Ethio Construction Engineering
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2681. A catchment area of 10 square km has recorded a rainfall of 25 mm/h. Assuming a runoff co-efficient of 0.3, the peak discharge from the catchment using the rational method is
Anonymous Quiz
26%
18.36 cumec
35%
26.56 cumec
20%
24.6 cumec
20%
20.83 cumec
โค4๐ŸŽ‰4
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โค3
๐Ÿ‘‰How to Measure Sand & Aggregate in a Dumper - A Practical Guide for Civil Engineers"

๐Ÿ’ซAccurately measuring the quantity of sand or aggregate delivered to the site is a key responsibility for any site engineer or quantity surveyor.

๐ŸทThis image illustrates a practical method to calculate the volume of a dumper using basic geometry.

โบFormula: Volume = Length x Width x Height

โ‡๏ธIn this case, two different lengths of the dumper are measured:

- Front (L1) = 6 m

- Rear (L2) = 5.5 m

So, the average length = (6+5.5)/2 = 5.75 m

- Width (B) = 1.7 m

- Height (H) = 2 m

Calculated Volume: 5.75 x 1.7 x 2 = 19.55 cubic meters

๐ŸšงThis technique is extremely useful to verify material quantities on-site and prevent shortages or overbilling.

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๐Ÿ‘8โค2
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โค3๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰Construction Project Management Basics

๐Ÿ’ซPART 1

โบConstruction project management is the discipline of planning, coordinating, and controlling a construction project from its start to completion, ensuring that the clientโ€™s goals are met within scope, time, budget, and quality constraints.

๐Ÿšง1. What is a Construction Project?

A construction project is a temporary effort to build or renovate a physical structure such as housing units, commercial buildings, roads, or infrastructure. It involves multiple stakeholders, activities, and resources, all aligned to produce a unique result.

๐Ÿšง2. The Project Life Cycle in Construction

Construction projects follow five main phases:
โ€ข Initiation: This is where the project idea is formalized. It includes conducting feasibility studies, defining the objectives, identifying stakeholders, and obtaining approval or funding.
โ€ข Planning: In this phase, the entire project is detailed out. Plans include technical designs, work schedules, cost estimates, procurement strategies, risk analysis, and resource planning.
โ€ข Execution: Actual construction begins. The project team mobilizes labor, equipment, and materials to perform site works, construct structures, install systems, and carry out finishing tasks.
โ€ข Monitoring and Control: This involves tracking the projectโ€™s progress to ensure it stays on schedule, within budget, and according to quality standards. It includes handling site issues, reporting, inspections, and making necessary adjustments.
โ€ข Closure: The final phase includes completing all work, verifying that deliverables meet requirements, obtaining client approval, handing over the completed project, and documenting lessons learned.

๐Ÿšง3. Core Knowledge Areas in Construction Project Management

Effective project management requires understanding and applying several key disciplines:
โ€ข Scope Management: Clearly defining what is included and excluded from the project, to avoid misunderstandings or scope creep.
โ€ข Time Management: Creating a realistic project schedule, sequencing tasks, and ensuring activities are completed on time.
โ€ข Cost Management: Estimating costs accurately and tracking expenses throughout the project to stay within budget.
โ€ข Quality Management: Making sure that construction works meet required standards, specifications, and client expectations.
โ€ข Procurement Management: Managing how materials, subcontractors, and services are sourced and contracted.
โ€ข Risk Management: Identifying potential project risks early and developing plans to avoid or reduce their impact.
โ€ข Resource Management: Allocating labor, machinery, and materials effectively to avoid delays and inefficiencies.
โ€ข Communication Management: Ensuring timely and accurate information flow among clients, contractors, consultants, and project staff.
โ€ข Stakeholder Management: Identifying all people affected by the project and engaging them appropriately to maintain support.

๐Ÿšง4. Project Roles in Construction

Many roles contribute to a construction project:
โ€ข The project owner or client provides funding and defines the overall goals.
โ€ข The project manager oversees the full lifecycle of the project and ensures coordination between all parties.
โ€ข Consultants, such as architects and engineers, provide technical design and supervision.
โ€ข The contractor carries out the construction activities.
โ€ข Subcontractors perform specialized tasks like plumbing, electrical, or finishing.
โ€ข Suppliers deliver materials and equipment to the site.

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โค12๐Ÿ‘10
๐Ÿ‘‰Types of stone used in stone mansory

๐Ÿšงa) Igneous stones

These stones are obtained from igneous rocks, formed from the cooling and solidification of magma generated within the Earth at high temperatures during volcanic activity.

They are generally used for purposes that require strength and durability, such as kerbstones, countertops, floorings, and breakwaters. The igneous stone ranges from very soft rocks such as pumice and scoria to somewhat harder rocks such as tuff and hard rocks such as granite and basalt.

๐Ÿšงb) Sedimentary stones

They are obtained from sedimentary rocks that are formed by accumulation and cementation of mineral grains (sediments) transported by wind, water or ice to a basin or by precipitation at a site. There are mainly two types of sedimentary stones used in masonry work, limestone and sandstone. One of the sedimentary rocks is Limestone that is composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate.

Limestone is the main construction material and used in various fields such as a building material, as aggregate for the base of roads, as white pigment or filler in products such as toothpaste or paints, and as a chemical feedstock.

On the other hand, sandstone is an elastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals (mostly quartz and/or feldspar) or rock grains. It is relatively soft, making it easy to change as the required shape.

Typically used as flooring or paving material, it has also been used for artistic purposes to create ornamental fountains and statues.

๐Ÿšงc) Metamorphic stones

They are obtained from metamorphic rocks, which are pre-existing rocks that have been altered by great heat and/or pressure or by chemical conditions.  They have traditionally been used for carving statues, and as facing in many Byzantine and Renaissance Italian buildings. Slate and marble are metamorphic stones commonly used in the building industry.

Slates are typically used for flooring, roofing, and countertops whereas marbles are suitable for wall-cladding, roofing, flooring, and all other interior and exterior applications.

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โค14๐Ÿ‘7
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โ™ง แˆแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ

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โค1
Ethio Construction Engineering
๐Ÿ‘‰Construction Project Management Basics ๐Ÿ’ซPART 1 โบConstruction project management is the discipline of planning, coordinating, and controlling a construction project from its start to completion, ensuring that the clientโ€™s goals are met within scope, timeโ€ฆ
๐Ÿ’ซConstruction Project Management Basics

๐Ÿ“œPART 2

๐Ÿšง5. Essential Documents and Tools

Several tools and documents are commonly used in managing construction projects:
โ€ข A Bill of Quantities (BOQ) details the materials and work items along with their cost.
โ€ข A Gantt chart shows the schedule of project activities over time.
โ€ข A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) breaks the project into smaller, manageable parts.
โ€ข Progress reports summarize what has been accomplished each week or month.
โ€ข Variation orders document changes to the original scope or contract.

โ€ข Cash flow forecasts predict when and how much money is needed or spent.
โ€ข A risk register is used to identify and monitor risks throughout the project.

๐Ÿšง6. Monitoring Project Performance

Project success is measured by tracking:
โ€ข Whether activities are completed on time (schedule performance)
โ€ข Whether the actual cost is within the planned budget (cost control)
โ€ข Whether the delivered work meets the design and technical standards (quality assurance)
โ€ข Whether safety protocols are being followed to protect workers and the public

Tools like Earned Value Management (EVM) help track time and cost performance together, showing whether the project is ahead, behind, over, or under budget.


๐Ÿšง7. Common Challenges in Ethiopian Construction Projects

Several issues often arise:
โ€ข Delays in government permits and approvals
โ€ข Shortage or price fluctuation of materials like cement or steel
โ€ข Limited contractor capacity or poor site management
โ€ข Payment delays from clients or public institutions
โ€ข Inflation and foreign exchange-related risks
โ€ข Design changes after work has started (leading to rework)

Proactive planning, transparent communication, and strong contract management help minimize these challenges.

๐Ÿšง8. Key Success Factors

To deliver a successful project, focus on the following:
โ€ข Start with clear and detailed planning
โ€ข Communicate regularly with all stakeholders
โ€ข Supervise the site consistently and thoroughly
โ€ข Track time, cost, and quality metrics weekly
โ€ข Resolve issues quickly before they escalate
โ€ข Learn from each project and apply improvements on the next


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โค11๐Ÿ‘6๐Ÿ”ฅ1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ฐแŒˆแŒฃแŒฃแˆš แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆถแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆญ  แˆ˜แŒˆแŒฃแŒ แˆ  แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ แˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆแˆจแˆ˜แข

๐ŸšงแˆŠแŠ•แŠญ แŠ แˆต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒขแŒแˆฎแˆต แ‰ตแˆฌแ‹ฒแŠ•แŒ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‹ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแข แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แ‹จแŠคแˆŒแŠญแ‰ตแˆชแŠญ แˆ˜แŠชแŠ“ แŠจแ‰ปแ‹ญแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆ˜แŒฃแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆƒแŠ• แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แ‰ แˆšแˆ แˆตแ‹ซแˆœ แ‰ แˆฝแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒ แˆฉ แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆ แ‹จแˆฑแ‰… แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ  แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰กแ‰ต แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแ‰ปแ‹ญแŠ“แ‹ แˆปแŠ•แ‹ถแŠ•แŒ แˆŠแˆ›แŠฆแ‰ถแŠ•แŒ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แ‰ แŒ‹แˆซ แ‰ แˆšแˆฐแˆฉแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŒ‹แˆซ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ซ แˆฐแАแ‹ต แ‰ฐแˆแˆซแˆจแˆ˜แ‹‹แˆแข

โบแˆŠแŠ•แŠจ แŠ แˆต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒขแŒแˆฎแˆต แ‰ตแˆฌแ‹ฒแŠ•แŒ แŠจแˆปแŠ•แ‹ถแŠ•แŒ แˆŠแˆ›แŠฆแ‰ถแŠ•แŒ  แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ  แ‰ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแˆณแ‹จ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŠคแˆŒแŠญแ‰ตแˆชแŠญ แˆ˜แŠชแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆ˜แŒฃแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ  แŠจแ‹แŒญ  แŠจแˆ›แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆปแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŒฃแŒ แˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠคแˆŒแŠญแ‰ตแˆชแŠญ แ‰ปแˆญแŒ… แŒฃแ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ  แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ  แ‰ แ‹แ‰…แ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŒฃแŒ แˆš แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต โ€“ แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆญแŠ“ แˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‰กแŠ“ แˆ›แˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แ‰ฎแŠซแ‹ถแŠ• แˆˆแ‰ปแ‹ญแŠ“ แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ  แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ  แŒฅแˆซแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ•  แ‹จแŒ แ‰ แ‰  แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹จแ‰ปแ‹ญแŠ“ แˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ  แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“  แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‹“แ‰€แ แŠคแŒแ‹šแ‰ฅแˆฝแŠ•แŠ“ แ‰ฃแ‹›แˆญแŠ• แ‰ แŒ‹แˆซ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ฝแˆ แˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ตแŠ• แˆแ…แˆ˜แ‹‹แˆ  แกแก

โบแ‹ญแˆ… แˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ต แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠจแˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ตแŽ แ‰ แˆตแˆซ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แˆแŒ แˆซ  แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆšแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŒ‰แˆแˆ… แ‹ตแˆญแˆป แŠ แˆˆแ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆŠแŠ•แŠญ  แŠ แˆต แ‰ตแˆฌแ‹ฒแŠ•แŒ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแƒแˆš แŠ แ‰ถ แŠแˆแˆžแŠ• แŠซแˆณแˆแŠ• แˆฒแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ แ‹จแŒขแŒแˆฎแˆต แ‰ตแˆฌแ‹ฒแŠ•แŒ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแƒแˆš แŠ แ‰ถ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆƒแŠ”  แŒŒแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŒฃแŒฃแˆš แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰น  แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰กแŠ• แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰…แˆจแ  แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆšแŠ“ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แАแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ•แˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆญ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰€แ‹ญแˆซแˆˆแŠ• แАแ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ต แกแก

๐Ÿทแ‹จแˆปแŠ•แ‹ถแŠ•แŒ แˆŠแˆ›แŠฆแ‰ถแŠ•แŒ  แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแƒแˆš  แˆšแˆต แˆ†แ‹ แˆšแŠ• แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰€แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ› แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ—แŠ• แŒˆแˆแ€แ‹ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ• แ‹จแŒ‹แˆซ แˆตแˆซ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ฑแˆ แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒˆแˆˆแแ‰ต  แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แˆˆแ‰ณแ‹ณแˆฝ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแŒ แ‹ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แˆฐแŠ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ•แˆ   แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแŒˆแ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ‰  แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŠแŒ‚ แˆฝแŒแŒแˆญ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ   แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŒˆแˆแ€แ‹ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ตแˆ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แАแˆ แŠจแˆŠแŠ•แŠญ แŠ แˆต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒขแŒแˆฎแˆต แ‰ตแˆฌแ‹ฒแŠ•แŒ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹ แ‹จแŒ‹แˆซ แˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ต  แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ตแŒแ‰ แˆซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃ แŒˆแˆแ€แ‹‹แˆแกแก

๐Ÿ’ซแˆŠแŠ•แŠญ แŠ แˆต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒขแŒแˆฎแˆต แ‰ตแˆฌแ‹ฒแŠ•แŒ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆƒแŠ• แŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแŠ˜ แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆฑแ‰… แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŠจแ‹ˆแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแ‹šแˆ… แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹™แˆญ แ‹จแˆฑแ‰… แˆญแŠญแŠจแ‰ฅแˆ แ‹จแŠแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แˆญแ‰ฅ แАแˆƒแˆด 02/2017 แ‹“.แˆ แ‰ แŠ แˆแ‰ฆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆญแŠญแŠญแ‰ฅ  แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแกแก

แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹ แŠจแˆŠแŠ•แŠญ แŠ แˆต แŠจแŒขแŒแˆฎแˆต แ‰ตแˆฌแ‹ฒแŠ•แŒ  แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆปแŠ•แ‹ถแŠ•แŒ แˆŠแˆ›แŠฆแ‰ถแŠ•แŒ  แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜
แАแ‹แข

@etconp
โค6๐Ÿ‘4
๐Ÿ’ซSteel

โ€ข Density of Steel

o 7850 kg/mยณ
o 1 ton = 1000 kgg
o Density of Steel = 7850 / 1000 = 7.85 ton/mยณ
o 1 kg = 9.81 N โ‰ˆ 10 N
o Density of Steel = 7850 ร— 10โปโธ = 78500 N / 100 = 78.50 KN/mยฒ

โ€ข Young's Modulus of Steel (Es)
o 200 GPa = 200 ร— 10ยณ N/mmยฒ
o = 200 KN/mmยฒ
o 1 GPa = 10ยณ N/mmยฒ
o Es = 200 ร— 10โด kg/cmยฒ

โ€ข Unit Weight of Steel
o dยฒ / 162.19 m or 0.00617 ร— dยฒ kg/m
o Where d is the diameter of the bar in mm.

๐Ÿ’ซCement

โ€ข Grades of OPC
o 33 Grade - IS 269
o 43 Grade - IS 8112
o 53 Grade - IS 12269
โ€ข Weight of 1 Bag
o 50 kg

@etconp
โค18๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰The temperature of the asphalt plant mix depends on the type of asphalt mix being produced and the specifications of the project.

๐Ÿ’ซGeneral guidelines are:

๐Ÿšง1. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA):

โบMixing temperature: 275โ€“325ยฐF (135โ€“165ยฐC)

โบTypically used for road construction.

๐Ÿšง2. Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA):

โบMixing temperature: 200โ€“275ยฐF (95โ€“135ยฐC)

โบPreferred for environmentally friendly projects due to reduced emissions.

๐Ÿšง3. Cold Mix Asphalt:

โบNo heating is involved, as it uses emulsified asphalt or cutback.

โบThe exact temperature depends on factors like:

โบThe type of binder (e.g., viscosity and grade).

โบAggregate properties.

โบWeather and environmental conditions.

โบPlant specifications and operational standards.

โบItโ€™s essential to follow the mix design or code requirements (e.g., AASHTO, ASTM, or local standards) for accurate temperature ranges.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘12โค8
๐Ÿ‘‰ INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

โ— Concrete Admixtures
โ— Bonding Agents
โ— Waterproofings
โ— Wall Putty, Prime Coat
โ— Concrete Repair Mortar
โ— Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ— Grout, Self-level mortar
โ— Quartz paint, Contextra
โ— Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
โ— Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall
โค1
๐Ÿญ๐Ÿ TSEGAYE and YOHANNES J-แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต & PLATE ๐Ÿš๐Ÿ— ๐ŸŒ๐ŸŒ†

๐Ÿงฟ แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ โคต๏ธ

๐Ÿ”ฒPlate at any Size & thickness.

โš™๏ธ  J-Bolt height and diameter    you want it.

๐Ÿ”ฉ anchor โš“ bolt at any size

๐Ÿญ๐Ÿ›–๐ŸŒ‰scrap(แ‰ฐแˆจแˆ-แˆแˆญแ‰ต)๐Ÿšง๐Ÿช

๐Ÿ”— แ‰แˆญแŒฅแˆซแŒญ แŒ แˆฎแŠซแˆŽแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ฐแŠ• แ‰ แŠชแˆŽ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠแАแ‰ฑ แ‰ แˆœแ‰ตแˆญแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŒˆแ‹›แˆˆแŠ•แข
Phone : ๐Ÿคณ0938494506 
              ๐Ÿคณ 0951087077
              ๐Ÿคณ 0929044037
แŠฅแŠ“แˆ˜แˆฐแŒแŠ“แˆˆแŠ•::
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแฆ  แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ แˆแŠ•แŠ แˆˆแˆฝ แ‰ฐแˆซ แŠจแŒญแ‹ต แ‰ฐแˆซ แŠจแ แ‰ฅแˆŽ

https://t.me/tsegaye2016Jbolt
โค2๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŠ•แ‹ตแ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆญ แŠ แˆธแŠ“แŠแ‹Žแ‰น แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆณแˆ™แŠคแˆแข

๐Ÿ’ซแ‹จ แŠ แแˆชแŠซ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆญ แˆˆแŠชแАแˆ…แŠ•แŒป แˆˆแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ "Emergency Response for Shelter Design For Displaced People in Africa" แ‰ แˆšแˆ แ‰ แŠ แแˆชแŠซ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‰ฐแˆแŠ“แ‰ƒแ‹ญ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒ แˆˆแ‹ซ  แ‹ซแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแˆแŠ แ‰€แ แ‹จแŠ•แ‹ตแ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆญ  แ‹จแŠ แˆญแ‰ฃแˆแŠ•แŒญ แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŠญแแˆ แŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ต แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ• แ‹ฐแˆณแˆˆแŠ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ›แˆญแ‹ซแˆ แŠจแˆแˆตแˆซแ‰… แŠ แแˆชแŠซ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ› แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹แŒฃแ‰ต แŠ แˆธแŠ•แˆแ‹‹แˆแข

แŠจแˆแˆตแˆซแ‰… แŠ แแˆชแŠซ แ‰€แŒฃแŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ› แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃ แŠ•แ‹ตแแข
แ‹จแŠ•แ‹ตแ แˆญแ‹•แˆต "แˆ˜แŒ แˆˆแ‹ซแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹˜แˆญ"
"Shelter as a seed"
ER-02-NSA -1ST RUNNER UP - EAST REGION

โ€นโ€นแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆฐแ‹ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฅแˆซแ‰ต แˆฒแ‹ซแ‰…แ‰ฐแ‹ แŠ แˆฅแˆญ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒแŠ•  แˆ˜แŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญ แˆ˜แˆฅแˆซแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰โ€บโ€บ แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแ‹ แŒฅแ‰ แ‰ฃแ‹Š  แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ฃแˆ แ‰ฐแАแˆณแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ•  แ‹จแАแ‹ฐแแАแ‹  แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ แˆˆแ‹ซ แŠ•แ‹ตแ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แŠจแˆ˜แŒ แˆˆแ‹ซแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆแŽแฃ แ‹จแ‰ แˆˆแ€แŒˆ แˆ›แŠ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹ซแŒŽแˆˆแ‰ฅแ‰ณแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แˆตแ‰ฃแˆˆแŠ•แข  แŠ•แ‹ตแ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแŠ“แ‰€แˆ‰ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แŒ‹แˆซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰€แˆญแŒน แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ  แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆ•แˆ‹แ‹Š แŒˆแŒฝแ‰ณ แŠ แˆธแŒ‹แŒแˆจแАแ‹‹แˆแข

แŠฅแˆตแ‰ฒ แŠ แˆตแ‰กแ‰ต : แ‹จแАแ‹ฐแแАแ‹ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แАแŒ แˆ‹ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แˆˆแ‹•แ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ•แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญ แАแ‹ แ‹ซแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แАแ‹แข แˆตแ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ  แ‰ แ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‰แˆณแ‰แˆถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฎ แŠฅแ‹แ‰€แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฉ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ แˆˆแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ณแŠ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ‰แข

แ‹ญแˆ… แŠ•แ‹ตแ  แˆ˜แŒ แˆˆแ‹ซ แ‰ฅแ‰ปแŠ•  แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ซแ‰€แˆแ‹ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ…แ‹– แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆšแŠจแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ แ‰ตแฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒ‹แˆซ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ฅแ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ต  แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‰… แ‹จแŒ‹แˆซ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆแŠญแ‹“ แˆแ‹ตแˆญ  แˆ˜แŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญ แŒญแˆแˆญ แАแ‹แข  แข 

แ‹จแŠ•แ‹ตแ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แแˆฌ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ แАแ‹แข   " แ‰ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ก แ‰ตแ‰ฅแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ แฃ แ‰ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ก แˆ˜แŠ•แˆแˆต  แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ƒแŠ˜ แฃ  แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฅแˆฉแˆ… แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ฅแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹˜แˆญ แАแ‹แข

แŠ•แ‹ตแ แ‰กแ‹ตแŠ• แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแข
แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ• แ‹ฐแˆณแˆˆแŠ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ›แˆญแ‹ซแˆ
แ‰ แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆแŠ•แŒญ แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒ แ‹จแŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ•แˆ‹แŠ• แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŠญแแˆแข

แ‹จ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃแŠ’แ‹แˆ แˆˆแŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ƒแˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แ‹ญแ‰… แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽ แАแ‰ แˆญแข *

แŠขแŠ แŠ แข (แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆญแŠ“ แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃแŠ’แ‹แˆ) แˆตแˆˆแ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉ แŠจแ‹จแ‰ต แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆฐแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆแ‰ต?

"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘"   แˆตแˆˆ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉ แ‹จแˆฐแˆ›แАแ‹ แŠจ Ethiopian architecture construction and urbanism แ‰ดแˆŒแŒแˆซแˆ แŒˆแŒฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‰ แˆญแข

"แŠขแŠ แŠ "แข  แˆตแŠ•แ‰ต แ‰€แŠ• แˆแŒ€แ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ?

"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ•  แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘ "  แข แ‹จแˆแŒ€แ‰ฅแŠ• แ‰€แŠ• แŠจ December 22 แŠ แˆฐแŠจ February 23 แАแ‰ แˆญ

"แŠขแŠ แŠ "แข  แ‹จแˆตแŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ฝแˆ?
"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ•  แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘ " แข 5 แ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แАแŠ•

"แŠขแŠ แŠ "แข  แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แˆแˆˆแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แŒแˆฉแ• แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฝแˆ?
"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘ "แข แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แАแˆต แ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‰ณแˆตแŠฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแŠ• แˆตแŠ•แˆฐแˆซ แˆตแˆˆแАแ‰ แˆญ แŠฅแŠ“แˆ แˆตแˆˆแˆแŠ•แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฃ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแŠ• แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆžแŠจแˆญ แ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ•แŠ•แฃ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆชแˆ แ‹จ software skill แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒฅแˆฉ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แŠ•แŠ•

"แŠขแŠ แŠ "แข แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠจแŠ แˆญแ‰ฃแˆแŠ•แŒญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰?
"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘ "แข แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ก แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แАแ‰ แˆฉ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆฉแŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠจแˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แ‹จแˆ„แ‹ฑ แˆŒแˆ‹ 3 แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แАแ‰ แˆฉ (แŠ แŠ“แŠ• แŠคแˆแ‹ซแˆตแฃ แ‰ แŒธแˆŽแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแ‹ญแแˆซแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆˆแŠขแ‹จแˆฑแˆต แˆฒแˆณแ‹ญ) แ‹ญแˆ„ แŠฅแŠ› แ‹จแˆแŠ“แ‹แ‰€แ‹ แАแ‹แข

"แŠขแŠ แŠ "แข แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹ซแŒˆแ‹›แ‰ฝแˆ แˆฐแ‹ แŠ แˆˆ?
"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ•  แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘ "  แŠ แˆญแŠชแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑ แŠ แ‹ฑแŠ› แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆญแŠชแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ต แŠคแˆŠแ‹ซแˆต แŒ€แˆ›แˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แ‰ฃ แŠ แˆญแŠชแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ตแˆตแข แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠญแแˆ  แ‹จแˆšแˆ›แˆจแ‹  แŒ‰แ‰ฑ แ‹ฐแŒ‰ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แˆฒแˆจแ‹ณแŠ• แАแ‰ แˆญแข

"แŠขแŠ แŠ "แข  แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ต แˆต แ‰ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แŠ แŒˆแ‹Ÿแ‰ฝแˆ?
"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ•  แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘" แข Internship แŠฅแ‹› แАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃแАแ‹แข

"แŠขแŠ แŠ " แข แˆ›แˆธแАแ‹แ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แˆตแ‰ตแˆฐแˆ™ แˆแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆฐแˆ›แ‰ฝแˆ?
"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘"แข แˆ›แˆธแАแ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แˆตแŠ•แˆฐแˆ› แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แˆแ‹ฉ แАแ‰ แˆญ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแА 100 แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แАแ‰ แˆฉ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‹จแ‹ฐแŠจแˆแŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแАแ‰ แˆญ แАแ‹แข

"แŠขแŠ แŠ "  แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆญ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ตแˆซแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ณแ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ?
"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ•  แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘"แข แŠ แ‹Ž แ‰  120 HOURS it was National Art Museum for Andorra. in this competition we can not get in the finalist list and we are searching for other competition with free entry

"แŠขแŠ แŠ " แข แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘ แŠจแŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹ญแˆแˆ€แˆ?
แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰€แ‹ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Š แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ต แˆ›แАแ‹? แŠ แˆˆแˆแŠ แ‰€แ‹แ‹Šแˆต?  แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰€แ‹ แŠ แˆแŠ“แ‹Š แˆ…แŠ•แŒปแˆต?

"แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘"แข แŠจแŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แŠฅแŠ” แ‹จแˆแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‹ แˆแˆŒแˆ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แАแŒˆแˆญแŠ• แŠ แŒˆแŠแ‰ แ‰ณแˆˆแˆ แˆแˆŒแˆ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆญแŠฉแ‰ แ‰ต แАแ‹ แˆแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แˆแŠ•แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ปแˆ แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆจแŠ แАแ‹แข

แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒฅแ‰€แˆต แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ต แŠ แˆƒแ‹ฑ แŠ แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแˆ…แฃ แŠจแ‹แŒช แ‹ฐแŒแˆž Bjarke Ingels.

แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰€แ‹ แŠ แˆแŠ“แ‹Š แˆ…แŠ•แŒป แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆˆแ‰€ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฆแˆŒ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแАแ‹ฐแˆแ‹ แˆ…แŠ•แŒป Nile Source แˆ…แŠ•แŒป

"แŠขแŠ แŠ "  แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ• แŠจแŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแˆต แ‹ญแˆแˆปแˆ?
แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰‚แ‹ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Š แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ต แˆ›แАแ‹? แŠ แˆˆแˆแŠ แ‰€แ‹แ‹Šแˆต?  แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰‚แ‹ แŠ แˆแŠ“แ‹Š แˆ…แŠ•แŒปแˆต?

"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ•" แข แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แˆˆแŠ” แАแŒแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™ dimension แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฝแˆŽแŠ›แˆแฃ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ skill แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ณแ‰ฅแˆญ  แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแŠ“แˆ  แฃ แˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ creative แ‹จแˆ†แА mind แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–แˆจแŠ• แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆ
แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰€แ‹  แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แˆ แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณแข แŠจแ‹แŒช แ‹ฐแŒแˆž Zaha Hadidแข
แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰€แ‹ แŠ แˆแŠ“แ‹Š แˆ…แŠ•แŒป แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แˆ แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแ‹ฐแˆแ‹ แˆˆ ET 302 memorial แˆ…แŠ•แŒปแข

"แŠขแŠ แŠ " แˆˆแˆดแ‰ต แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แ‹จแˆแ‰ณแˆตแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆแŠแ‹ แˆ˜แˆแ‹•แŠญแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆ?

"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ•"แข แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆซแ‰ฝแˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆซแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แ‹แˆตแŒฃแ‹Š แˆ˜แАแˆณแˆณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แˆแˆŒแˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆฑ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ฑแˆ แŠซแˆฐแ‰ฅแŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แˆ€แ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒ แŠ• แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แАแ‹แŠ“

" แŠขแŠ แŠ " แŠ แˆ˜แˆฐแŒแŠ“แˆˆแˆแข

"แŠ‘แˆ€แˆšแŠ•  แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆญแˆ€แŠ‘" แŠฅแŠ›แˆ แŠฅแŠ“แˆ˜แˆฐแŒแŠ“แˆˆแŠ•แข

(* แ‰ƒแˆˆ แˆแˆแˆแˆฑ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ‹แ‰ขแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆญ แˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แАแ‰ แˆญ)

Via ethiopian architecture and urbanism

@etconp
โค20
๐Ÿ‘‰FIDIC Contracts Explainedโ€ฆ The Color Codes in 1 Minute!

๐Ÿ’ซFIDIC contracts are the global standard in construction projects, and each color serves a different purpose:

1๏ธโƒฃ Red Book
โ€ข For traditional projects where the Employer designs and the Contractor builds.

2๏ธโƒฃ Yellow Book
โ€ข For Design & Build projects where the Contractor handles both design and execution.

3๏ธโƒฃ Silver Book
โ€ข For Turnkey projects, where the Contractor bears most of the risk.

4๏ธโƒฃ Green Book
โ€ข For small, simple, and short-term projects.

Choosing the right FIDIC contract from the start saves time, effort, and reduces future disputes!

@etconp
โค21๐Ÿ‘4๐Ÿฅฐ2๐Ÿ”ฅ1
๐Ÿ‘‰Understanding Bridge Load Mechanics

๐ŸทEver wondered what types of forces and loads a bridge endures daily?

๐Ÿ”ธ Dead Load โ€“ The permanent weight of the bridge itself.
๐Ÿ”ธ Live Load โ€“ Vehicles and pedestrians in motion.
๐Ÿ”ธ Dynamic Load โ€“ Impact of moving traffic.
๐Ÿ”ธ Thermal Load โ€“ Effects due to temperature changes.
๐Ÿ”ธ Seismic Load โ€“ Earthquake-induced forces.
๐Ÿ”ธ Hydraulic Load โ€“ Water pressure from below or the sides.
๐Ÿ”ธ Herzamik Load โ€“ Subsoil pressure.
๐Ÿ”ธ Compression Forces โ€“ Transfer of forces through the arch.

๐ŸšงUnderstanding these factors is essential for civil and structural engineers during the design, analysis, and maintenance of infrastructure.

๐Ÿ‘ท Whether you're a student, a practicing engineer, or just curious about structural mechanics โ€” this is a great reminder of how much detail goes into ensuring the bridges we use every day are safe and sound.

@etconp
โค13๐Ÿ‘1
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•


0904040477
0994941708
โค3
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (Materials on Site) แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แŠญแแ‹ซ แŠจ 50% แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ 60% แŠ แ‹ฐแŒˆ

๐Ÿ’ซแŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑ แ‹จแŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แŒแ‹ฅ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠซแ‰ทแˆแข

โบแ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (แˆ›แ‰ดแˆชแ‹ซแˆŽแ‰ฝ) แŠจแ‹‹แŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆตแˆแˆณ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ (60%) แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆต แŠญแแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆแ€แˆ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆ‹แˆแกแก

โบแˆ†แŠ–แˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜/แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆตแˆแˆณ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ (60%) แŠญแแ‹ซ แŠจแˆ˜แˆแ€แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแŒฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰„ แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แกแก

1โƒฃ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠญแแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠจแˆแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‹ญแ‰… แˆ›แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แˆ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‹™แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆˆแŠญแ‰ต แ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแŠ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ›แАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜/แ‰คแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆชแ‹ แˆ˜แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแกแก

2โƒฃ แŠญแแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแ€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹•แ‰ƒ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹แˆ แˆฒแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแ€แˆ˜แ‹ แŠญแแ‹ซ แŠจแˆšแ‰€แŒฅแˆˆแ‹ แŠญแแ‹ซ แˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแกแก

3โƒฃ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆŒแˆ‹ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‰ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆแˆ แˆ†แА แˆˆแˆŒแˆ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹จ แ‹“แˆ‹แˆ› แˆ›แ‹‹แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆแˆแข

4โƒฃ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠญแแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠจแˆแˆˆแ‹ แŠจแˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ แ‹ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰น แ‰ แŠญแˆแ‰ฝแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‰ขแ‹ฐแˆญแˆตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰ขแˆฐแˆจแ‰แฃ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแˆจแ‹ฅแˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆณแ‹ญแ‹แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰…แˆจแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ขแ‰ แˆ‹แˆน แ‹จแŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŠซแŠซแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ปแˆ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ› แ‹จแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆ แАแ‹ต แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‹แˆ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒ‹แŒŒ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆฐแ‹ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แŠขแŠ•แˆนแˆซแŠ•แˆต แ‰ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰น แŠขแŠ•แˆนแˆซแŠ•แˆต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆˆแŠญแ‰ต แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ณแˆแกแก

@etconp
โค16๐Ÿ‘3
Foundation_Engineering_Geotechnical_Principles_and_Practical_Applications.pdf
83.2 MB
๐Ÿ‘‰Foundation Engineering

๐ŸšงGeotechnical Principles and Practical Applications

๐ŸทRichard Handy McGraw-Hill Education 2020

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp
Structural_connections_for_precast.pdf
10.8 MB
๐Ÿ‘‰Structural Connections For Precast Concrete

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp
ACI 318M-25.pdf
37.8 MB
๐Ÿ‘‰Building Code for Structural Concrete - Code Requirements and Commentary)

๐Ÿ“œACI318M-25

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp
โค18๐Ÿ‘1๐Ÿ”ฅ1