠจ11:30-1:30)

๐Ÿ“แ‹จแ‰…แ‹ณแˆœ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแˆแ‹ต

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โœณ๏ธ แ‹จแŠฎแˆญแˆฑ แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆฎแ‰ฝ

โœ… Fundamental of Interior Design

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๐Ÿ“ž 0984121839
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Telegram:- https://t.me/archidemyy
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๐Ÿ‘‰แŠจ40 แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แˆฉแˆฒแ‹ซ แ‰ แˆตแŠฎแˆ‹แˆญแˆบแ• แ‹จแˆฒแ‰ชแˆ แŠขแŠ•แŒ‚แАแˆชแŠ•แŒ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒ‰แˆแ‰ฑ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซแŠ• แŒŠแ‹œ แˆฉแˆฒแ‹ซ แˆˆแˆ•แŠ•แƒ แˆแˆ…แŠ•แ‹ตแˆตแŠ“ แ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แŠฅแˆตแŠจแŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ แˆญแŠ• แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆแข

แŠ แ‹Žแฃ แˆฉแˆฒแ‹ซ แ‰ แˆ•แŠ•แƒ แˆแˆ…แŠ•แ‹ตแˆตแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‰ฝแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแАแŒˆแˆจแˆ‹แ‰ตแˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ต แˆแˆแ‹ต แŠ แˆˆแˆ แŠฅแˆตแŠซแˆแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆจแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแข

แ‰ แˆฉแˆฒแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ก แˆ•แŠ•แƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒฅแŠ•แŠซแˆฌ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ•แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰ แˆฑ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แ‹ญแˆ… แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ แˆ›แˆซแŠช แˆ•แŠ•แƒ แ‰ แˆฉแˆฒแ‹ซ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แŒแˆแŒ‹แˆŽแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒฅ แ‰„แŠ•แŒ แŠ› แˆ•แŠ•แƒ แАแ‹แข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘14โค4๐Ÿ‘4
๐Ÿ‘‰The difference between Class A and Class B for laying drainage pipes in Ethiopia road construction primarily lies in the quality and compaction requirements of the bedding material:

๐Ÿ’ซClass A Bedding:

* Higher Quality: Requires a well-graded, compacted granular material (e.g., crushed stone) with specific gradation limits.
* Better Support: Provides superior support and load distribution for the pipe, reducing the risk of settlement and failure.
* Used in Critical Areas: Typically employed in areas with high traffic loads, unstable soils, or where pipe stability is paramount.
Class B Bedding:
* Lower Quality: Allows for the use of less rigorously graded materials, potentially including locally sourced materials.
* Less Compaction: Requires less stringent compaction efforts compared to Class A.
* Suitable for Less Demanding Conditions: Typically used in areas with lower traffic volumes, stable soils, or where the risk of pipe failure is lower.
Visual Comparison:

๐ŸšงKey Points:

* The choice between Class A and Class B bedding depends on factors such as soil conditions, traffic loads, pipe diameter, and the specific requirements of the road design.
* Proper bedding is crucial for ensuring the long-term stability and performance of drainage pipes, preventing issues like pipe settlement, joint failures, and infiltration.
* Adhering to the specified bedding class is essential for meeting the quality standards and ensuring the durability of the road infrastructure.
Additional Considerations:
* Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA) Standards: The specific requirements for Class A and Class B bedding are outlined in the ERA's Drainage Design Manual and other relevant standards.
* Geotechnical Investigations: Soil investigations are often conducted to determine the appropriate bedding class and design parameters.
* Quality Control: Regular inspections and testing are necessary to ensure that the bedding materials meet the specified requirements and are properly compacted.
By understanding the distinctions between Class A and Class B bedding, engineers and contractors can make informed decisions to optimize drainage system performance and contribute to the construction of durable and resilient road networks in Ethiopia.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘16
๐Ÿ‘‰In construction and project management, pricing documents are crucial for effective cost planning and control.

๐Ÿ’ซWhether you're a seasoned professional or new to the industry, understanding these documents is key to project success.

๐ŸšงHere's an overview of essential pricing documents and their significance:

๐Ÿ”น Bill of Quantities (BOQ):
What it is: Detailed breakdown of materials, labor, and services needed for a project.
How itโ€™s used: Essential for project scope clarity during tendering and serves as a cost tracking baseline.

๐Ÿ”น Schedule of Rates (SOR):
What it is: Pre-determined unit rates for standard activities, materials, or services.
How itโ€™s used: Manages variations in work scope, ensuring pricing transparency and simplifying change approvals.

๐Ÿ”น Schedule of Activities (SOA):
What it is: Links activities to costs and timeframes.
How itโ€™s used: Integrates project timelines with budgets, aiding in resource planning and progress tracking.

๐Ÿ”นProject Sum Analysis (PSA):
What it is: Compares planned and actual project costs.
How itโ€™s used: Monitors financial performance, controls costs, and enables corrective actions.

โบUnderstanding and utilizing these documents optimally can lead to improved cost management, resource allocation, and stakeholder communication.

โ–ถ๏ธEach document has a specific role but collectively forms a robust framework for financial project management.

โบMastering the basics of the BOQ is crucial for beginners, as it lays the foundation for project cost structures.

โ–ถ๏ธExperienced professionals can efficiently enhance their workflows by integrating these tools for more successful project outcomes.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘21๐Ÿ‘2โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰Causes of Low Morale in Construction Project Teams

1๏ธโƒฃ Weak Leadership

โ€ข The absence of a strong leader results in a lack of direction and motivation.
โ€ข When the project manager cannot make clear decisions or provide a comprehensive vision, the team feels confused and loses confidence.
โ€ข Source: Project Management Institute (PMI) - Guide to Project Management Best Practices.

2๏ธโƒฃ Lack of Effective Communication

โ€ข The absence of clear communication channels leads to misunderstandings and project delays.
โ€ข Poor communication between the team and management wastes resources and increases tension.
โ€ข Source: Harvard Business Review - Communication Strategies in Project Teams.

3๏ธโƒฃ Overwork and Burnout

โ€ข Long hours and excessive pressure without adequate breaks result in decreased productivity and high burnout rates.
โ€ข The imbalance between personal life and work reduces team loyalty to the project.
โ€ข Source: Occupational Health & Safety Journal - Impact of Workload on Employee Morale.

4๏ธโƒฃ Lack of Recognition and Incentives

โ€ข The absence of appreciation for team achievements makes employees feel undervalued.
โ€ข A lack of financial or moral incentives diminishes their desire to improve performance.
โ€ข Source: Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) - Employee Recognition Best Practices.

5๏ธโƒฃ Unclear Goals and Expectations

โ€ข When project goals are unclear or constantly changing, the team feels unstable and loses focus.
โ€ข Sudden shifts in priorities create a chaotic and demotivating work environment.
โ€ข Source: PMI - Agile Practice Guide.

6๏ธโƒฃ Toxic Work Environment

โ€ข Internal conflicts and lack of teamwork create feelings of discomfort and insecurity.
โ€ข The absence of mutual respect and trust within the team hinders collaboration.
โ€ข Source: Forbes - How to Identify and Improve Toxic Work Cultures.

7๏ธโƒฃ Insufficient Resources

โ€ข The unavailability of required tools or budgets forces the team to work in an ill-equipped environment, increasing frustration.
โ€ข Delays in providing essential materials and equipment disrupt the project schedule.
โ€ข Source: Construction Management Journal - The Role of Resources in Project Success.

8๏ธโƒฃ Poor Planning and Risk Management

โ€ข The lack of a clear action plan and effective risk management creates uncertainty.
โ€ข Frequent issues that could have been avoided through proactive planning frustrate the team.
โ€ข Source: Risk Management Journal - The Importance of Proactive Risk Planning.

๐ŸŽฏ Recommended Solutions:

โ€ข Strengthen leadership and communication.
โ€ข Provide regular incentives and recognition.
โ€ข Offer necessary training and resources.
โ€ข Develop a clear action plan with achievable goals

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘30๐Ÿ‘5
The product of mass and velocity of a moving a body is called
Anonymous Quiz
25%
Moment
14%
Power
53%
Momentum
9%
Impluse
๐Ÿ‘15
Which constituent in cement is to be kept minimum to avoid a sulphate attack?
Anonymous Quiz
13%
A.C2A
26%
B.C3A
42%
C.C3S
19%
D.C2AF
๐Ÿ‘10
The purpose of________ test is to detect the presence of uncombined lime in cement.
Anonymous Quiz
26%
A.fineness
26%
B.soundness
29%
C.consistency
19%
D.setting time
๐Ÿ‘7
For base failure, the Depth factor Df is
Anonymous Quiz
19%
zero
13%
1
45%
0 < Df < 1
24%
Df > 1
๐Ÿ‘14
Which of the following is NOT a primary cause of creep in metallic railway track?
Anonymous Quiz
32%
(a) Heavy rainfall
18%
(b) Ironing out effect
29%
(c) Wheel impact during track expansion or contraction
21%
(d) Braking action of engines
๐Ÿ‘7๐ŸŽ‰3
๐Ÿ‘10๐Ÿ‘3โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰Bioconcrete

๐ŸทBio concrete is an innovative material that incorporates bacteria capable of producing calcite when exposed to water and oxygen. ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘5โค3
Ethio Construction Engineering
๐Ÿ‘‰Bioconcrete ๐ŸทBio concrete is an innovative material that incorporates bacteria capable of producing calcite when exposed to water and oxygen. ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡ @etconp
๐Ÿ‘‰Bioconcrete

๐ŸทBio concrete is an innovative material that incorporates bacteria capable of producing calcite when exposed to water and oxygen.

These bacteria, encapsulated in the concrete, are activated when cracks form and naturally repair them. This process enhances the durability of structures, reduces maintenance costs, and contributes to sustainability by minimizing the need for conventional repairs.

Bio concrete has great potential for various infrastructure applications, offering an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution.

๐ŸšงSeveral processes are available for the production of bioconcrete:

- Adding bacteria of the genus Bacillus. Bacteria are placed in the concrete mixture in biodegradable capsules with calcium lactate to provide them with nutrients.

Once the capsule dissolves, the microorganisms come to life and in the process produce limestone that fills cracks in the concrete.
- The addition of spores of the fungus Trichoderma reesei. Without access to water and air, the fungi are at rest, but as soon as moisture and air enter the concrete structure through cracks, they begin to grow actively, producing calcium carbonate, which fills microcracks.

๐Ÿ’ซAdvantages:

- Resistance to the action of adverse natural factors.
- Reducing the time, labor and financial costs of routine and major repairs of buildings and structures.
- Prevention of damage to concrete structures during operation.

Self-restoring concrete is not yet widespread in the construction industry, because its cost is 2 times higher than conventional concrete mixes.

But if you calculate the benefits in the subsequent operation of facilities built with bioconcrete, the benefits of this material become apparent.

Specialists in the construction industry are confident that the future belongs to such materials.

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘20๐Ÿ”ฅ2
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ‘‰แŠจ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‹ญ แŒแ‹ตแ‰ฅ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แŠฎแˆชแ‹ฐแˆญ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต

แŠจแŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“

แˆ˜แŒ‹แ‹˜แŠ–แ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒฝแ‹ซ แŠญแแˆ

แŠ แˆปแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŠ แˆณแˆญแˆแŠ“แˆ

๐Ÿ”ฐแˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ‰?

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ˜แ‰แˆจแŒซ รท แˆ›แŒ แŠแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆป แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก แˆˆแˆฑแˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ‘ แ‰ แŒƒแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹‰

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

โ˜Ž๏ธแ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹‰แˆ‰แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ›แŠญแˆฉแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ
                    แ‰.1 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.2 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต
                     แ‰.3 แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŒคแŠ“

0904040477
0911016833
๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰When performing tensile test...

๐ŸทType of fracture you observe can reveal a lot about material's properties.

โญ๏ธLet's quick Learn about it.

โ–ฌ  ๐——๐˜‚๐—ฐ๐˜๐—ถ๐—น๐—ฒ ๐—™๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ฐ๐˜๐˜‚๐—ฟ๐—ฒ  โ–ฌ

โ— Cup-and-Cone Shape : Fracture surface is typically rough & fibrous, indicating significant plastic deformation.

โ— High Energy Absorption : Ductile materials can absorb a lot of energy before failing, making them tough & less prone to catastrophic failure.

โ— Elongation : Noticeable elongation & reduction in cross-sectional area occur before material breaks, observable as material necks down.

โ— Microvoid Coalescence : Fracture process involves the nucleation, growth, & coalescence of microvoids, leading to material's separation.

โ–ช Examples of Ductile Materials :
   - Copper
   - Mild Steel
   - Aluminum

โ–ฌ  ๐—•๐—ฟ๐—ถ๐˜๐˜๐—น๐—ฒ ๐—™๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—ฐ๐˜๐˜‚๐—ฟ๐—ฒ  โ–ฌ

โ— Flat and Smooth Surface : Fracture surface appears smooth & shiny, often with a granular or crystalline appearance.

โ— Low Energy Absorption : Brittle materials absorb less energy before fracturing, making them more susceptible to sudden failure under stress.

โ— No Significant Elongation : Little to no necking or plastic deformation occurs before the material breaks.

โ— Cleavage Planes : Brittle fracture often occurs along specific crystallographic planes, known as cleavage planes, where atomic bonds are weakest.

โ–ช Examples of Brittle Materials :
   - Glass
   - Cast Iron
   - Ceramics
   - High-Carbon Steel

- - - - - - - - -

โ—† Factors Influencing Fracture Behavior:
    - Strain Rate
    - Temperature
    - Microstructure
    - Material Composition

โ—† Testing for Ductile and Brittle Fracture:
    - Tensile Testing
    - Charpy Impact Testing
    - Fracture Toughness Testing

โ—† Real-World Example: Titanic Disaster ๐Ÿšข
     - Sinking of Titanic is famous example of brittle fracture. Ship's hull was made of steel that became brittle at freezing temperatures of North Atlantic. When Titanic struck an iceberg, the hull plates fractured suddenly, leading to the catastrophic sinking of the ship.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘8โค4
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แ‹‹แˆฝ แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแ‹ซ แˆ˜แ‰แˆˆ แ‹จแ‰ฃแ‰กแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ„แŠญแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แ‹จแˆ›แˆแˆ‹แˆˆแŒ แˆฅแˆซ แ‹ญแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ“แˆ

๐ŸšงแŠ แ‹‹แˆฝ แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแ‹ซ แˆ€แˆซ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซแŠ“ แˆ€แˆซแŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แˆ˜แ‰แˆˆ แ‹จแ‰ฃแ‰กแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ตแŠ• แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แ‹จแˆ›แˆแˆ‹แˆˆแŒ แˆฅแˆซ แŠฅแ‹ซแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแА แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆแ‹ตแˆญ แ‰ฃแ‰กแˆญ แŠฎแˆญแ–แˆฌแˆฝแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แกแก

๐Ÿทแ‹จแŠฎแˆญแ–แˆฌแˆฝแŠ‘ แˆแŠญแ‰ตแˆ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆฅแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแŒปแˆš แŒŒแ‰ฑ แŒแ‹›แ‹ (แŠข/แˆญ) แˆˆแŠขแ•แ‹ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแˆˆแŒนแ‰ตแฃ แŠ แ‹‹แˆฝ แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแ‹ซแฃ แˆ€แˆซแŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซแŠ“ แŠจแˆ€แˆซแŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แˆ˜แ‰€แˆŒ แ‹จแ‰ฃแ‰กแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แ‹จแˆ›แˆแˆ‹แˆˆแŒ แˆฅแˆซ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแข

๐Ÿ’ซแŠ แ‹‹แˆฝ แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแ‹ซ แˆ€แˆซ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰ฃแ‰กแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต 99 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ แ‹ฐแˆญแˆถ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แŒ แ‰…แˆฐแ‹แฃ แ‰ แˆฐแˆœแŠ‘ แŒฆแˆญแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แˆณแ‰ขแ‹ซ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆˆแˆฑแŠ• แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแกแก

โญ๏ธแ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‰ก แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆแˆถ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฃแ‰กแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰นแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แ‹จแ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แŠ แˆ›แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแˆˆแŒ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

Via แŠข แ• แ‹ต

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘8๐Ÿ’”1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแŠ แ‰ƒแ‰‚ แ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ญ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ 40 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆแƒแ€แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ฐแˆญแˆทแˆ

๐Ÿšงแ‰ แŠ แ‰ƒแ‰‚ แŠญแแˆˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŒฅแˆฉแАแˆฝ แ‹ฒแ‰ฃแ‰ฃ แ‰คแŒ‚แŠ•แŒ แˆ†แˆตแ’แ‰ณแˆ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ƒแ‰‚ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ แˆ˜แˆปแŒˆแˆชแ‹ซ แ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ญ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซ 40 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆแƒแ€แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ฐแˆญแˆทแˆแกแก

แ‹จแ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ฉแŠ• แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฅแˆชแŒ… แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒญ แŠจ447 แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ 3 แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ†แА แ‹ˆแŒช แŠฅแ‹ซแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแАแ‹ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แฃ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆฉแŠ• แˆตแˆซ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆช แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแกแก

แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซแ‹ แ‰ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆแ‹ฉ แˆแ‹ฉ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆณแ‹ญแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แ‰†แ‹ซแ‰ทแˆแกแก

แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆฅแˆแŒฃแŠ• แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆฌแŠญแ‰ฐแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ™ แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆญแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แˆ˜แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰กแ‹ตแŠ• แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซแ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแŠญ แˆแˆแŠจแ‰ณ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แฃ แ‹จแ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ฉ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ แแŒฅแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰…แ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฅแ‰ทแˆแกแก

แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ฉ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ 2 แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆธแŠซแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ 12 แˆแˆฐแˆตแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ 50 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แАแ‹ แˆตแˆซ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹ฐแ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แฃ แŠจแ‹šแˆ แŒŽแŠ• แˆˆแŒŽแŠ• แ‹จแ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ฉแŠ• แ‹จแˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ›แ‹แŠ• แŠญแแˆ แ•แˆชแŠซแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แˆแˆจแ‰ต แˆตแˆซ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแА แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแกแก

แ‹จแŠ แ‰ƒแ‰‚ แ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ญ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แˆฒแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰…แค แŠจแ‰ƒแˆŠแ‰ฒ แ‰ถแ‰ณแˆ แ‰ แ‹œแˆฎ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ƒแ‰‚ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›  แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ฑแˆ‰ แ‹ฒแˆแ‰ฑ แŠ แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฃแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠแŠญ แแˆฐแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ‹แŒ แˆ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆˆแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆšแ‹ซแ‹ŠแŠ“ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆด แˆ˜แˆปแˆปแˆ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ…แŠฆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ แˆจแŠญแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ณแˆ˜แŠ“แˆแกแก

Via แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆฅแˆแŒฃแŠ•

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘12โค1
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ˜แ‰แˆจแŒซ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆปแŠ“  แˆ›แŒ แŠแ‹ซ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ แŒƒแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠฅแŠ“แŒฅแ‹แˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆฐแˆซแˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ(แˆ˜แˆณแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซ)
                    แ‰.2 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

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