👉Foundation masonry work
💫it is masonry construction (stone, brick, or block) built below or just above ground level as part of the building foundation system.
🚧Its main purpose is to safely transfer building loads to the soil and protect the structure.
⭐️Purpose of Foundation Masonry Work
🎲1. Load Transfer to Soil
⏺Foundation masonry:
Receives loads from columns, walls, and beams Distributes these loads evenly to the footing and soil This prevents uneven settlement and structural cracks.
🎲2. Raises Structure Above Ground Level
⏺Masonry foundation walls or plinth walls: Lift the superstructure above natural ground Protect the building from surface water, moisture, and flooding
🎲3. Protection Against Moisture & Soil Contact
⏺Foundation masonry:Acts as a barrier between soil and upper structure Reduces dampness, termites, and soil chemicals from affecting walls
Often combined with DPC (Damp Proof Course) at plinth level.
🎲4. Provides a Level & Strong Base
⏺It creates: A firm, level base for RCC columns or load-bearing walls
⏺Proper alignment and stability for the superstructure
🎲5. Improves Durability & Strength
⏺Stone or block masonry foundations: Are durable and economical
⏺Resist compression forces very well
⏺Extend the building’s service life
🎲6. Cost Efficiency (Especially Low-rise Buildings)
⏺For: Low-rise buildings Load-bearing structures
Masonry foundations are often cheaper than full RCC foundations.
🏷Common Types of Foundation Masonry
❇️Stone masonry foundation
❇️Brick masonry foundation
❇️Block masonry foundation
📜Summary
📍Foundation masonry work is essential to:
⏺Transfer loads safely
⏺Protect against moisture and soil effects
⏺Provide a strong, durable, and level base
⏺Improve structural safety and building life
@etconp
💫it is masonry construction (stone, brick, or block) built below or just above ground level as part of the building foundation system.
🚧Its main purpose is to safely transfer building loads to the soil and protect the structure.
⭐️Purpose of Foundation Masonry Work
🎲1. Load Transfer to Soil
⏺Foundation masonry:
Receives loads from columns, walls, and beams Distributes these loads evenly to the footing and soil This prevents uneven settlement and structural cracks.
🎲2. Raises Structure Above Ground Level
⏺Masonry foundation walls or plinth walls: Lift the superstructure above natural ground Protect the building from surface water, moisture, and flooding
🎲3. Protection Against Moisture & Soil Contact
⏺Foundation masonry:Acts as a barrier between soil and upper structure Reduces dampness, termites, and soil chemicals from affecting walls
Often combined with DPC (Damp Proof Course) at plinth level.
🎲4. Provides a Level & Strong Base
⏺It creates: A firm, level base for RCC columns or load-bearing walls
⏺Proper alignment and stability for the superstructure
🎲5. Improves Durability & Strength
⏺Stone or block masonry foundations: Are durable and economical
⏺Resist compression forces very well
⏺Extend the building’s service life
🎲6. Cost Efficiency (Especially Low-rise Buildings)
⏺For: Low-rise buildings Load-bearing structures
Masonry foundations are often cheaper than full RCC foundations.
🏷Common Types of Foundation Masonry
❇️Stone masonry foundation
❇️Brick masonry foundation
❇️Block masonry foundation
📜Summary
📍Foundation masonry work is essential to:
⏺Transfer loads safely
⏺Protect against moisture and soil effects
⏺Provide a strong, durable, and level base
⏺Improve structural safety and building life
@etconp
❤10👍5👏1🙏1
👉CALCULATION – Field Density Test (FDT)
📜Example
⚖️ Weight of sand used
= Weight of sand + cylinder before test − Weight of sand + cylinder after test
= 8373 − 2524
= 5849 g
🕳️ Weight of sand in hole
= Weight of sand used − Weight of sand in cone
= 5849 − 1610
= 4239 g
📦 Volume of hole
= Weight of sand in hole ÷ Bulk density of sand
= 4239 ÷ 1.344
= 3154 cc
🪨 Weight of soil passing 19 mm sieve
= Weight of wet material − Weight retained on 19 mm sieve
= 7263 − 1350
= 5913 g
⚙️ Bulk density of soil
= Weight of soil ÷ Volume of hole
= 5913 ÷ 3154
= 1.875 g/cc
💧 Moisture content (Speedy Moisture Tester)
= 7.8 %
📊 Field dry density
= Bulk density ÷ (1 + Moisture content ÷ 100)
= 1.875 ÷ (1 + 7.8 ÷ 100)
= 1.875 ÷ 1.078
= 1.74 g/cc
📈 Percentage of compaction
= Field dry density ÷ Laboratory MDD × 100
= 1.74 ÷ 2.144 × 100
= 96.3 %
✅ RESULT
📌 Field Dry Density = 1.74 g/cc
📌 Laboratory MDD = 2.144 g/cc
📌 Compaction Achieved = 96.3 %
🫵For More Subscribe👇
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
📜Example
⚖️ Weight of sand used
= Weight of sand + cylinder before test − Weight of sand + cylinder after test
= 8373 − 2524
= 5849 g
🕳️ Weight of sand in hole
= Weight of sand used − Weight of sand in cone
= 5849 − 1610
= 4239 g
📦 Volume of hole
= Weight of sand in hole ÷ Bulk density of sand
= 4239 ÷ 1.344
= 3154 cc
🪨 Weight of soil passing 19 mm sieve
= Weight of wet material − Weight retained on 19 mm sieve
= 7263 − 1350
= 5913 g
⚙️ Bulk density of soil
= Weight of soil ÷ Volume of hole
= 5913 ÷ 3154
= 1.875 g/cc
💧 Moisture content (Speedy Moisture Tester)
= 7.8 %
📊 Field dry density
= Bulk density ÷ (1 + Moisture content ÷ 100)
= 1.875 ÷ (1 + 7.8 ÷ 100)
= 1.875 ÷ 1.078
= 1.74 g/cc
📈 Percentage of compaction
= Field dry density ÷ Laboratory MDD × 100
= 1.74 ÷ 2.144 × 100
= 96.3 %
✅ RESULT
📌 Field Dry Density = 1.74 g/cc
📌 Laboratory MDD = 2.144 g/cc
📌 Compaction Achieved = 96.3 %
🫵For More Subscribe👇
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
Telegram
Ethiopian Construction Vacancy & Tender
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Daily updates on construction Engineering Works, job vacancies, tenders,News,Technology and bid announcements in Ethiopia & World
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📩 @Philemona7
Daily updates on construction Engineering Works, job vacancies, tenders,News,Technology and bid announcements in Ethiopia & World
Buy ads: https://telega.io/c/ETCONpWORK
📩 @Philemona7
👍11❤8👏1
👉በጨረታ ሂደት ውስጥ አንድ ብቻ ተጫራች ከተሳተፈ አሸናፊ ማድረግ ይቻላል?
✅አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ከሆነ አሸናፊ ማድረግ በህግ ሊቻል ይችላል፣
✅ ነገር ግን ይህ የሚከናወነው የጨረታ ሂደቱ በሙሉ በግልጽነት እና በህግ መሠረት ከተካሄደ እና የቀረበው የዋጋ ስሌት
➣ተመራጭ፣
➣ብቁ እና
➣በተገቢው የገበያ ዋጋ ክልል ውስጥ ከሆነ ብቻ ነው።
⭐️ይህንን ለመረዳት የሚከተሉትን ነጥቦች ማስተዋል አስፈላጊ ነው፡
📍1. የጨረታው ህጋዊ እና ሥርዓታዊ መሠረት
⏺የማንኛውም ጨረታ ዋና ዓላማ ተጫማሪ ውድድርን ማምጣት እና ለግምገማ ብቁ የሆኑ ብዙ ተጫራቾችን ማሰባሰብ ነው።
⏺ "የማይመለከታቸው ጨረታዎች" ወይም "ሙሉ በሙሉ ያልተሳኩ ጨረታዎች" በብዙ የግዥ ስርዓቶች ውስጥ እንደ አንድ ጉዳይ ተደርጎ ይቆጠራል። አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ መኖሩ ይህንን ሁኔታ ያስከትላል።
📍2. አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ሲኖር የጨረታውን ሂደት ለመቀጠል የሚከተሉት መሟላት አለባቸው፡-
❇️የጨረታው ማስታወቂያ (Bid Invitation) በቂ ጊዜ እና በተገቢው መንገድ መወጣቱ፡
❇️ጨረታው በሕዝብ ተደራሽ የሆኑ መገናኛዎች (ማለትም ጋዜጦች፣ ድረገጾች) ላይ በተገቢው ጊዜ እንደተለጠፈ ማረጋገጥ አለበት።
❇️ይህ ለሁሉም አመቺ የሆኑ ተጫራቾች የመሳተፍ እድል እንዳላቸው ለማረጋገጥ ነው።
❇️የአንድ ተጫራች ዋጋ ስሌት (Bid) ተመራጭ እና ኢኮኖሚያዊ መሆኑ፡ የቀረበው ዋጋ በጨረታው ሰነድ ውስጥ በተገለጸው በጀት ወይም በገበያ ዋጋ ማለት ይቻላል በሚገመት የዋጋ ክልል ውስጥ መሆን አለበት።
🔰ከመጠን በላይ ከፍ ያለ ዋጋ መጠየቅ ችግር ሊፈጥር ይችላል።
🔰የተጫራቹ የብቃት ማረጋገጫ (Responsiveness and Responsibility)፡ አንድ ብቁ ተጫራች መሆኑን ማለትም ሁሉንም የጨረታ መስፈርቶች እንደሚያሟላ እና ሥራውን ለማከናወን የሚያስፈልገውን ቴክኒካል፣ ፋይናንሻል እና ህጋዊ አቅም እንዳለው ማረጋገጥ አለበት።
🔰የግዢው ኮሚቴ/አካል ውሳኔ፡ በመጨረሻ ላይ፣ ጨረታውን የሚያስተዳድረው ኮሚቴ ወይም አካል አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ሆኖ የቀረበውን የዋጋ ስሌት የመቀበል ወይም የመግባባት ውሳኔ ማሳለጥ አለበት።
🔰ይህ ውሳኔ ብዙውን ጊዜ ከላይ ከተጠቀሱት መስፈርቶች ጋር በማገናኘት ይወሰዳል።
📍3. የሚከተሉት ሁኔታዎች ሊኖሩ ይችላሉ
⏺ጨረታው መዝጋት እና እንደገና መቅረብ፡ የግዢው አካል አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ስላለ ወይም የቀረበው ዋጋ ከመጠን በላይ ከፍ ብሎ ስላገኘ ጨረታውን ሙሉ በሙሉ እንደማይመለከት ሊወስን ይችላል።
⏺በዚህ ሁኔታ ጨረታው ይታጠፍና እና እንደገና በተሻለ ማስተዋወቂያ እና በማሳሰቢያ ሊቀርብ ይችላል።
⏺ከአንድ ተጫራች ጋር በቀጥታ ድርድር (Direct Negotiation)፡ በአንዳንድ ስርዓቶች፣ አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ከቀረበ በኋላ፣ የግዢው አካል ከዚያ ተጫራች ጋር በቀጥታ ለመድርስ ውሳኔ ሊሰጥ ይችላል።
⏺ይህ ሂደት ግን በጣም ጥብቅ የሆኑ ህጎች ውስጥ ነው እና በግልጽነት መሠረት መከናወን አለበት።
🏷ለስራ ቅጥር እና ጨረታዎች👇
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
✅አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ከሆነ አሸናፊ ማድረግ በህግ ሊቻል ይችላል፣
✅ ነገር ግን ይህ የሚከናወነው የጨረታ ሂደቱ በሙሉ በግልጽነት እና በህግ መሠረት ከተካሄደ እና የቀረበው የዋጋ ስሌት
➣ተመራጭ፣
➣ብቁ እና
➣በተገቢው የገበያ ዋጋ ክልል ውስጥ ከሆነ ብቻ ነው።
⭐️ይህንን ለመረዳት የሚከተሉትን ነጥቦች ማስተዋል አስፈላጊ ነው፡
📍1. የጨረታው ህጋዊ እና ሥርዓታዊ መሠረት
⏺የማንኛውም ጨረታ ዋና ዓላማ ተጫማሪ ውድድርን ማምጣት እና ለግምገማ ብቁ የሆኑ ብዙ ተጫራቾችን ማሰባሰብ ነው።
⏺ "የማይመለከታቸው ጨረታዎች" ወይም "ሙሉ በሙሉ ያልተሳኩ ጨረታዎች" በብዙ የግዥ ስርዓቶች ውስጥ እንደ አንድ ጉዳይ ተደርጎ ይቆጠራል። አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ መኖሩ ይህንን ሁኔታ ያስከትላል።
📍2. አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ሲኖር የጨረታውን ሂደት ለመቀጠል የሚከተሉት መሟላት አለባቸው፡-
❇️የጨረታው ማስታወቂያ (Bid Invitation) በቂ ጊዜ እና በተገቢው መንገድ መወጣቱ፡
❇️ጨረታው በሕዝብ ተደራሽ የሆኑ መገናኛዎች (ማለትም ጋዜጦች፣ ድረገጾች) ላይ በተገቢው ጊዜ እንደተለጠፈ ማረጋገጥ አለበት።
❇️ይህ ለሁሉም አመቺ የሆኑ ተጫራቾች የመሳተፍ እድል እንዳላቸው ለማረጋገጥ ነው።
❇️የአንድ ተጫራች ዋጋ ስሌት (Bid) ተመራጭ እና ኢኮኖሚያዊ መሆኑ፡ የቀረበው ዋጋ በጨረታው ሰነድ ውስጥ በተገለጸው በጀት ወይም በገበያ ዋጋ ማለት ይቻላል በሚገመት የዋጋ ክልል ውስጥ መሆን አለበት።
🔰ከመጠን በላይ ከፍ ያለ ዋጋ መጠየቅ ችግር ሊፈጥር ይችላል።
🔰የተጫራቹ የብቃት ማረጋገጫ (Responsiveness and Responsibility)፡ አንድ ብቁ ተጫራች መሆኑን ማለትም ሁሉንም የጨረታ መስፈርቶች እንደሚያሟላ እና ሥራውን ለማከናወን የሚያስፈልገውን ቴክኒካል፣ ፋይናንሻል እና ህጋዊ አቅም እንዳለው ማረጋገጥ አለበት።
🔰የግዢው ኮሚቴ/አካል ውሳኔ፡ በመጨረሻ ላይ፣ ጨረታውን የሚያስተዳድረው ኮሚቴ ወይም አካል አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ሆኖ የቀረበውን የዋጋ ስሌት የመቀበል ወይም የመግባባት ውሳኔ ማሳለጥ አለበት።
🔰ይህ ውሳኔ ብዙውን ጊዜ ከላይ ከተጠቀሱት መስፈርቶች ጋር በማገናኘት ይወሰዳል።
📍3. የሚከተሉት ሁኔታዎች ሊኖሩ ይችላሉ
⏺ጨረታው መዝጋት እና እንደገና መቅረብ፡ የግዢው አካል አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ስላለ ወይም የቀረበው ዋጋ ከመጠን በላይ ከፍ ብሎ ስላገኘ ጨረታውን ሙሉ በሙሉ እንደማይመለከት ሊወስን ይችላል።
⏺በዚህ ሁኔታ ጨረታው ይታጠፍና እና እንደገና በተሻለ ማስተዋወቂያ እና በማሳሰቢያ ሊቀርብ ይችላል።
⏺ከአንድ ተጫራች ጋር በቀጥታ ድርድር (Direct Negotiation)፡ በአንዳንድ ስርዓቶች፣ አንድ ተጫራች ብቻ ከቀረበ በኋላ፣ የግዢው አካል ከዚያ ተጫራች ጋር በቀጥታ ለመድርስ ውሳኔ ሊሰጥ ይችላል።
⏺ይህ ሂደት ግን በጣም ጥብቅ የሆኑ ህጎች ውስጥ ነው እና በግልጽነት መሠረት መከናወን አለበት።
🏷ለስራ ቅጥር እና ጨረታዎች👇
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
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Ethiopian Construction Vacancy & Tender
Ethiopian Construction Vacancy & Tender
Daily updates on construction Engineering Works, job vacancies, tenders,News,Technology and bid announcements in Ethiopia & World
Buy ads: https://telega.io/c/ETCONpWORK
📩 @Philemona7
Daily updates on construction Engineering Works, job vacancies, tenders,News,Technology and bid announcements in Ethiopia & World
Buy ads: https://telega.io/c/ETCONpWORK
📩 @Philemona7
❤8👌1
3085. In which condition Raft Foundation is provided?
Anonymous Quiz
10%
(a) When individual footing would overlap.
12%
(b) Large variation in the load on individual columns.
20%
(c) there are chances of differential settlement.
58%
(d) All of the above
❤6👍5
3084. When the two columns are so close to each other that their individual footing would overlap then which type of footing is provided?
Anonymous Quiz
18%
(a) Strap Footing
69%
(b) Combined footing
11%
(c) Raft Footing
1%
(d) Grillage Footing
❤8👍1
3083. The method used for studying of horizontal changes in the sub-soil is
Anonymous Quiz
20%
(a) Resistive soundings
27%
(b) Resistive mapping
21%
(c) Mean resistivity
31%
(d) Critical distance
👍4❤1
3080. How is the fineness of cement measured?
Anonymous Quiz
22%
(a) Volume/Mass
55%
(b) Mass/Volume
14%
(c) Mass/Area
9%
(d) Area/Mass
❤5🙏3
3074. S etting time of cement decrease by reducing
Anonymous Quiz
35%
(a) gypsum
28%
(b) calcium chloride
26%
(c) hydrogen peroxide
11%
(d) sodium oxide
👍5
3055. Process of taking levels on each side of a main line at right angles to that line is called
Anonymous Quiz
22%
(a) Differential levelling
40%
(b) Cross-section levelling
30%
(c) Profile levelling
9%
(d) Reciprocal levelling
❤5
3039. Which line is perpendicular to the horizontal surface?
Anonymous Quiz
12%
(a) Level line
13%
(b) Horizontal line
20%
(c) Datum line
55%
(d) Vertical line
🔥3👏2
2995. The design tensile strength of tensile member is
Anonymous Quiz
26%
(a) Minimum of strength due to gross yielding, net section rupture, block shear
51%
(b) Maximum of strength due to gross yielding, net section rupture, block shear
19%
(c) Strength due to gross yielding
4%
(d) Strength due to block shear
❤4👍2
2975. A basic type of failure at a finite slope may occur due to
Anonymous Quiz
46%
(a) Slope failure and Base failure
25%
(b) Toe failure
6%
(c) None of the mentioned
23%
(d) All of the mentioned
👌5❤2
2973. A long natural slope of cohesion-less soil is inclined at 12° to the horizontal. What will be the factor of safety of the slope if φ = 30°?
Anonymous Quiz
28%
(a) 1.6
38%
(b) 2.7
20%
(c) 0.13
13%
(d) 0.4
👏4❤1
2972. If the soil properties for all identical depths below the surface are constant, it is a
Anonymous Quiz
38%
(a) Finite slope
24%
(b) Infinite slope
20%
(c) Planar failure surface
18%
(d) All of the mentioned
🙏3
2959. Compaction is a process in which change in volume due to
Anonymous Quiz
9%
(a) Remove of Water
48%
(b) Remove of Air
4%
(c) Remove of Soil Particles
39%
(d) All of the Above
👍3❤2
2941. The light-weight concrete may be produced by
Anonymous Quiz
41%
(a) Using lightweight aggregate
12%
(b) Incorporating air bubble in concrete
3%
(c) Omitting sand fraction
44%
(d) All of the above
❤8
2929. High strength bolt is used for
Anonymous Quiz
27%
(a) shear connection
7%
(b) slip resistant connection only
9%
(c) bearing type connection only
57%
(d) both slip resistant and bearing type connection
❤3
2927. By providing sufficient edge distance, which of the following failures of bolted joint can be avoided?
Anonymous Quiz
22%
(a) Tension failure of the plate
27%
(b) Shear failure of the bolt
34%
(c) Shear failure of the plate
17%
(d) Bearing failure of the bolt
❤2👏2
👉How Many Blocks Are Required for 1 m² Wall Area?
💫Let's explain how to calculate the number of concrete blocks needed to build a 1 square meter wall using standard block dimensions.
🔹 Block Size
Each block measures:
400 mm length (0.40 m)
200 mm height (0.20 m)
200 mm width (0.20 m)
🔹 Area Covered by One Block
Area = 0.40 m × 0.20 m
= 0.08 m² per block
🔹 Wall Area
A 1 m × 1 m wall has an area of 1.00 m²
🔹 Number of Blocks Required
1.00 m² ÷ 0.08 m²
= 12.5 ≈ 13 blocks
✅ Final Answer
To construct 1 m² of wall area, you need 13 concrete blocks of size 200 × 200 × 400 mm.
@etconp
💫Let's explain how to calculate the number of concrete blocks needed to build a 1 square meter wall using standard block dimensions.
🔹 Block Size
Each block measures:
400 mm length (0.40 m)
200 mm height (0.20 m)
200 mm width (0.20 m)
🔹 Area Covered by One Block
Area = 0.40 m × 0.20 m
= 0.08 m² per block
🔹 Wall Area
A 1 m × 1 m wall has an area of 1.00 m²
🔹 Number of Blocks Required
1.00 m² ÷ 0.08 m²
= 12.5 ≈ 13 blocks
✅ Final Answer
To construct 1 m² of wall area, you need 13 concrete blocks of size 200 × 200 × 400 mm.
@etconp
❤22
👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals
● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
☎️ Tel: 0961955555
🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital
🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza
● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
☎️ Tel: 0961955555
🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital
🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza
❤5👍1