👉ውል ስንፈርም ማስተዋል የሚገባን ወሳኝ ጉዳዮች

💫ዉል በተወያይ ወገኖች መካከል ህጋዊ ዉጤት እንዲኖረዉ አስቀድሞ የዉል አመሰራረቱ ህጋዊ መስፈርቱን ማሟላት አለበት፡፡

📜በፍትሐብሔር ህጋችን ስለ ዉል አመሰራረት በሚደነግገዉ ክፍል አንቀፅ 1678 ላይ በግልፅ እንደተቀመጠዉ የሚፀና ዉል ነዉ ለማለት መሟላት ያለባቸዉን አራት (4) ሁኔታዎች አስቀምጧል፡፡ እነሱም፡

🔴 1ኛ. ዉል የሚፈፀመዉ ለመዋዋል ችሎታ ባላቸዉ ሰዎች መካከል መሆኑን፡፡

⏺ይህም ማለት በህግ ፊት የሚፀና ዉል ለማድረግ ተዋዋዮች በህግ ችሎታ ያላቸዉ መሆን አለባቸዉ፡፡ በፍትሐብሔር ህጋችን ላይ ስለ ችሎታ በሚደነግገዉ ክፍል አንቀፅ 192 ላይ በመርህ ደረጃ ማንኛዉም ሰዉ በህግ ችሎታ እንደሌለዉ ካልተገለፀ በቀር ማንኛዉንም ህጋዊ ድረጊት ለማድረግ ችሎታ እንዳለዉ እንደሚቆጠር ተደንግጓል፡፡ በዚሁ ህግ አንቀፅ 193 ላይ እንደተደነገገዉ እድሜዉ ለአቅመ አዳም/ሄዋን ያልደረሰ/ሰች ወይም አይምሮዉ ህመም ያለበት ሰዉ ወይም በፍርድ ቤት የተከለከለ ሰዉ ችሎታ እንደሌለዉ ይቆጠራል፡፡ ከላይ እንደተገለፀዉ ዉል ህጋዊ ተግባር ነዉ ስለሆነም እድሜዉ ለአቅመ አዳም/ሄዋን ያልደረሰ/ሰች ወይም አይምሮዉ ህመም ያለበት ወይም በፍርድ ቤት የተከለከለ ሰዉ ዉል መዋዋል አይችልም፡፡

🔴 2ኛ. ዉል የሚፈፀመዉ በተወያያቹ ነፃ ፍቃድ ብቻ መሆኑ፡፡

⏺ይህም ማለት ተወያይ ወገኖች ዉል ዉስጥ የሚገቡት ያለማንም ጫና አድራጊነት በራሳቸዉ  ፍቃድ መሆን አለበት ማለት ነዉ፡፡ አንድ የዉል ግዴታ የተቋቋመ  መሆኑ የሚረጋገጠዉ የተዋዋዮቹ ፈቃድ በህግ አግባብ መገለፁ ሲታወቅ ነዉ፡፡ ተዋዋዮቹ በመሀከላቸዉ በህግ ፊት የሚፀና ግዴታ ለማቋቋምና ይህም ግዴታ በሚያስከትለዉ ዉጤት ለመገዛት ስምምነት ያላቸዉ መሆኑ ይፋ ሲያደርጉ ፈቃዳቸዉን ገለፁ እንላለን፡፡ በፍትሐብሔር ህጉ አንቀፅ 1679 ላይ ይህን አባባላችን በሚያጠናክር መልኩ “ዉል ተዋዋዮች በገቡባቸዉ ግዴታዎችና እነዚህም አስገዳጅ እንዲሆኑ የተስሚ መብትን በሚገልፀዉ የፈቃድ መስጠት ላይ የተመሰረተ ነዉ” በማለት ተደንግጓል፡፡

🔴 3ኛ. ተወያይ ወገኖች የሚዋዋሉበት (ዉል ዉስጥ የሚገቡበት) ጉዳይ በእርግጠኝነት የሚቻል እና ህጋዊና ሞራላዊ ጉዳይ ላይ መሆኑ፡፡

⏺የዉሉ ፍሬ ነገር በሰዉ ልጅ አቅም መፈጸም የሚችል እና ህጋዊና ሞራላዊ የሆነ መሆን አለበት፡፡ በሰዉ ልጅ አቅም መፈፀም የሚቻል ተግባር ማለት የሰዉ ልጅ በተፈጥሮዉ ማከናዉን የሚችለዉ ማለት ነዉ፡፡ ለአብነት የዉሉ ፍሬ ነገር እንደ እርግብ መብረር ቢሆን በሰዉ ልጅ ተፈጥሮ የማይቻል ተግባር ነዉ፡፡ ሌለዉ የዉሉ ፍሬ ነገር በህግ ያልተከለከለ ወይም ህገ-ወጥ እና በህብረተሰቡ ባህልና ወግ ተቀባይነት ያለዉ ነገር ላይ (በሌላ አባባል ከህብረተሰቡ ሞራል ጋር ያልተቃረነ ያልሆነ) መሆን አለበት፡፡ ለአብነት ፍሬ ነገሩ ሰዉ ለመግደል ቢሆን በህግ የተከለከለ ነዉ፡፡

🔴 4ኛ. የዉል አቀራረጹ ወይም አፃፃፉ በህግ (ፎርም) ተለይተዉ የተቀመጡ ወይም ተዋዋይ ወገኖች ተለይቶ እንዲቀመጡ ከተስማሙበት የዉል ጉዳይ በቀር የተለየ የዉል ፎርም የማያስፈልግ መሆኑ፡፡

⏺በፍትሐብሔር ህጋችን አንቀፅ 1678(3) ላይ እንደተደነገገዉ በግልፅ በህግ ይህን የዉል ፎርም ተከተሉ ተብሎ ካልተደነገገ በቀር ተዋዋይ ወገኖች ዉላቸዉን በፈለጉት አይነት ማድረግ ይችላሉ፡፡ ከዚህም በተጨማሪ በዚሁ ህግ አንቀፅ 1719(1) ላይ ተዋዋይ ወገኖች የመዋዋል ነፃነት እንዳላቸዉ ሁሉ የሚዋዋሉበትን ዉል አቀራረፅ የመወሰን ነፃነትም እንዳለቸዉ በግልፅ ተደንግጎ ይገኛል፡፡ በመሆኑም በተለየ ሁኔታ በህግ ዉሉ በዚህ መልክ ይቀመጥ ካልተባለ በስተቀር ተዋዋዮቹ ወገኖች ዉላቸዉን በፈለጉት ፎርም ማድረግ ይችላሉ፡፡

@etconp

👉China has made history by completing a 157.79 km stretch of the Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway using a fully autonomous fleet of AI-powered pavers, rollers, and drones, with zero human workers, marking a groundbreaking milestone in construction.

🚧Led by Sany Heavy Industries, the project employed a 20-meter-wide unmanned paver, six 13-tonne double-drum rollers, and three 30-tonne rubber-wheel rollers, all synchronized via advanced algorithms and the Beidou satellite navigation system for centimeter-level precision.

These smart machines handled every task—grading, asphalt laying, compaction, and edge trimming—delivering flawless execution in record time, with the SAP200C-10 paver laying a 19.25-meter-wide stretch in a single pass.

This achievement slashes labor costs and enhances safety by eliminating human exposure to hazardous sites, though the establishment touts it as a flawless triumph, skepticism arises—reports suggest human oversight was present for safety, and the true cost (estimated at millions for equipment) versus savings remains unclear.

The rapid pace and quality impress, but scaling this globally faces hurdles like infrastructure investment and regulatory gaps, especially in regions like the UK where semi-autonomous trials lag.

It’s a bold step toward automated construction, yet its broader feasibility is still unproven.

@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

♧ ሁሉን በአንድ ቦታ ለሁሉም ቅርብ

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

♧ ይደውሉልን ያማክሩን

0904040477
0994941708

👉ጨረታ ፀንቶ የሚቆይበት ቀን/Bid Validity Period

💫ለጨረታ ቴክኒካልና ፋይናንሻል ፕሮፓዛል አዘጋጅተን መርሳት ከሌለብን ቁልፍ ጉዳዮች አንዱ ጨረታ ፀንቶ የሚቆይበትን ቀን / Bid Validity Period/ ማስቀመጥ ነው።
አላማው ምንድነው/ ህጉስ ምን ይላል?

🏷The Bid Validity Period is the time frame stated in the bidding documents, during which the bidders’ submitted proposals remain binding and enforceable.

⏺It typically starts from the bid submission deadline and lasts until the expiry date specified in the bidding documents.

⭐️Purpose:

1. Time for Bid Evaluation: Allows the procuring entity sufficient time to evaluate the technical and financial aspects of the bids.

2. Contract Finalization: Provides the procuring entity time to process approvals, conduct negotiations (if applicable), and finalize contract awards.

3. Bidder Commitment: Ensures that bidders do not withdraw their offers during the validity period, maintaining fairness and competition.

4. Prevention of Price Volatility: Protects the procuring entity from price changes or other alterations by bidders during the evaluation period.

📜Legal Provisions:

⏺As per Ethiopia’s  Federal Public Procurement Proclamation No. 649/2009, the following provisions are generally observed:

1. The Bid Validity Period must be clearly stated in the bidding documents.

2. Procuring entities can request an extension of the bid validity period if evaluation and award processes are delayed. However, bidders have the right to accept or reject the extension.

3. If bidders agree to an extension, they may be required to extend their bid security (if applicable) for a corresponding period.

4. Bids that fail to remain valid for the specified period are considered non-responsive.

@etconp

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👉ደረጃ 1 እና 2 የሃገር ውስጥ ስራ ተቋራጮች አጠቃላይ የስራ ልምድ ከ ሁለት ወደ አምስት አመት ከፍ ሲደረግ የተርንኦቨር ስሌት ቀመር ላይ ደግሞ ማስተካከያ ተደርጓል።

🏷አዲሱ የፌደራል የግዥ መመሪያ 1073/2017 ስለ ግንባታ ስራ ግዥ አፈጻጸም አዳዲስ ዝርዝር ሁኔታዎችን አካቷል።

📜ከነዚህም መካከል:-

✅ የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ሥራዎች ባለስልጣን በሚሰጠው ደረጃ መሠረት ከደረጃ 6 እስከ 1ዐ ካሉት በስተቀር ሌሎች  የሀገር ውስጥ ስራ ተቋራጮች በስራ ተቋራጭ፣ በሽርክና ማህበር (Joint Venture) ወይም በንዑስ ስራ ተቋራጭነት በየዘርፉ ለደረጃ 1 እና 2 የአምስት ዓመት ልምድ፣ለደረጃ 3 የሦስት ዓመት ልምድ፣ ለደረጃ 4 እና 5 የሁለት ዓመት ልምድ  ሊኖራቸው  ይገባል፡፡

✅ የውጪ ሀገር ስራ ተቋራጮች ደግሞ በስራ ተቋራጭ፣ በሽርክና  ማህበር ወይም በንዑስ ስራ    ተቋራጭ ደረጃ በዘርፉ ቢያንስ የ8 ዓመት ልምድ ሊኖራቸው ይገባል፡፡

✅ በሌላ በኩል የሀገር ውስጥ ስራ ተቋራጭ ዓመታዊ የግብይት መጠን (ተርንኦቨር) የሚያዘው ባለፉት አምስት ዓመት ውስጥ ካስመዘገበው የግንባታ ስራ ዓመታዊ ተርንኦቨር የተሻለውን በመምረጥ ሆኖ፣ስራ ተቋራጮች እንዲያሟሉ  የሚጠየቁት የተርንኦቨር መጠን  የሚሰላው ሊሰራ የታሰበው የግንባታ ሥራ ግምታዊ ዋጋን ግንባታው ይጠናቀቃል ተብሎ ለሚገመተው ወር በማካፈል እና ውጤቱን በ12 እና 0.6 በማባዛት ይሆናል። ለምሳሌ፡ ከዚህ በፊት 12 ወራት ለሚወስድ እና የዋጋ ግምቱ 100 ሚሊየን ለሆነ ፕሮጀክት የሚጠየቀው ተርንኦቨር መጠን ከ80 ሚሊየን ወደ 60 ሚሊየን ዝቅ የሚያደርገው ይሆናል።

@etconp

👉Procedure for rebound hammer test:

💫It is essential to calibrate the rebound hammer tool before using it to test a concrete section.

⏺The hammer is tested against a test anvil made from steel to calibrate the rebound hammer.

⏺The steel anvil has a Brinell hardness number approximately equal to 5000N/mm2.

⏺After successful calibration against the test anvil, the rebound hammer is pressed against the concrete surface orthogonally to take the readings from the graduated scale in the hammer itself.

🏷The hammer is kept horizontal against vertical surfaces.

⏺When we align the hammer at any alternative angle other than 90o against any surface gives a different value for the same concrete.

⏺The rebound value varies with the type of application.

❇️Approximate impact energies are different for different surface applications.

🚧Some average impact energy levels are given below for various applications:

1. Normal Weight Concrete - 2.25

2. Light Weight Concrete - 0.75

3. Mass Concrete Testing - 30.00

@etconp

👉Why Do Managers Dislike Being Told No?

🔎 Managers often dislike being told no for several reasons, which can be related to the nature of their role, power dynamics, or psychological aspects. Here are some possible explanations:

➡️ Authority Expectation
Their position of authority makes them expect that their decisions and directives will be followed. Saying no can be perceived as a challenge to this authority.

➡️ Goals and Responsibilities
They have goals to achieve and responsibilities to assume. A refusal can complicate the achievement of these goals.

➡️ Conviction and Motivation
Being confronted with a refusal can give managers the impression that they have not been able to convince or motivate their team.

➡️ Collaboration and Agreement
Saying no can be interpreted as a lack of collaboration or a disagreement.

➡️ Decision-Making Constraints
Managers often make decisions based on limited information and tight deadlines.

➡️ Pressure for Results
Additionally, they often experience significant pressure to deliver results, and a refusal can increase their stress levels.

⚠️ It is nevertheless important for a manager to understand the implications of a request and its impacts on the organization. Personally, I never issue an outright no. I consider their request by asking for some time to reflect. Clearly, a request must be contextualized, which can take some time. The response needs to be well-constructed and based on factual arguments.

💡 So, one piece of advice: never simply say no but rather that this request requires more thorough consideration on your part. In any case, avoid a hasty response, especially if you are not in control, as you may regret it. You will have ample opportunity either to find the solution to the question or to build your argument to demonstrate that, for once, it was a false good idea. As one of my managers often told me, "I have 100 ideas in a day, only one of which is worthwhile.

@etconp