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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
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๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

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๐Ÿ‘‰แŠจ แŠ แˆˆแˆ แˆจแŒ…แˆ™ แˆ…แŠ•แŒป

๐Ÿšงแ‰ แŠฅแ‰…แ‹ต แ‹ซแˆˆ

๐Ÿทแ‰แˆ˜แ‰ตแฆ 2แŠช.แˆœ.

๐Ÿ“แ‰ฆแ‰ณแฆ แˆชแ‹ซแ‹ต แˆณแ‹‘แ‹ฒ แŠ แˆจแ‰ขแ‹ซ

๐Ÿ’ซแˆณแ‹แ‹ฒ แŠ แˆจแ‰ขแ‹ซ แ‰ แˆชแ‹ซแ‹ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆซแ‹ญแˆต แ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆญ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹จแˆ™แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จ 2 แŠชแˆŽ แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แŠจแแ‰ณ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แˆฐแˆ›แ‹ญ แŒ แ‰€แˆต แˆ…แŠ•แŒป แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แ‹ณแˆˆแ‰ฝแข

๐ŸŒŸแ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แŠ แˆแŠ• แŠซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ• แˆจแŒ…แˆ™ แ‰กแˆญแŒ… แŠซแˆŠแ‹ แˆ…แŠ•แŒป แ‰ แŠฅแŒฅแ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŒฃแˆแข

โบแ‰  แแ‰ฅแˆŠแŠญ แŠขแŠ•แ‰จแˆตแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แˆแŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ 2022 แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแ‹ฐแˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠ•แ‹ตแ‰ แˆˆแˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ˆแŒ€แ‹ แ‰  แŠฆแŒˆแˆตแ‰ต 2023 แАแ‰ แˆญแข

๐Ÿ”ฐแŠชแАแˆ…แŠ•แŒป แŠจแˆถแˆตแ‰ฑ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹แ‹ซแŠ• แŠจ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ตแฃ แ‹แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒฅแŠ•แŠซแˆฌ แ‰ฃแˆปแŒˆแˆญ "แ‰ฐแˆแˆณแˆŒแ‰ตแАแ‰ต" แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆˆแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŽแŠซแŠจแˆญแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแˆˆแŒแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆซแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แŒˆแˆˆแŒซแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•?

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘8โค2
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆญ แ‰ฆแˆญแ‹ต

๐Ÿ’ซแ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆญ

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘16โค5
๐Ÿ‘‰FDT Test in Road Construction

๐Ÿ’ซFDT stands for Field Density Test.

โบIt's a crucial quality control test performed during road construction to ensure that the soil used in the various layers (subgrade, subbase, base course, etc.) is compacted to the required specifications.

โญ๏ธProper compaction is essential for the long-term stability and performance of the road.

๐ŸšงPurpose of FDT

* Determine In-Place Density: The primary objective is to measure the actual density of the compacted soil in the field.
* Compare with Laboratory Results: The field density is compared with the maximum dry density (MDD) obtained from laboratory compaction tests (like Standard Proctor or Modified Proctor).
* Calculate Degree of Compaction: This helps determine how well the field compaction effort matches the desired level of compaction.
* Ensure Structural Integrity: Adequate compaction ensures the road's ability to withstand traffic loads and prevent future settlement or failures.

โ‡๏ธCommon FDT Methods

โบSand Replacement Method (Sand Cone Method):

* A hole is excavated in the compacted soil.
* The volume of the hole is determined by filling it with a known volume of sand.
* The weight of the excavated soil is measured.
* The in-place density is calculated based on the weight and volume of the soil.

โบCore Cutter Method:

* A cylindrical core of soil is extracted from the compacted layer.
* The volume and weight of the core are measured.
* The in-place density is calculated.

โšก๏ธFactors Affecting FDT Results

* Soil Type: Different soil types have varying compaction characteristics.
* Moisture Content: Optimal moisture content is crucial for achieving maximum compaction.
* Compaction Equipment: The type and efficiency of compaction equipment used.
* Number of Passes: The number of passes made by the compactor.
* Test Procedure: Accurate and precise testing procedures are essential.

๐Ÿ“Importance of FDT in Road Construction

* Ensures Structural Stability: Proper compaction prevents future settlement and failures, leading to a longer-lasting road.
* Reduces Maintenance Costs: Well-compacted roads require less maintenance over their lifespan.
* Improves Ride Quality: A stable road surface provides a smoother ride for vehicles.
* Increases Safety: Proper compaction reduces the risk of potholes and other road hazards.

๐Ÿ“œBy conducting regular FDTs, construction professionals can ensure that the road meets the required standards and provides a safe and durable infrastructure for years to come.

@etconp
โค10๐Ÿ‘10
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ‘‰แˆแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ

๐Ÿ”ฐแˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ‰?

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ›แˆตแ‰†แˆซแˆจแŒฅ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แˆณแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠจแˆแˆˆแŒ‰  แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ก แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก แˆˆแˆฑแˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ‘ แ‰ แŒƒแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹‰

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

โ˜Ž๏ธแ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹‰แˆ‰แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ›แŠญแˆฉแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ 1. แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                   แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŒคแŠ“
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

0904040477
0911016833
๐Ÿ‘5
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ฐแˆญแŠ• แŠฆแ‰จแˆญ (Turnover) แˆแŠ•แ‹ตแАแ‹?

๐Ÿšงแ‰ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆชแАแ‰ต แŒแˆแŒˆแˆ› แŒŠแ‹œ แŠจแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ฉ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠชแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ "Turnover" แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แŒˆแ‰ข แŠฅแŠ“ แˆฝแ‹ซแŒญ แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ตแˆแˆญ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แАแ‹แข แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒญ แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹แŠ• แŒ แ‰…แˆ‹แˆ‹ แŒˆแ‰ข แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแА แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆ‹ แˆตแˆŒแ‰ต Turnover แ‹ญแ‰ฃแˆ‹แˆแข

โบแ‹ญแˆ… แˆตแˆŒแ‰ต แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉแŠ• แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แŠญแŠ•แ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‰€แˆณแ‰€แˆฐ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แŠญแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŠ•แ€แ‰ฃแˆญแ‰… แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแŠ•แŒแ‹ต แˆฅแˆซ แŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แ‰แˆแ แˆ›แˆณแ‹ซ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒŽ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ต แАแ‹แข แ‹ญแˆ… แˆตแˆŒแ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒญ แŠจแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ตแˆซแ‰ถแ‰ฝแฃ แŠจแŠ•แ‹‘แˆต แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹ฅ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹แŠ• แŒˆแ‰ข แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แ‰ƒแˆแˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉแŠ• แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซแ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆณแ‹จ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹จแ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แŒคแŠ“แˆ›แАแ‰ตแŠ•แŠ“ แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰แˆ แ‰แˆแ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แАแ‹แข 

โญ๏ธแ‰ฐแˆญแŠ• แŠฆแ‰จแˆญ (Turnover) แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆ‹แ‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰แ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹แŠ• แŒ แ‰…แˆ‹แˆ‹ แŒˆแ‰ข แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแА แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ (แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ) แ‰ แˆ›แŒ แ‰ƒแˆˆแˆ แАแ‹แข

โ–ถ๏ธแˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ฐแˆญ แ‰ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แˆฆแˆตแ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แŒ แŠ“แ‰…แ‰‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแŠ“แˆตแ‰ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹‹แŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹ 50,000,000 แ‰ฅแˆญแฃ 75,000,000 แ‰ฅแˆญแฃ  แŠฅแŠ“ 30,000,000 แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ‘ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ตแˆญแ‰ แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰น แ‹ตแˆแˆญ = 155,000,000 แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แ‹ญแˆ… แŠ แˆ€แ‹ แŠจแ‰€แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉ  Turnover แŠจแ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ™ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แŠซแˆˆแ‹ แˆตแˆŒแ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆ›แАแƒแ€แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แˆŠแ‰ฐแАแ‰ฐแŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ (แ‹•แ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแˆณแ‹จ แАแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰€แАแˆต แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แŒ แ‰ƒแˆˆแ‹ซ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ตแŠ“ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉ แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒฃแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆ‹แˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹)แข

๐Ÿ“œแАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉ Turnover แ‰ แ‰‹แˆšแАแ‰ต แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแŒˆ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซแ‹ แˆแŠญ แ‰ตแˆญแ‹แˆ› แАแ‹ˆแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แˆ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎ แ‹จแˆšแŒฃแŒฃแˆ แŠจแˆ†แА แАแ‹แข

แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแ‹ž แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‰€แˆณแ‰€แˆฐ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ•แˆ แ‰ตแˆญแ‹แˆ›แАแ‰ฑ แ‹œแˆฎ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แАแŒ‹แ‰ฒแ‰จ แŠจแˆ†แА แ‰ แˆฅแˆซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰†แ‹จแ‰ฑ แ‹‹แˆตแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆตแˆˆแˆ›แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแˆญแ แ‹จแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‰ แŒŽ แˆตแˆˆแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ญ Turnover แ‰ฅแ‰ปแ‹แŠ• แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆˆแ‹แˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› Turnover แŠจแŒฅแˆฉ แ‰ตแˆญแ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแŠฆแ‹ฒแ‰ต แˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹˜ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒญ แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แ‹จแŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ’ซแ‹จ FACEBOOK แŒˆแƒแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ๐Ÿ‘‡

https://www.facebook.com/ethioconp

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘24โค1
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๐Ÿ‘‰7แˆณแ‹ญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆตแˆญแ‰ฐแŠ• แŠ แˆตแˆจแŠญแ‰ แŠ“แˆ แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆˆแˆฝแ‹ซแŒญ แŠซแ‹ˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ 3 แˆณแ‹ญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ

แ’แ‹ซแˆณ (แˆŠแˆด แŒˆ/แˆ›แˆญแ‹ซแˆ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต) แŒ€แˆญแ‰ฃ
    ๐Ÿ‘‰1แˆ˜แŠแ‰ณ 46แŠซแˆฌ =Soldout
    ๐Ÿ‘‰1 แˆ˜แŠแ‰ณ 66แŠซแˆฌ=
        10% แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แŠญแแ‹ซ 693,000แ‰ฅแˆญ
    ๐Ÿ‘‰2แˆ˜แŠแ‰ณ 71แŠซแˆฌ
      10%แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แŠญแแ‹ซ 745,000แ‰ฅแˆญ
      แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠญแแ‹ซ 7,455,000แ‰ฅแˆญ
    ๐Ÿ‘‰2แˆ˜แŠแ‰ณ 93แŠซแˆฌ=
     10% แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แŠญแแ‹ซ 1,044,000แ‰ฅแˆญ
    ๐Ÿ‘‰3แˆ˜แŠแ‰ณ 130แŠซแˆฌ
    10%แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แŠญแแ‹ซ 1,365,000แ‰ฅแˆญ
    ๐Ÿ‘‰3แˆ˜แŠแ‰ณ 142แŠซแˆฌ
   10%แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แŠญแแ‹ซ 1,533,600แ‰ฅแˆญ
    ๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰€แˆชแ‹แŠ• 90% แ‰ 17แ‹™แˆญ แŠจแแˆˆแ‹  แ‹จแˆšแŒจแˆญแˆฑแ‰ต
0911603746
@Samiwagaye
๐Ÿ‘2๐ŸŽ‰2
64 earthquakes in just 3 months
******
Mother earth is uncomfor
table these days in our corner. A total of 64 earthquakes of magnitude 4 and above shook the ground since 27th September last year following three years of no significant event.

I felt the most recent event this evening at 6:27 pm as much as I did the one yesterday shortly before 11:00 pm. The larger of these two events was of magnitude 4.8. I am a bit uncomfortable that we have to feel such small events after the waves traveled for more than 150 km. One normally expects the great majority of the energy to be dissipated along the path.

I was wondering: How would we feel a larger but moderate magnitude of an event, say 5.6, which is only 1 unit of magnitude larger than the event we felt this evening? It would definitely wreck havoc among all of us and possibly also cause some damages. It is, however, important to note that it takes about 32-fold of the energy of the latest event for such a magnitude of shaking to happen at the source. This seems to give us some solace considering the current frequency of occurrence, with comparable magnitudes in the range of 4 to 5, which contributes towards release of strain energy stored in the crustal rocks.

However, the seismic history of the country tells us that magnitudes up to around 6.8 had been experienced in the near past. Some experts go to the extent that we could face magnitudes up to around 7.2. The Serdo and Karakore events of the 1960s and the Dobi earthquake of 1989 are cases in point, all with magnitudes between 6 and 7. Following the fact stated above, such an earthquake with, say M=6.6, would release 1024-fold of the event of this evening. I leave it to your imagination how much would such an energy release could do to us and to our meager resources. God forbid!

Having said that, I attached the USGS plot of all 64 epicenters of the events in the past three months. Worth noting is that the mini-clusters of five events at the northern end and five events at the southern end of the entire cluster took place in the past three days alone. There is a distance of around 175 km between the extreme epicenters. Some intriguing trend; right?

Let us hope that whatever is moving the ground over the past three months will soon run out of steam, and calm will prevail soon. Continued vigilance is inevitable, though. Organized preparedness is, unfortunately, almost non existent. More worrisome is the absence of awareness creation to the wider public.

Credit:- Asrat Worku ( Professor of Geotechnical Engineering at the school of civil and environmental engineering, AAiT-AAU)

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘11๐Ÿ˜ญ2
๐Ÿ‘‰What is a cadastre?
=====================
๐ŸšงA cadastre is a land information system based on land tenure and the information it organizes is mainly of two types.

โบNamely, spatial data shows the location of the tenure, its boundaries, size and shape, neighboring tenures and bordering roads, and the other descriptive data (non-spatial data) is known as the identity of the tenure holder (name, address, gender, marital status, etc.), the rights, restrictions and responsibilities on the tenure, the services and status of the place, etc.

โบIt includes information that is listed according to the type of cadastre

โญ๏ธThese two types of information are also linked by a unique tenure identification code.

๐Ÿ“œCadastre is divided into three types: -

๐Ÿ’ซThe first is the legal cadastre, which is a current land tenure information system that combines information on the ownership, rights, restrictions and responsibilities of each legal boundary with a map of the land, and is necessary to verify who owns which land and in what manner, in order to ensure the security of the landowner.

๐Ÿ’ซThe second type is the fiscal cadastre, which is a system that contains detailed information on the fixed assets on the land and the current valuation of the land along with the map of the land, and is used for the payment of land and property taxes.

๐Ÿ’ซThe third type of cadastre is the comprehensive/comprehensive cadastre, which contains the information described in the two types of cadastres, and also includes infrastructure, environmental protection and other information and maps.

โบIt is known that there are many countries that have had a lot of experience and have come a long way in the process of building a cadastral system. In this construction process, each country has a different starting point and approach, depending on its own specific circumstances.

โบSome countries have moved from fiscal cadastre to multi-purpose, for example, France; others have moved from legal cadastre to multi-purpose cadastre, for example, the Netherlands.

๐Ÿ”ฐIn our country, many efforts have been made to establish the system at the city level. The attempts were made to establish a multi-purpose cadastre, but they could not bring the desired results and ensure the sustainability of the system.

โญ๏ธTherefore, it was chosen to establish a legal cadastre that would benefit the landowners and city administrations, and then establish a fiscal cadastre and a multi-purpose cadastre, as it would make the system sustainable.

โบIn this process, the map information is prepared once and needs to be updated following changes, and all types of cadastres are based on the cadastral map prepared by the legal cadastre.

โ‡๏ธOther information will be added and will grow into a multi-purpose cadastre system.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘15โค1
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๐Ÿ‘3
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‹ฅ แ‹˜แˆญแ แˆตแˆซ แˆแˆแ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‰ฐแˆญแŠ• แŠฆแ‰จแˆญ แŠ แˆ‹แˆŸแˆ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แŠจแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ตแŽ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹แŒฃแ‰ต แŠจแˆ˜แ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ– แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ• แ‹ญแŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ก?

แ‰ แŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒแ‹ฅ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒก แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‹ฅ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แˆแˆแ‹ฑ แŠฅแŠ“  แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‰ฐแˆญแŠ• แŠฆแ‰จแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แˆแŠ•แ‹›แˆฌ แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠซแŠจแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆฉ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆ‹แˆแข

1) แˆˆแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แŒแˆแŒˆแˆ› แ‹“แˆ‹แˆ› แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉ แ‰ แˆตแˆซ แˆแˆแ‹ตแАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ แ‹ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹แˆˆแ‰ณ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠซแŠจแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒแˆˆแ‰ต แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆ‹แ‹ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แŠจแˆšแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป  แ‰€แŠ• 28 แ‰€แŠ“แ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‹›แˆช แˆแŒฃแŠ”แŠ• แ‹แˆ‰ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆแˆจแˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต  แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ แАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‹›แˆช แˆแŒฃแŠ” แ‰ แˆ›แŠซแˆแˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆ‹ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‰ฃแ‹›แ‰ต แАแ‹แข

2)แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แŒแˆแŒˆแˆ› แŒŠแ‹œ แˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠซแŠจแ‹ซ แŠ แˆ‹แˆ› แˆˆแ‰ฐแˆญแŠ• แŠฆแ‰จแˆญ แˆตแˆŒแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‹ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉ แ‹ซแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแˆญแŠ• แŠฆแ‰จแˆญ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ•' แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แŠจแˆšแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แ‰€แŠ• 28 แ‰€แŠ• แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‹›แˆช แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‰ แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แ‰€แŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แ‹›แˆช แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŠซแˆแˆ แАแ‹แข

3) แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแˆ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠซแŠจแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแ‹ฝแ‹ซ แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆซแ‹Š แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒ แ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‹แŒญ แŠ แŒˆแˆญ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆ˜แˆธแŒซ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ

โญ๏ธYoutube แŒˆแƒแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแŠ‘๐Ÿ‘‡

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction?si=i3B2u9LyWBNjqAAO

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘7
๐Ÿ‘‰แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แ‹แ‹ตแ‰… แˆŠแˆ†แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ถแ‰ฝ


๐Ÿ“œแŒณแŒ‰แˆœแŠ• 4 แ‰€แŠ• 2016 แ‹“/แˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‹ แ‹จแŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แАแŒ‹แˆชแ‰ต แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฃ แ‰แŒฅแˆญ 66 "แ‹จแŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แŒแ‹ขแŠ“ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠ แ‹‹แŒ… (PPPAA - Federal Public Procurement and Property Administration Proclamation) แ‰แŒฅแˆญ 1333/2016 แˆตแˆˆแŒแ‹ข แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแАแŒˆแŒˆ แˆ•แŒ แАแ‹แข

โบแ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆ…แŒ แŠ แŠ•แ‰€แŒฝ 26 แˆ‹แ‹ญ "แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแŠ• แˆ™แˆ‰ แˆˆแˆ™แˆ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŠจแŠแˆ แ‹แ‹ตแ‰… แˆตแˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ" แ‹จแˆแ‰€แ‹ฐ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ถแ‰ฝแฆ

~ แ‰ แŒแ‹ข แŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹›แ‰ฃ แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠซแŒˆแŠ˜
~ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆšแ‹ซแ‹Š แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แŠซแŒˆแŠ˜
~ แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰กแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒซแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แ‹แ‰…แ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแˆŸแˆ‰ แŠจแˆ†แА
~ แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆตแ‰ณแ‰ฒแˆตแ‰ฒแŠญแˆต แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠซแŒ แŠ“แ‹ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆแ‹ฉแАแ‰ต แŠซแˆˆแ‹
~ แ‰ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹ซแˆธแАแˆแ‹ แŠ แŠซแˆ แ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆˆแŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแˆ†แА
~ แ‰ฐแŒซแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‹›แ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแŒ แˆฉ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠซแˆˆ

๐Ÿทแ‰ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‹ แŠ แŠซแˆ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แˆ™แˆ‰ แˆˆแˆ™แˆ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŠจแŠแˆ แˆŠแˆฐแˆญแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆ…แŒ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆจแ‹˜ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแˆแŒฝ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰‚แ‹ซ แˆˆแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ  แˆ›แˆณแ‹ˆแ‰… แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฅแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแŠ• แ‹แ‹ตแ‰… แ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ‘แˆแข

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https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction?si=i3B2u9LyWBNjqAAO

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