👉ስለሥራ መለዋወጥ (ጭማሪ ወይም ቅናሽ - Variation)

🏷በግንባታ ሂደት የሥራ መለዋወጥ (Variation) የሚከሰት አጋጣሚ ሲሆን ይህ መለዋወጥ የሥራ መቀነስ ወይም የሥራ መጨመር ሊሆን ይችላል።

ይህ የሥራ መለዋወጥ በተቆጣጣሪ መሐንዲሱ (Engineer) ትዕዛዝ የሚከናወን ነው።

📜ነገር ግን በ1988 እና በ1992 ሁለተኛ እና ሦስተኛ እትም በወጣበት FIDIC 1987 አንቀጽ (clause) 52.3 መሰረት የሥራ መለዋወጡን ተቆጣጣሪ መሐንዲሱ ለአሠሪው አካል ሳያሳውቅ የማጽደቅ መብታ ያለው  የውሉን ጠቅላላ ዋጋ ከ15% በላይ የማይጨምር ወይም የማይቀንስ እስከሆነ  ድረስ ብቻ ነው።

⏺የሥራ መለዋወጡ ከ15% በላይ የሚጨምር ወይም የሚቀንስ ከሆነ ግን ከአሠሪው ባለቤት (Employer) ጋር ተወያይቶ በጋራ ቃለጉባኤ ወስነው መሆን ይገባዋል።

💫በ'PPA (PPPAA) መሰረትስ ምን እንደሚመስል እርስዎ በሀሳብ መስጫ ሳጥኑ ውስጥ (Comment box) በመግባት እውቀትዎንና ተሞክሮዎትን ያካፍሉን።

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@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

👉ከ አባይ ግድብ እስከ ኮሪደር ልማት

ከግለሰብ ቤቶች እስከ ተቋማት እና

መጋዘኖች በሁሉም የኢትዮጽያ ክፍል

አሻራችንን አሳርፈናል

🔰ምን ይፈልጋሉ?

✂️ላሜራ መቁረጫ ÷ ማጠፊያ እና መብሻ ማሽኖች አሉን

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📐ማንኛዉንም የሞደፊክ ስራዎችን የሚሰሩ ብቁ ባለሙያዎችም አሉን

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አድራሻችን፦
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👉Introduction to Pavements

🚧Pavements are engineered structures designed to provide a smooth and durable surface for vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

⏺They play a crucial role in modern transportation infrastructure, facilitating the movement of people and goods.

💫Description of Pavements

⏺Pavements are typically composed of multiple layers, each serving a specific function:

* Subgrade: The natural soil foundation upon which the pavement rests. Its strength and stability significantly influence the overall pavement performance.
* Subbase: A layer of granular material placed above the subgrade to improve its load-bearing capacity and drainage.
* Base: A layer of granular or stabilized material that provides additional support and distributes loads to the underlying layers.
* Binder Course: A layer of asphalt concrete that binds the base course to the surface course and helps distribute stresses.
* Surface Course: The top layer of the pavement, providing a smooth and durable riding surface. It can be made of asphalt concrete, concrete, or other materials.

🌟Types of Pavements

▶️Pavements can be broadly classified into two main types:

* Flexible Pavements: These pavements are made of flexible materials like asphalt concrete and granular layers. They are relatively inexpensive to construct and can be easily repaired. However, they are more susceptible to rutting and fatigue cracking under heavy traffic loads.

* Rigid Pavements: These pavements are made of concrete slabs reinforced with steel bars. They are more durable and resistant to heavy traffic loads than flexible pavements. However, they are more expensive to construct and require more specialized maintenance.

📜Pavement Design Considerations

⏺The design of a pavement involves several factors, including:

* Traffic Loading: The volume and weight of vehicles expected to use the pavement.
* Subgrade Soil Conditions: The strength and stability of the underlying soil.
* Environmental Factors: Climate, temperature, and moisture conditions.
* Construction Methods: The techniques and materials used in construction.
* Maintenance Requirements: The anticipated need for repairs and rehabilitation.

⚡️By carefully considering these factors, engineers can design pavements that are safe, durable, and cost-effective.

@etconp

👉በ መንገድ ስራ ላይ የ አፈር ማተርያል ወይም ቤዝ ኮርስ ስንት መኪና እንደሚፈጅ እና በ ስንት ሜትር ዳምፕ እንደሚደረግ እናሳያቹ

🚧Calculating Material Quantity
Determine Road Width and Layer Thicknesses

⏺Measure the width of the road.
⏺Determine the required thicknesses for the subgrade and aggregate base course from the design specifications.

▶️Calculate Volume Of Subgrade:

💫Volume (cubic meters) = Length (meters) * Width (meters) * Subgrade Thickness (meters)

▶️Aggregate Basecourse:

💫Volume (cubic meters) = Length (meters) * Width (meters) * Basecourse Thickness (meters)

⏺Consider Compaction and Wastage:

🚧Compaction: Most materials compact during placement and rolling. A common allowance is 10-15% for compaction.

❇️Wastage: Account for material loss during handling, transportation, and spreading.

🎲A typical allowance is 5-10%

🌟Calculate Total Material Quantity:

⏺Multiply the calculated volume by the compaction factor and wastage factor.

📍Example:

⏺Road length: 100 meters
⏺Road width: 7 meters
⏺Subgrade thickness: 0.3 meters
⏺Base course thickness: 0.2 meters
⏺Compaction factor: 1.15
⏺Wastage factor: 1.05

⏹Subgrade:

🪧Volume = 100 m * 7 m * 0.3 m = 210 cubic meters
🏷Total material = 210 m³ * 1.15 * 1.05 = 255.15 cubic meters

⏹Basecourse:

🪧Volume = 100 m * 7 m * 0.2 m = 140 cubic meters
🏷Total material = 140 m³ * 1.15 * 1.05 = 169.05 cubic meters

🌟Calculating Number of Dumps and Distance Between Dumps

⏺Determine Dump Truck Capacity:

⏹Find the capacity of the dump trucks that will be used for transportation.

⏺Calculate Number of Dumps:
Divide the total material quantity for each layer by the dump truck capacity.

⏺Determine Dumping Strategy:
Consider factors like:
Traffic flow
Access to the site
Equipment availability
Material type and handling

⏺Calculate Distance Between Dumps:
Divide the road length by the number of dumps.
This provides an initial estimate.
Adjust the distance based on the dumping strategy and site constraints.

💫Example:
Dump truck capacity: 16 cubic meters

⏺Subgrade:

Number of dumps = 255.15 m³ / 16 m³ = 15.9 ≈ 16 dumps
Distance between dumps (initial) = 100 m / 16 = 6.25 meters

⏺Basecourse:

Number of dumps = 169.05 m³ / 16 m³ = 10.56 ≈ 11 dumps
Distance between dumps (initial) = 100 m / 11 = 9 meters

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👉General Shear Failure:

🏷This type of failure is seen in dense and stiff soil.

⏺Continuous, well defined and distinct failure surface develops between the edge of footing and ground surface.

⏺Dense or stiff soil that undergoes low compressibility experiences this failure.

◆ Local Shear Failure:

This type of failure is seen in relatively loose and soft soil.

A significant compression of soil below the footing and partial development of plastic equilibrium is observed.

Failure is not sudden and there is no tilting of footing.

Local shear failure is accompanied by large strain (> 10 to 20%) in a soil with considerably low  (<28°) and low N (N < 5) having low relative density (ID> 20%).

◆ Punching Shear Failure:

This type of failure is seen in loose and soft soil and at deeper elevations.

This type of failure occurs in a soil of very high compressibility.

Failure pattern is not observed.

@etconp

👉በካዛንቺስ 13 ሺህ 752 መኖሪያ ቤቶች ሊገነቡ ነው ተባለ!

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ከንቲባ አዳነች አቤቤ እንደገለፁት፤ መኖሪያ ቤት አንገብጋቢ ጉዳይ ነው።ይህንን ለመመለስ የህግ ማሻሻያ ተደርጓል።በዚህም ቤቶችን ለመገንባት በአራት አማራጮች በመንግስት፣ በመንግስትና በግል፣ በማህበርና በሪል ስቴት በርካታ ቤቶች እንዲገነቡ ማድረግ ነው ብለዋል።

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የአያት አክሲዮን ማህበር የቦርድ ምክትል ሰብሳቢ አቶ ዐቢይ ማሞ፤ "የካሳንቺስ አያት መኖሪያ መንደር" 13 ሺህ 752 የመኖሪያ ቤቶች በውስጡ እንዳሉት ገልፀዋል።መኖረያ ቤቶች፣ ንግድ ማዕከላት፣ የህዝብ መሰብሰቢያ ፕላዛዎች፣ የልጆች መጫወቻና የስፖርት ማዘውተርያዎችን፣ መዋለ ህጻናቶች፣ አንደኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት ቤት፣ የጤና ተቋማት፣ የህዝብ መጸዳጃ ቤቶችን፣ የመኪና ቻርጂንግ እስቴሽኖች፣ የመኪና እና የብስክሌት ፓርኪንግን አካቶ በከፍተኛ ጥራትና ፍጥነት የሚገነባ ይሆናል ብለዋል።

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@etconp

👉ግንባታዎች በተያዘላቸው ጊዜ እና በጀት በጥራት እንዲጠናቀቁ ተገቢ ክትትል መደረግ እንዳለበት ቋሚ ኮሚቴው አሳስቧል

የሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት የከተማ መሰረተ ልማት እና ትራንስፖርት ጉዳዮች ቋሚ ኮሚቴ የከተማና መሰረተ ልማት ሚኒስቴር ግንባታዎች በተያዘላቸው ጊዜ እና በጀት በጥራት እንዲጠናቀቁ ተገቢ ክትትል ማድረግ እንዳለበት አሳስቧል።

ቋሚ ኮሚቴው የሚንስቴር መስሪያ ቤቱን የ2017 ዓ.ም የግማሽ ዓመት ዕቅድ አፈፃፀም ሪፖርት ገምግሟል።

የቋሚ ኮሚቴው ምክትል ሰብሳቢ የተከበሩ ዶ/ር እሸቱ ተመስገን፣ ሚኒስቴር መስሪያ ቤቱ ግንባታዎች በተያዘላቸው ጊዜ እና በጀት በጥራት እንዲጠናቀቁ የጀመራቸውን ተግባራት አጠናክሮ መቀጠል እንዳለበት አሳስበዋል።

በዘርፋ ጥራትን ለማስጠበቅ ቁጥጥር  ማድረግና የህንጻ ደረጃዎችና ኮዶችን የሚመለከቱ መረጃዎችን በዘመናዊ ቴክኖሎጂ ማደራጀት አስፈላጊ መሆኑን ገልጸዋል ።

የአረንጓዴ ልማት ስራዎችም ከሌሎች አገሮች ጋር ለመወዳደር በሚያስችል መልኩ ደረጃ ሊኖራቸው እና ተጠናክረው ሊቀጥሉ ይገባል ብለዋል ።

በተጨማሪም የኮሪደር ልማት ስራው ጥሩ መሆኑን ጠቁመው የመኪና ማቆሚያ፣ የመጫኛና ማውረጃ ቦታዎችን ከሚመለከታቸው አካላት ጋር በመቀናጀት መስራት ያስፈልጋል ብለዋል ።

በዘርፉ ዲጂታላይዜሽን ማጠናከር፣ጥሩ ተሞክሮዎችን ማስፋት እና የተገልጋይ እርካታን ማሳደግ እንደሚገባ ገልጸዋል ።

የከተማና መሰረተ ልማት ሚኒስቴር ሚኒስትር ክብርት ወ/ሮ ጫልቱ ሳኒ ፕሮጀክቶች በተቀመጠላቸው ጊዜ ፣ በጀትና በጥራት እንዲጠናቀቁ ትኩረት ሰጥተው እንደሚሰሩ ተናግረዋል።

የኮሪደርና የአረንጓዴ ልማት ስራዎች ለከተሞችና ለነዋሪዎች ዘርፈ ብዙ ጥቅም እንዳላቸው ገልፀዋል ።

ክብርት ሚንስትሯ  ሪፖርቱን ባቀረቡበት ወቅት የመንገድ መሰረተ ልማት ስራዎችን በሚመለከት በግማሽ ዓመቱ አጠቃላይ ሽፋን 175ሺ 879 ኪ.ሜ መሆኑን ገልጸዋል ።

የፕላን ዝግጅት ስራ በሚመለከት ከዚህ በፊት ፕላን ያልነበራቸው 16 አነስተኛ ከተሞችን ፕላን እንዲኖራቸው መደረጉን ገልጸዋል ።

የከተማ መሬትና ካዳስተር ስራዎች ጋር በተያያዘ በክልልና ከተማ አስተዳደሮች ለተለያዩ አገልግሎቶች የሚውል 7ሺ ሄክታር መሬት ለማቅረብ ታቅዶ በምደባና በጫረታ ከ11ሺ ሄክታር በላይ መሬት ማቅረብ መቻሉን ገልጸዋል።

ያለፈቃድ የተያዙ ቦታዎችን በሚመለከት ወደ 85ሺ 256 ይዞታዎች ስርአት
እንዲይዙ መደረጉን ገልጸዋል ።

የቤቶች ልማትን በሚመለከት በግማሽ ዓመቱ 8ሺ ቤቶች ለመገንባት ታቅዶ ወደ 20ሺ 754 ቤቶች መገንባታቸውን ገልጸዋል።

በዘርፉ ከ110ሺ በላይ ቋሚ እና ጊዜያዊ የሥራ እድል መፈጠሩን እና ሌሎች በግማሽ ዓመቱ የተከናወኑ ተግባራት በዝርዝር አቅርበዋል።

Via ፖርላማ

@etconp

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👉Foundations

⭐️1. Shallow Foundations

- Used for small buildings, houses, and other light structures

- Depth is typically less than 1 meter

🚧Types

    - Isolated spread footings
    - Combined footings
    - Mat foundations

⭐️2. Deep Foundations

- Used for large buildings, bridges, and other heavy structures

- Depth is typically greater than 1 meter

🚧Types:

    - Piles
    - Caissons
    - Shafts

⭐️3. Special Foundations

- Used for unique or challenging site conditions

🚧Types:

    - Raft foundations
    - Pile raft foundations
    - Caisson foundations

⭐️4. Pile Foundations

- Used for sites with poor soil conditions or high loads

🚧Types:

    - End-bearing piles
    - Friction piles
    - Composite piles

⭐️5. Spread Footing Foundations

- Used for sites with good soil conditions

🚧Types:

    - Isolated spread footings
    - Combined spread footings
    - Mat spread footings

@etconp

👉Shrinkage of concrete

"Increases Bond Strength"

💫1⃣ Plastic shrinkage :-

🔸 Due to loss of water by evaporation from surface of concrete.
🔹 The volume change is high for concrete having high water content.

💫2⃣ Drying Shrinkage :-

🔸 Due to loss of water in the gel pores.
🔹 Higher cement content leads to higher drying shrinkage.

💫3⃣ Thermal Shrinkage :-

🔹The seasonal & daily variation of temperature causes concrete to shrink & expand.

💫4⃣ Carbonation Shrinkage :-

🔸 Due to CO2 present in atmosphere, react in presence of Ca(OH)2 and forms CaCo3.
🔹The new product CaCo3 is less in volume hence shrinkage takes place.

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@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

✂️ላሜራ መቁረጫ መብሻና  ማጠፊያ ማሽኖች አሉን

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👉Design of Highway Bridge

1. A highway bridge is a large structure that spans obstacles like roads, rivers, or valleys, enabling safe vehicle and pedestrian movement.

2. These bridges are vital for transportation networks, facilitating the flow of goods and people.

3. Highway bridges are engineered to handle heavy loads and withstand environmental conditions like wind, weather, and seismic activity.

4. Different bridge types include beam, arch, suspension, and cable-stayed designs.

5. Common materials used for construction include steel, concrete, and composites.

6. Regular maintenance and inspection are essential for ensuring safety and prolonging the bridge’s lifespan.

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@etconp

👉A guide for optimal door placement to avoid design and functional issues.

💫Here's a summary:

🚧Angle of Door Swing:

⏺Incorrect: Doors swinging beyond 90° can cause obstruction or damage.

⏺Correct: Maintain a 90° angle to optimize space and prevent issues.

🚧Proximity to Walls:

⏺Incorrect: Doors placed too close to walls can hit and cause damage.

⏺Correct: Leave at least 8 cm clearance between the door and the adjacent wall.

🚧Obstructed Swing:

⏺Incorrect: Doors hitting structural elements like beams or low ceilings.

⏺Correct: Ensure a clear and unobstructed door swing path.

@etconp

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👉What Is Soil Compaction

🏷Soil compaction is the process of mechanically increasing the soil’s density by reducing the air void space between its particles.

⏺This densification leads to several desirable outcomes, including higher bearing capacity, reduced permeability, and improved stability.

🚧The basic laboratory test used to determine the maximum dry density of compacted soils is the Proctor test.

⏺In construction, the maximum dry density and its corresponding optimum moisture content are obtained from the proctor test.

⏺This is used as a guide in the field to check the effectiveness of the compaction achieved.

⭐️Several approaches exist for evaluating soil compaction in the field and laboratory.

📜Here are a few prominent methods:

❇️Standard Proctor Compaction Test:

▶️This classic test involves compacting soil samples in a cylindrical mould at varying moisture contents and measuring the resulting dry density.

▶️The relationship between moisture content and dry density is plotted to determine the optimum moisture content (OMC) for achieving maximum density at a specified compaction effort.

❇️Modified Proctor Compaction Test:

▶️This method employs higher compaction energy compared to the standard test, simulating the harsher conditions encountered in certain construction projects.

▶️The OMC and maximum dry density for the modified test are typically higher than those obtained for the standard test.

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@etconp