👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

☎️ Tel: 0961955555

🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital

🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza

👉በዱባይ የሚገነባው አዲስ ሙዚየም በውሃ ላይ ይንሳፈፋል ተባለ

❇️የዱባይ ገዥ የሆኑት ክቡር ሼኽ መሐመድ ቢን ራሺድ አል ማክቱም በአል ፉተይም ግሩፕ የሚመራውን እና ለዱባይ አዲስ የስነ-ህንፃ እና የባህል ምልክት የሚሆነውን የዱባይ የስነ ጥበብ ሙዚየም  ንድፍ ይፋ አድርገዋል።

💫የዱባይ የስነ ጥበብ ሙዚየም የሚገነባው በዱባይ ክሪክ ውሃ ላይ ይሆናል።

💫ይህም ዱባይ የፈጠራ ኢኮኖሚ ዓለም አቀፍ ዋና ከተማ የመሆን ራዕይን እና የከተማዋን ቀጣይነት ያለው የባህልና የኪነጥበብ ልማት የሚያንጸባርቅ ይሆናል።

⏺አጠቃላይ የስነ ሕንፃው አሠራር ለጎብኚዎች ልዩ ልምድ በሚሰጥ መልኩ ተቀርጾል።

🚧አምስት ፎቅ ያለው ይህ የሚንሳፈፍ ሙዚየም በመጀመሪያው እና በሁለተኛው ፎቆች ላይ የኤግዚቢሽን ጋለሪዎች፣ በሦስተኛው ፎቅ ላይ ደግሞ ምግብ ቤት እና ለከፍተኛ እንግዶች  የሚሆን ላውንጅ ይኖረዋል።

⏺ሙዚየሙ የመሬት እና የመሬት ውስጥ (ቤዝመንት) ፎቆችም ይኖሩታል።

💫ከኪነ ጥበብ ሥራዎች ኤግዚቢሽን በተጨማሪም ሙዚየሙ የኪነ ጥበብ ባለሙያዎች ውይይቶችን፣ የፓናል ውይይቶችን፣ የትምህርት ፕሮግራሞችን እና የስነ ጥበብ ትርኢቶችን ያዘጋጃል ተብሏል።

@etconp

👉Soil Stabilization Techniques

💫What is Soil Stabilization?

⏺Soil stabilization is the process of improving soil properties to increase its strength, durability, and load-bearing capacity.

⏺It is essential for constructing roads, pavements, embankments, and foundations.

📍Types of Soil Stabilization Techniques

🌟1. Mechanical Stabilization

⏺Involves physically altering the soil structure.

🎲Techniques include:

⏺Compaction: Increasing soil density using rollers or tampers.
⏺Blending: Mixing soils of different types to achieve better properties.
⏺Geosynthetics: Adding geotextiles, geogrids, or geomembranes to improve stability.

❇️Purpose: Reduces settlement and increases bearing capacity.

🌟2. Chemical Stabilization

⏺Improves soil properties by adding chemicals.

🎲Common agents:

⏺Lime: Used for clayey soils; reduces plasticity and increases strength.
⏺Cement: Improves bearing capacity and decreases permeability.
⏺Fly ash: Enhances soil strength and durability.
⏺Bitumen: Used in road construction for water resistance.

📍Purpose: Increases strength, reduces shrink-swell behavior, and improves durability.

🌟3. Physical Stabilization

⏺Alters soil by changing its physical structure without chemical reactions.

🎲Methods include:

⏺Electro-osmosis: Using electrical currents to remove from clay soils.
⏺Freezing: Temporarily stabilizes water-saturated soils.

🔰Purpose: Suitable for soft, wet, or weak soils in specialized projects.

🌟4. Biological Stabilization

❇️Uses vegetation or microorganisms to stabilize soil.

🎲Examples:

⏺Grass planting: Prevents erosion on slopes.
⏺Bioenzymes: Treat soil for compaction and strength.
⏺Purpose: Environmentally friendly and prevents surface erosion.

🌟5. Reinforcement Techniques

⏺Uses reinforcements to improve soil stability.

🏷Examples:

⏺Soil nailing: Steel rods inserted into slopes.
⏺Geogrids and geotextiles: Provide tensile strength to soil.
⏺Retaining structures: Gabions, crib walls, and sheet piles.

🚧Purpose: Reduces risk of landslides and improves slope stability.

💫Applications:

⏺Road construction and pavements
⏺Embankments and dams
⏺Foundation improvement
⏺Slope stabilization

💫Advantages:

⏺Increases soil strength and durability.
⏺Reduces erosion and settlement.
⏺Enables construction on weak soils.
⏺Economical compared to replacing soil.

@etconp

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አድራሻ፦  ቁ 1.መርካቶ
                ቁ.2 አየር ጤና  ኪዳነ ምህረት

ጥራትና ታማኝነት መለያችን ነው።
ታምራት ፕሌት እና ጄ ቦልት አቅራቢ

👉TYPES OF PIPES COMMONLY USED IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 

💫The types of pipes commonly used in water distribution systems are described below.

⭕1. CAST IRON PIPES:

Cast iron pipes or CI pipes are broadly utilized for distribution of water because they are less
expensive, corrosion resistant, and long lasting.
CI pipes are mainly produced by following four techniques.
.
1. Horizontally cast ( MC ware pipes)
2. Vertically cast ( Pit cast in sand molds)
3. Centrifugally cast in sand lines molds spun
type.
4. Centrifugally cast in water cooled molds.

Uses of horizontally cast CI pipes are presently pretty much outdated, that’s why they are infrequently produced these days. Centrifugally cast pipes are most widely used because they have more grained dense structure and uniform thickness. Generally, CI pipes are 3-6 m long, so much heavy, and require extra care to avoid from damaging while transporting and creating connections.

⭕2. STEEL PIPES:

Steel pipes are utilized in water mains circumstances where the pipes are going through very high pressure ( More than 7 kg/cm2)  and required large diameter pipes. These pipes have greater strength and less weight than CI pipes. Satisfactory treatments should be given to maintain antagonistic climatic conditions.

⭕3. GALVANIZED IRON PIPES:

Galvanized pipes are also known as GI pipes are fashioned steel pipes with zinc coating. GI pipes are mostly utilized for water supply and service connections.

⭕4. COPPER PIPES:

Copper pipes are most commonly utilized in hot water supply establishment. Some features of
this pipes are as following:
1. They possess high tensile strength.
2. They can be bent easily.
3. Copper pipes can be used in thin wall. Copper pipes are sometimes chromium plated to enhance their appearance and to match with the chromium plated water supply fittings.

⭕5. POLYTHENE PIPES:

Polythene and PVC pipes are being utilized progressively nowadays for cold water supply inside and outside works. These pipes are lightweight, cheaper, corrosion resistant, and require no threading for making any connections.

📌Besides these, there are other pipes commonly used for water distribution such as :

asbestos cement (AC) pipes,
reinforced concrete (RCC) pipes, prestressed reinforced concrete (PSC) pipes etc.

📌The selection of the types of pipe for utilizing any purposes is adopted according to the design criteria, material availability, cost, and other comparative variables.

@etconp

👉ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ዐቢይ ቢሾፍቱ የሚገነባው አይሮፕላን ማረፊያ ዲዛይን መጠናቀቁን ገለጹ

ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ዐቢይ አህመድ ቢሾፍቱ የሚገነባው አይሮፕላን ማረፊያ ዲዛይን ሥራ እንደተጠናቀቀ አስታውቀዋል፡፡

6ኛው የሕዝብ ተወካዮች ም/ቤት 5ኛ ዓመት የሥራ ዘመን 2ኛ መደበኛ ስብሰባ ላይ ከምክር ቤት አባላት ለተነሱ ጥያቄዎች ምላሽ እና ማብራሪያ በመስጠት ላየይ የሚገኙት ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ዐቢይ፤ ከአይሮፕላን ማረፊያው የዲዛይን መጠናቀቅ በተጨማሪም የኤርፖርቱ ግንባታ አማካሪም ተቀጥሯል ብለዋል፡፡

የሚገነባው ኤርፖርት ከ100 ሚሊየን ተሳፋሪዎችን የሚያስተናግድ በመሆኑ ከአፍረካ የመጀመሪያ ትልቅ ኤርፖርት እንደሚደርገው ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሩ ተናግረዋል፡፡

ይህ ግዙፍ የ10 ቢሊዮን ዶላር ኢንቨስትመንትም ኢትዮጵያን በቀጣይነት የአፍሪካ የአቬሽን ማእከል ሆና እንድትቀጥል ያደርጋታል ብለዋል፡፡

ኤርፖርቱ በሚገነባበት ቦታ ያሉ አርሶ አደሮች ኑሮአዋቸው ሳይሰተጓገል በተገቢው መልኩ መልሶ ለማቋቋም ሰፊ ሥራ ተሰርቷል ሲሉም አብራርተዋል፡፡

ከዚህ ቀደም አርሶ አደሮች መሬታቸውን ሲለቁ የሚስተናገዱበት መንገድ ስህተት ነበረበት ያሉት ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሩ፤ ይህን ለመቅረፍ ፕሮጀክቱ ሳይጀመር ሙሉ በሙሉ አርሶ አደሮች ደስተኛ ሆነው፣ ኑሮአቸው ተሻሽሎ ከወጡ፣ በአካባቢው የምንገነባው አየር መንገድ ዘርፈ ብዙ ጠቀሜታ ያመጣል ብለዋል።

አክለውም፤ በቦሌ አየር መንገድ ከለውጥ በኋላ በርካታ የማስፍፊያ ሥራዎች ተሠርተዋል ያሉ ሲሆን፤ ከ20 ሚሊዮን በላይ ተጓዦችን እንደሚያስተናግድ ገልጸዋል።

@etconp

👉Punching shear

💫It is a type of failure that occurs in flat slabs or foundations when they are subjected to high concentrated loads, such as columns.

⏺The failure happens in a circular shape around the load, creating a cone-shaped perforation in the slab.

⏺This is a brittle and dangerous failure mode that requires careful design and verification

⭐️To prevent punching shear, engineers need to consider the following steps:

- Check if the concrete is strong enough alone;
- If not, check if the amount of reinforcement is reasonable;
- Design reinforcement if reasonable, if not, change the form of structure.

❇️Some examples of reinforcement methods are using vertical bars, drop panels, or flared column heads. Alternatively, some codes of practice may allow more liberal design assumptions

🔰Punching shear is a complex phenomenon that involves many factors, such as slab thickness, column size, load magnitude, concrete strength, and reinforcement ratio.

⏺To accurately predict the punching shear strength and design the appropriate reinforcement, engineers need to use advanced methods, such as the finite element method

📜I hope this helps you understand what punching shear is and how to prevent it.

@etconp

👉The bending moment and shear force

💫They are two important concepts in structural engineering that describe how loads act on a beam or any structural element.

🚧Shear Force refers to the internal force that acts along a section of a beam and tends to cause one part of the beam to slide or shear over the adjacent part.

⏺It develops due to the vertical (or transverse) loads applied to the beam. In simple terms, it measures how much force is trying to cut the beam across its cross-section.

⏺When you move along the beam, the shear force changes wherever the load changes.
High shear force occurs near supports where the load transfer happens.

⏺Shear force mainly causes shearing stresses, which can lead to diagonal cracks in reinforced concrete if not controlled.

🚧Bending Moment refers to the internal moment (or turning effect) developed in a beam when an external load tries to bend it.

⏺It is the result of forces acting at a distance from a point, producing rotation or curvature in the beam.

⏺The bending moment is maximum where the beam tends to bend most (usually at mid-span under uniform loads or near fixed supports).

⏺It causes bending stresses — tension on one side and compression on the other side of the beam’s neutral axis.

⏺Bending moment gives the beam its curved or deflected shape under loading.

📜In summary:

⏺Shear force cuts the beam; bending moment bends the beam.
⏺Shear force resists sliding between layers; bending moment resists rotation and bending.

@etconp

👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

☎️ Tel: 0961955555

🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital

🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza

👉Types of Hollow Concrete Blocks (HCB) are classified based on their use, size, shape, and material composition.

📜Here is a clear and complete description:

⭐️1. Solid Concrete Block

⏺Made from dense concrete but sometimes included in HCB types when used with hollow ones.
⏺Has no hollow cores or only very small ones.
⏺Used for load-bearing walls, foundation walls, and retaining structures.
⏺Very strong but heavy and less thermally efficient.

⭐️2. Hollow Concrete Block (Standard HCB)

⏺Contains hollow cores (voids) that reduce weight and improve insulation.
⏺The most common type used in building walls.
⏺The voids usually occupy 25%–50% of the block’s volume.
Advantages: lightweight, easy to handle, reduces dead load, and provides good sound and heat insulation.
⏺Used in walls, partitions, and foundations.

⭐️3. Cellular or Lightweight HCB

⏺Made using lightweight materials like pumice, cinder, or expanded clay instead of gravel.
⏺Much lighter and better for thermal insulation.
⏺Commonly used for non-load-bearing and partition walls.

⭐️4. Aerated (AAC) or Foam Concrete Block

⏺Manufactured using aerated concrete (contains tiny air bubbles).
⏺Very light in weight and easy to cut or shape.
⏺Excellent thermal and sound insulation.
⏺Used mainly for partition walls and high-rise buildings to reduce structural load.

⭐️5. Paving Blocks / Interlocking Blocks

⏺Specially shaped hollow or solid blocks used for pavements, driveways, or open parking areas.
⏺Interlock with each other for stability.
⏺Made with strong concrete mix for durability and load resistance.

⭐️6. Decorative or Architectural HCB

⏺Designed with patterns or open shapes for aesthetic purposes and ventilation.
⏺Often used in boundary walls, screens, and facades.
⏺Provide airflow and natural light while maintaining privacy.

🏷In short summary:

❇️Solid Concrete Block – Very strong, used for load-bearing.
❇️Hollow Concrete Block – Common wall block with voids.
❇️Lightweight / Cellular Block – For partitions and insulation.
❇️Aerated (AAC) Block – Very light, high insulation.
❇️Interlocking / Paving Block – For outdoor floor works.
❇️Decorative Block – For beauty, air, and light flow.

@etconp

👉In Hollow Concrete Block (HCB) wall construction, bond means the arrangement or pattern of blocks to ensure strength, stability, and proper load transfer between blocks.

🚧Here are the main types of bonds used in HCB walls:

💫1. Stretcher Bond

⏺The most common type used in HCB walls.
⏺Blocks are laid with their long faces (stretchers) parallel to the wall face.
⏺Each block overlaps half of the block below it (called half bond).
⏺Suitable for single-block thick walls (usually 150 mm or 200 mm thick).
⏺Provides a neat appearance and sufficient strength for partition walls.

💫2. Header Bond

⏺Blocks are laid with their short faces (headers) facing the wall surface.
⏺Used mainly in thicker walls (more than one block thickness) to ensure proper bonding across the wall’s width.
⏺Less common in HCB walls but used when strong cross-bonding is needed.

💫3. English Bond

⏺Alternating stretcher and header courses.
⏺One course has stretchers, and the next course has headers.
⏺Gives excellent strength and bonding for thick or load-bearing walls.
⏺Often used for structural or boundary HCB walls.

💫4. Flemish Bond

⏺Each course has an alternate arrangement of headers and stretchers.
⏺Provides a decorative appearance and good bonding.
⏺Used in walls where aesthetic look and strength are both important.

💫5. Stack Bond (or Straight Bond)

⏺Blocks are laid directly one above another, with joints aligned vertically.
⏺Not strong structurally, as there is no overlap.
⏺Used for non-load-bearing walls or architectural designs where appearance matters.
⏺Needs reinforcement (steel bars or mesh) for added stability.

🏷 In summary:

❇️Stretcher Bond is Most common for HCB walls.

❇️Header or English Bond Use For thicker or load-bearing walls.

❇️Flemish Bond Also For strength + appearance.

❇️Stack Bond Use For decoration or partition walls with reinforcement.

@etconp

👉Here’s a clear explanation of the difference between Beam and Lintel Beam, and between Column and False Column 👇

🧱 Beam vs Lintel Beam

🚧1. Beam:

⏺A beam is a horizontal structural member that carries loads from slabs, walls, or floors and transfers them to columns or walls.
⏺It resists bending and shear forces.
⏺Beams can be found in many parts of a building — floor beams, roof beams, etc.
⏺It mainly supports structural loads such as slab weight, live load, etc.

🏷Example: The beam between two columns that supports a slab.

🚧2. Lintel Beam:

⏺A lintel beam is a special type of beam placed above doors, windows, or openings in walls.
⏺Its main purpose is to carry the load of the wall above the opening and transfer it to the sides of the opening.
⏺Usually smaller in size than normal beams.
⏺It resists only the load of masonry above it, not floor or slab loads.
🏷Example: The small beam directly above a window or door.

🏗️ Column vs False Column

🚧1. Column:

⏺A column is a vertical structural member that carries compressive loads from beams and slabs above and transfers them to the foundation.
⏺It is a load-bearing member and essential for structural stability.
⏺Columns are made of reinforced concrete, steel, or other strong materials.

🏷Example: The vertical RCC member between beams that supports upper floors.

🚧2. False Column (Decorative Column):

⏺A false column is a non-structural member, used only for decoration or architectural appearance.
⏺It does not carry any load.
It is usually built with bricks, plaster, or lightweight materials to give the building an aesthetic look or symmetry.
🏷Example: A vertical feature on the façade of a building that looks like a column but is hollow or attached to the wall.

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