👉Superelevation in Highway Design
🚧Superelevation is the transverse slope provided to a roadway at curves to counteract the centrifugal force acting on vehicles.
It ensures safety, comfort, and proper drainage while maintaining smooth traffic flow.
⭐️Key Stages of Superelevation Transition:
- Normal Section (Crown): Roadway with standard cross slope (0–5%).
- Runout Section: Gradual reduction of slope from normal crown to flat.
- Level Crown: Road surface becomes flat (0%).
- Reverse Crown: Opposite slope introduced to prepare for curve.
- Spiral Transition: Smooth change from flat to full superelevation.
- Full Superelevation: Maximum slope (up to 5–10%) achieved on the curve.
🏷Objectives:
- Prevent skidding and overturning on curves.
- Enhance driver comfort and vehicle stability.
- Maintain effective drainage.
- Provide a safe transition between tangent and curve.
- Meet geometric design standards for highways.
@etconp
🚧Superelevation is the transverse slope provided to a roadway at curves to counteract the centrifugal force acting on vehicles.
It ensures safety, comfort, and proper drainage while maintaining smooth traffic flow.
⭐️Key Stages of Superelevation Transition:
- Normal Section (Crown): Roadway with standard cross slope (0–5%).
- Runout Section: Gradual reduction of slope from normal crown to flat.
- Level Crown: Road surface becomes flat (0%).
- Reverse Crown: Opposite slope introduced to prepare for curve.
- Spiral Transition: Smooth change from flat to full superelevation.
- Full Superelevation: Maximum slope (up to 5–10%) achieved on the curve.
🏷Objectives:
- Prevent skidding and overturning on curves.
- Enhance driver comfort and vehicle stability.
- Maintain effective drainage.
- Provide a safe transition between tangent and curve.
- Meet geometric design standards for highways.
@etconp
❤15
👉የግንባታ ኮንትራት ዋና ዋና ቃላትና ትርጓሜዎቻቸው በአጭሩ የሚከተሉት ናቸው:-
1. የስራ መጠን ለውጦች (Variations)
- ኦሚሽን (Omission): የታቀደ ስራ ሲቀነስ ወይም ሲሰረዝ (ዋጋ ይቀንሳል)።
- አዲሽን (Addition): አዲስ ስራ ወይም ተጨማሪ መጠን ሲጨመር (ክፍያ ይጨምራል)።
- ቫሪዬሽን ኦርደር (VO): በዲዛይን ወይም በስራ መጠን ላይ ለውጥ ለማድረግ የሚሰጥ መደበኛ ትዕዛዝ።
2. የጊዜና የክፍያ ማበረታቻዎች/ቅጣቶች
- ቦነስ (Bonus): ስራው ከቀጠሮው በፊት ሲጠናቀቅ ለኮንትራክተሩ የሚሰጥ ሽልማት።
- ፔናልቲ (Penalty/LD): ስራው በጊዜ ካልተጠናቀቀ ከኮንትራክተሩ የሚቀነስ ቅጣት።
- የጊዜ ማራዘሚያ (EOT): ከኮንትራክተሩ ቁጥጥር ውጭ በሆኑ ምክንያቶች ለስራው የሚታከል ተጨማሪ ጊዜ።
- የዋጋ ለውጥ (Escalation): የጥሬ ዕቃዎች ወይም የነዳጅ ዋጋ በገበያ ላይ ሲጨምር የሚደረግ የዋጋ ማስተካከያ።
3. የክፍያ ዓይነቶችና ዋስትናዎች
- አድቫንስ (Advance): ስራ ለመጀመር ቅድሚያ የሚሰጥ ክፍያ (ከ10% - 20%)።
- ኢንተሪም ክፍያ (IPC): በየወሩ ለተከናወነ ስራ የሚከፈል ጊዜያዊ ክፍያ።
- ሪቴንሽን (Retention): ለጥራት ዋስትና ከእያንዳንዱ ክፍያ የሚቀነስ ገንዘብ (5% - 10%)።
- ፐርፎርማንስ ቦንድ: ኮንትራክተሩ ስራውን በአግባቡ ለመጨረሱ የሚይዘው የባንክ ዋስትና።
- የመጨረሻ ክፍያ (Final Payment): ፕሮጀክቱ ተጠናቆ ርክክብ ሲደረግ የሚፈፀም ክፍያ።
4. ከርክክብ በኋላ ያለ ኃላፊነት
- የጉድለት ኃላፊነት ጊዜ (DLP): ስራው ካለቀ በኋላ ባሉት 6 ወይም 12 ወራት ውስጥ የሚታዩ ብልሽቶች ኮንትራክተሩ በነፃ የሚያስተካክልበት ጊዜ።
@etconp
1. የስራ መጠን ለውጦች (Variations)
- ኦሚሽን (Omission): የታቀደ ስራ ሲቀነስ ወይም ሲሰረዝ (ዋጋ ይቀንሳል)።
- አዲሽን (Addition): አዲስ ስራ ወይም ተጨማሪ መጠን ሲጨመር (ክፍያ ይጨምራል)።
- ቫሪዬሽን ኦርደር (VO): በዲዛይን ወይም በስራ መጠን ላይ ለውጥ ለማድረግ የሚሰጥ መደበኛ ትዕዛዝ።
2. የጊዜና የክፍያ ማበረታቻዎች/ቅጣቶች
- ቦነስ (Bonus): ስራው ከቀጠሮው በፊት ሲጠናቀቅ ለኮንትራክተሩ የሚሰጥ ሽልማት።
- ፔናልቲ (Penalty/LD): ስራው በጊዜ ካልተጠናቀቀ ከኮንትራክተሩ የሚቀነስ ቅጣት።
- የጊዜ ማራዘሚያ (EOT): ከኮንትራክተሩ ቁጥጥር ውጭ በሆኑ ምክንያቶች ለስራው የሚታከል ተጨማሪ ጊዜ።
- የዋጋ ለውጥ (Escalation): የጥሬ ዕቃዎች ወይም የነዳጅ ዋጋ በገበያ ላይ ሲጨምር የሚደረግ የዋጋ ማስተካከያ።
3. የክፍያ ዓይነቶችና ዋስትናዎች
- አድቫንስ (Advance): ስራ ለመጀመር ቅድሚያ የሚሰጥ ክፍያ (ከ10% - 20%)።
- ኢንተሪም ክፍያ (IPC): በየወሩ ለተከናወነ ስራ የሚከፈል ጊዜያዊ ክፍያ።
- ሪቴንሽን (Retention): ለጥራት ዋስትና ከእያንዳንዱ ክፍያ የሚቀነስ ገንዘብ (5% - 10%)።
- ፐርፎርማንስ ቦንድ: ኮንትራክተሩ ስራውን በአግባቡ ለመጨረሱ የሚይዘው የባንክ ዋስትና።
- የመጨረሻ ክፍያ (Final Payment): ፕሮጀክቱ ተጠናቆ ርክክብ ሲደረግ የሚፈፀም ክፍያ።
4. ከርክክብ በኋላ ያለ ኃላፊነት
- የጉድለት ኃላፊነት ጊዜ (DLP): ስራው ካለቀ በኋላ ባሉት 6 ወይም 12 ወራት ውስጥ የሚታዩ ብልሽቶች ኮንትራክተሩ በነፃ የሚያስተካክልበት ጊዜ።
@etconp
❤23👍9🎉1
👉Slab Concrete Calculation – Ground Floor Example
💫1. Read Drawing & Data
- Plan Size: 6.00 m × 4.00 m
- Slab Thickness: 150 mm
- Staircase Opening: 2.50 m × 1.20 m
💫2. Gross Slab Area
- Total area of the slab before deductions.
💫3. Opening Area
- Area of staircase or other voids.
💫4. Net Slab Area
- Gross area minus openings.
💫5. Thickness Conversion
- Convert slab thickness into meters.
💫6. Concrete Volume
- Multiply net area by thickness.
💫7. Add Wastage
- Include 3–5% extra for handling and site loss.
✅Final Requirement
- Slab Concrete Needed ≈ 3.31 m³
- Always deduct openings (stairs, lifts, ducts) before calculating volume.
📜Caption
🔨 Precision in calculation ensures strength in construction. Every cubic meter counts when building the future!
#ConcreteAndSteel #ConstructionDetails #SlabDesign
#SiteWork #EngineeringEducation
@etconp
💫1. Read Drawing & Data
- Plan Size: 6.00 m × 4.00 m
- Slab Thickness: 150 mm
- Staircase Opening: 2.50 m × 1.20 m
💫2. Gross Slab Area
- Total area of the slab before deductions.
💫3. Opening Area
- Area of staircase or other voids.
💫4. Net Slab Area
- Gross area minus openings.
💫5. Thickness Conversion
- Convert slab thickness into meters.
💫6. Concrete Volume
- Multiply net area by thickness.
💫7. Add Wastage
- Include 3–5% extra for handling and site loss.
✅Final Requirement
- Slab Concrete Needed ≈ 3.31 m³
- Always deduct openings (stairs, lifts, ducts) before calculating volume.
📜Caption
🔨 Precision in calculation ensures strength in construction. Every cubic meter counts when building the future!
#ConcreteAndSteel #ConstructionDetails #SlabDesign
#SiteWork #EngineeringEducation
@etconp
❤15👍4
👉ቻይና ሙሉ በሙሉ በራሳቸው የሚንቀሳቀሱ ባቡሮችን ይፋ አደረገች
🚧በማዕከላዊ ቻይና ሁቤይ ግዛት ውስጥ የሚገኘው እና በእስያ አህጉር ረጅሙ ክበባዊ የሜትሮ መስመር ተብሎ የሚታወቀው የውሃን ሜትሮ 12 አዳዲስና ሙሉ በሙሉ አውቶማቲክ የሆኑ ባቡሮቹን ማክሰኞ ዕለት በይፋ አስተዋውቋል።
ይህ 59.9 ኪሎ ሜትር ርዝመት ያለው ታሪካዊ የሜትሮ መስመር እጅግ ዘመናዊ በሆነ ቴክኖሎጂ የተደራጀ ነው።
ባቡሮቹ የላቀ አውቶማቲክ የመንዳት ቴክኖሎጂን የሚጠቀሙ ሲሆን፣ ይህም ያለ አሽከርካሪ እርዳታ ሞተራቸውን በራሳቸው ማስነሳት፣ ጉዞ ማድረግ፣ መታጠፍ፣ ወደ ማቆሚያ መመለስ እና በተጠንቀቅ መቆም እንዲችሉ ያደርጋቸዋል።
ከዚህም በተጨማሪ የባቡሮቹን አጠቃላይ እንቅስቃሴ በርቀት መከታተልና መቆጣጠር የሚያስችል ዘመናዊ አሠራር ተገጥሞላቸዋል።
ፈጣን እና ምቹ አገልግሎት ለመስጠት የተዘጋጁት እነዚህ አዳዲስ ባቡሮች፣ በሰዓት ከፍተኛው እስከ 80 ኪሎ ሜትር ፍጥነት የመጓዝ አቅም አላቸው።
እያንዳንዱ ባቡር በተሟላ አቅሙ አገልግሎት ሲሰጥ በአንድ ጊዜ እስከ 2 ሺህ 592 መንገደኞችን የማጓጓዝ ከፍተኛ አቅም እንዳለው ፒፕልስ ዴይሊ ቻይና በዘገባው አመላክቷል።
@etconp
🚧በማዕከላዊ ቻይና ሁቤይ ግዛት ውስጥ የሚገኘው እና በእስያ አህጉር ረጅሙ ክበባዊ የሜትሮ መስመር ተብሎ የሚታወቀው የውሃን ሜትሮ 12 አዳዲስና ሙሉ በሙሉ አውቶማቲክ የሆኑ ባቡሮቹን ማክሰኞ ዕለት በይፋ አስተዋውቋል።
ይህ 59.9 ኪሎ ሜትር ርዝመት ያለው ታሪካዊ የሜትሮ መስመር እጅግ ዘመናዊ በሆነ ቴክኖሎጂ የተደራጀ ነው።
ባቡሮቹ የላቀ አውቶማቲክ የመንዳት ቴክኖሎጂን የሚጠቀሙ ሲሆን፣ ይህም ያለ አሽከርካሪ እርዳታ ሞተራቸውን በራሳቸው ማስነሳት፣ ጉዞ ማድረግ፣ መታጠፍ፣ ወደ ማቆሚያ መመለስ እና በተጠንቀቅ መቆም እንዲችሉ ያደርጋቸዋል።
ከዚህም በተጨማሪ የባቡሮቹን አጠቃላይ እንቅስቃሴ በርቀት መከታተልና መቆጣጠር የሚያስችል ዘመናዊ አሠራር ተገጥሞላቸዋል።
ፈጣን እና ምቹ አገልግሎት ለመስጠት የተዘጋጁት እነዚህ አዳዲስ ባቡሮች፣ በሰዓት ከፍተኛው እስከ 80 ኪሎ ሜትር ፍጥነት የመጓዝ አቅም አላቸው።
እያንዳንዱ ባቡር በተሟላ አቅሙ አገልግሎት ሲሰጥ በአንድ ጊዜ እስከ 2 ሺህ 592 መንገደኞችን የማጓጓዝ ከፍተኛ አቅም እንዳለው ፒፕልስ ዴይሊ ቻይና በዘገባው አመላክቷል።
@etconp
❤16👍2🔥2
👉የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ከንቲባ አዳነች አቤቤ በሰጡት መግለጫ በአሁኑ ወቅት በከተማዋ ግንባታቸው እየተከናወነ ለሚገኙ 100 ሺህ የሚጠጉ ቤቶች ቅድሚያ የሚሰጠው ለረጅም ዓመታት እየቆጠቡ ለቆዩ ነባር ተመዝጋቢዎች መሆኑን አረጋግጠዋል።
ከንቲባዋ እንዳመለከቱት በዚህ በጀት ዓመት ከ10 ሺህ እስከ 20 ሺህ የሚደርሱ ቤቶች ተጠናቀው ለተጠቃሚዎች የሚተላለፉ ሲሆን የተቀሩት ደግሞ ወደ ማጠናቀቂያ ምዕራፍ ተሸጋግረዋል።
ይሁን እንጂ ተመዝጋቢዎች ቤቶቹን ለመረከብ ያላቸውን የቁጠባ መጠን ማሳደግ እንዳለባቸውና የተወሰነውን ክፍያ መክፈል የሚችሉበትን አቅም መፍጠር እንደሚጠበቅባቸው አሳስበዋል፤ ምክንያቱም ቤቶቹ በባንክ ብድር የሚገነቡ በመሆናቸው ክፍያ መፈጸም ካልተቻለ ባንኩ ቤቶቹን ሊረከባቸው ስለሚችል ነው።
በተጨማሪም መንግስት በግልና በመንግስት አጋርነት በሚገነቡ ቤቶች ላይ ያለውን የ30 በመቶ ድርሻ ለገበያ በማቅረብ የቤት ሽያጭና የኪራይ ዋጋ እንዲረጋጋ እያደረገ መሆኑንና በቀጣይ 5 ዓመታት ውስጥም 1.5 ሚሊዮን ቤቶችን ለመገንባት በተለያዩ የፋይናንስ አማራጮች እየተሰራ መሆኑን ገልጸዋል።
በመጨረሻም አሮጌ የቀበሌ ቤቶችን መልሶ በመገንባት ነዋሪዎች በተሻሻለ ሁኔታ እንዲኖሩና አቅም ለሌላቸው ደግሞ በነፃና በዝቅተኛ ኪራይ ቤቶች እንዲመቻቹ እየተደረገ መሆኑን አስታውቀዋል።
@etconp
ከንቲባዋ እንዳመለከቱት በዚህ በጀት ዓመት ከ10 ሺህ እስከ 20 ሺህ የሚደርሱ ቤቶች ተጠናቀው ለተጠቃሚዎች የሚተላለፉ ሲሆን የተቀሩት ደግሞ ወደ ማጠናቀቂያ ምዕራፍ ተሸጋግረዋል።
ይሁን እንጂ ተመዝጋቢዎች ቤቶቹን ለመረከብ ያላቸውን የቁጠባ መጠን ማሳደግ እንዳለባቸውና የተወሰነውን ክፍያ መክፈል የሚችሉበትን አቅም መፍጠር እንደሚጠበቅባቸው አሳስበዋል፤ ምክንያቱም ቤቶቹ በባንክ ብድር የሚገነቡ በመሆናቸው ክፍያ መፈጸም ካልተቻለ ባንኩ ቤቶቹን ሊረከባቸው ስለሚችል ነው።
በተጨማሪም መንግስት በግልና በመንግስት አጋርነት በሚገነቡ ቤቶች ላይ ያለውን የ30 በመቶ ድርሻ ለገበያ በማቅረብ የቤት ሽያጭና የኪራይ ዋጋ እንዲረጋጋ እያደረገ መሆኑንና በቀጣይ 5 ዓመታት ውስጥም 1.5 ሚሊዮን ቤቶችን ለመገንባት በተለያዩ የፋይናንስ አማራጮች እየተሰራ መሆኑን ገልጸዋል።
በመጨረሻም አሮጌ የቀበሌ ቤቶችን መልሶ በመገንባት ነዋሪዎች በተሻሻለ ሁኔታ እንዲኖሩና አቅም ለሌላቸው ደግሞ በነፃና በዝቅተኛ ኪራይ ቤቶች እንዲመቻቹ እየተደረገ መሆኑን አስታውቀዋል።
@etconp
❤5🥰4👍2
@etconp compaction lab test.pdf
1.5 MB
soil compaction test with conclusion
Content
➪ definition
➪ objective
➪ how to apply on the field ?
➪ types ( in detail)
➪apparatus
➪ test procedure
➪ significance
➪ factors affecting compaction
➪ conclusion
Thank you Atul Hajong for sharing this document with us 🙏
#share
ይህን ፋይል ማውረድ ባትፈልጉ ቢያንስ ለጓደኞቻችው በማጋራት አጋርነታችሁን አሳዩን
የፋይል መጠን :- 1.4MB
File size:- 1.4MB
@etconp
Content
➪ definition
➪ objective
➪ how to apply on the field ?
➪ types ( in detail)
➪apparatus
➪ test procedure
➪ significance
➪ factors affecting compaction
➪ conclusion
Thank you Atul Hajong for sharing this document with us 🙏
#share
ይህን ፋይል ማውረድ ባትፈልጉ ቢያንስ ለጓደኞቻችው በማጋራት አጋርነታችሁን አሳዩን
የፋይል መጠን :- 1.4MB
File size:- 1.4MB
@etconp
❤12👍8👏3
👉Column Construction – Build Strong. Build Right. :
🔑 Key Details of Column Construction
- Reinforcement Cage
- Stirrups tied with a 135° hook for strong anchorage.
- Maintain minimum 8-inch spacing between stirrups for proper confinement.
- Use ½" diameter longitudinal bars with ¼" stirrups as per code.
- Concrete Pouring
- Ensure concrete achieves at least 2,500 psi strength for durability and safety.
- Concrete Vibration
- Apply a concrete vibrator to remove air pockets, improve compaction, and reduce water permeability.
- Formwork
- Use quality wooden planks for accurate alignment and smooth finish.
- Plumb Bob
- Always check vertical alignment with a plumb bob to keep the column perfectly straight.
📌 Notes
- Proper reinforcement and spacing ensure structural integrity.
- Vibration and compaction are critical for long-term durability.
- Accurate formwork and alignment prevent structural defects.
📜Caption:-Strong columns = strong structures. Precision in reinforcement, concrete, and alignment builds safety into every project.
#ConcreteAndSteel #ColumnConstruction #StructuralIntegrity #ConstructionDetails #EngineeringEducation
@etconp
🔑 Key Details of Column Construction
- Reinforcement Cage
- Stirrups tied with a 135° hook for strong anchorage.
- Maintain minimum 8-inch spacing between stirrups for proper confinement.
- Use ½" diameter longitudinal bars with ¼" stirrups as per code.
- Concrete Pouring
- Ensure concrete achieves at least 2,500 psi strength for durability and safety.
- Concrete Vibration
- Apply a concrete vibrator to remove air pockets, improve compaction, and reduce water permeability.
- Formwork
- Use quality wooden planks for accurate alignment and smooth finish.
- Plumb Bob
- Always check vertical alignment with a plumb bob to keep the column perfectly straight.
📌 Notes
- Proper reinforcement and spacing ensure structural integrity.
- Vibration and compaction are critical for long-term durability.
- Accurate formwork and alignment prevent structural defects.
📜Caption:-Strong columns = strong structures. Precision in reinforcement, concrete, and alignment builds safety into every project.
#ConcreteAndSteel #ColumnConstruction #StructuralIntegrity #ConstructionDetails #EngineeringEducation
@etconp
❤14
የኢትዮጵያ የህንጻ አዋጅ 1356.pdf
1.4 MB
👉ክፍል አንድ፡ ስለ አዲሱ የሕንፃ አዋጅ ቁጥር 1356/2017 ማወቅ ያለብዎት ወሳኝ ነጥቦች!
ማንኛውንም ግንባታ ከመጀመርዎ ወይም የጥገና ሥራ ከማከናወንዎ በፊት የአዋጁን ይዘት መረዳት ከሕግ ተጠያቂነት ከመታደጉም በላይ፣ ንብረትዎን ካልተገባ ብክነት ይጠብቃል።
ለዛሬ የአዋጁን ተፈጻሚነት፣ የ"ህንፃ" ትርጉም እና የግንባታ ባለቤቶች ግዴታን እንደሚከተለው በዝርዝር አቅርበንላችኋል።
🏢 "ህንፃ" የሚለው ቃል ሰፊ ትርጉም የተሰጠው ሲሆን የሚከተሉትን ግንባታዎች ያጠቃልላል፦
• ማንኛውም ለመኖሪያ፣ ለንግድ፣ ለኢንዱስትሪ ወይም ለሌላ አገልግሎት ታስቦ ከምድር በላይ ወይም በከርሰ-ምድር (Basement) የተገነባ ቋሚ ወይም ጊዜያዊ ግንባታ፤
• እንደ አጥር፣ የፍሳሽ ማስወገጃ መስመሮች፣ የውሃና መብራት ዝርጋታዎች ያሉ ተያያዥ ሥራዎች፤
• በህንፃው ግቢ ውስጥ የሚሰሩ መንገዶች እና ለህንፃው አገልግሎት እንዲውሉ ተለይተው የተሰሩ ማናቸውም መሰረተ-ልማቶች።
📍 የአዋጁ ተፈጻሚነት ወሰን (አንቀጽ 3)
አዋጁ በማንና የት ላይ ተፈጻሚ እንደሚሆን በአንቀጽ 3 ላይ በዝርዝር ተደንግጓል፦
• በከተሞች ውስጥ፦ 10,000 (አሥር ሺህ) እና ከዚያ በላይ ነዋሪዎች ባሏቸው ከተሞች በሚከናወኑ ግንባታዎች ሁሉ።
• ከከተማ ወሰን ውጭ፦ ለሕዝብ አገልግሎት የሚውሉ ሕንፃዎች (ትምህርት ቤት፣ ሆስፒታል ወዘተ)፣ የኢንዱስትሪ ወይም የዘመናዊ እርሻ ተቋማት እና የሪል ስቴት ግንባታዎች።
• ለነባር ሕንፃዎች፦ አዋጁ ከመውጣቱ በፊት የተገነቡ ሕንፃዎች ቢሆኑም፤ ለአካል ጉዳተኞች ተደራሽ ለማድረግ በሚደረግ ማሻሻያ እንዲሁም ለሕዝብ ደህንነትና ጤንነት አስጊ የሆኑ ሕንፃዎችን ለማስተካከል ወይም ለማፍረስ አዋጁ ተፈጻሚ ይሆናል።
@etconp
ማንኛውንም ግንባታ ከመጀመርዎ ወይም የጥገና ሥራ ከማከናወንዎ በፊት የአዋጁን ይዘት መረዳት ከሕግ ተጠያቂነት ከመታደጉም በላይ፣ ንብረትዎን ካልተገባ ብክነት ይጠብቃል።
ለዛሬ የአዋጁን ተፈጻሚነት፣ የ"ህንፃ" ትርጉም እና የግንባታ ባለቤቶች ግዴታን እንደሚከተለው በዝርዝር አቅርበንላችኋል።
🏢 "ህንፃ" የሚለው ቃል ሰፊ ትርጉም የተሰጠው ሲሆን የሚከተሉትን ግንባታዎች ያጠቃልላል፦
• ማንኛውም ለመኖሪያ፣ ለንግድ፣ ለኢንዱስትሪ ወይም ለሌላ አገልግሎት ታስቦ ከምድር በላይ ወይም በከርሰ-ምድር (Basement) የተገነባ ቋሚ ወይም ጊዜያዊ ግንባታ፤
• እንደ አጥር፣ የፍሳሽ ማስወገጃ መስመሮች፣ የውሃና መብራት ዝርጋታዎች ያሉ ተያያዥ ሥራዎች፤
• በህንፃው ግቢ ውስጥ የሚሰሩ መንገዶች እና ለህንፃው አገልግሎት እንዲውሉ ተለይተው የተሰሩ ማናቸውም መሰረተ-ልማቶች።
📍 የአዋጁ ተፈጻሚነት ወሰን (አንቀጽ 3)
አዋጁ በማንና የት ላይ ተፈጻሚ እንደሚሆን በአንቀጽ 3 ላይ በዝርዝር ተደንግጓል፦
• በከተሞች ውስጥ፦ 10,000 (አሥር ሺህ) እና ከዚያ በላይ ነዋሪዎች ባሏቸው ከተሞች በሚከናወኑ ግንባታዎች ሁሉ።
• ከከተማ ወሰን ውጭ፦ ለሕዝብ አገልግሎት የሚውሉ ሕንፃዎች (ትምህርት ቤት፣ ሆስፒታል ወዘተ)፣ የኢንዱስትሪ ወይም የዘመናዊ እርሻ ተቋማት እና የሪል ስቴት ግንባታዎች።
• ለነባር ሕንፃዎች፦ አዋጁ ከመውጣቱ በፊት የተገነቡ ሕንፃዎች ቢሆኑም፤ ለአካል ጉዳተኞች ተደራሽ ለማድረግ በሚደረግ ማሻሻያ እንዲሁም ለሕዝብ ደህንነትና ጤንነት አስጊ የሆኑ ሕንፃዎችን ለማስተካከል ወይም ለማፍረስ አዋጁ ተፈጻሚ ይሆናል።
@etconp
❤11
👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals
● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
☎️ Tel: 0961955555
🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital
🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza
● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
☎️ Tel: 0961955555
🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital
🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza
❤5
👉Road construction is more than just laying concrete—it’s a precise sequence of engineering steps that ensure durability, safety, and performance.
1. Site Survey & Alignment Marking
Every project begins with accurate surveying. Proper alignment guarantees that the road follows the intended design and minimizes future issues.
2. Excavation & Earthwork
The ground is excavated and leveled to form a strong foundation. This step ensures stability and prevents settlement problems.
3. Base Layer Preparation
A well‑prepared sub‑base distributes loads evenly, providing maximum stability for the structure above.
4. Formwork & Steel Reinforcement
Formwork shapes the road, while steel reinforcement adds strength and resists cracking under heavy loads.
5. Concrete Mixing & Batching
Quality concrete is mixed in precise proportions to achieve durability and long‑lasting performance.
6. Concrete Pouring & Spreading
The mix is poured and spread evenly, forming the structural body of the road.
7. Compaction & Leveling
Compaction removes air voids, while leveling ensures a smooth, uniform surface.
8. Joints & Texturing
Expansion joints and surface texturing improve longevity and safety, reducing wear and enhancing grip.
9. Curing & Finishing
Proper curing strengthens the concrete, while finishing touches ensure durability and a professional look.
Safety First. Quality Always. Engineering Excellence.
That’s how civil engineers build roads that last and cities that thrive.
#ConstructionDetails #ConcreteAndSteel #PlumbingDesign #EngineeringExcellence
@etconp
1. Site Survey & Alignment Marking
Every project begins with accurate surveying. Proper alignment guarantees that the road follows the intended design and minimizes future issues.
2. Excavation & Earthwork
The ground is excavated and leveled to form a strong foundation. This step ensures stability and prevents settlement problems.
3. Base Layer Preparation
A well‑prepared sub‑base distributes loads evenly, providing maximum stability for the structure above.
4. Formwork & Steel Reinforcement
Formwork shapes the road, while steel reinforcement adds strength and resists cracking under heavy loads.
5. Concrete Mixing & Batching
Quality concrete is mixed in precise proportions to achieve durability and long‑lasting performance.
6. Concrete Pouring & Spreading
The mix is poured and spread evenly, forming the structural body of the road.
7. Compaction & Leveling
Compaction removes air voids, while leveling ensures a smooth, uniform surface.
8. Joints & Texturing
Expansion joints and surface texturing improve longevity and safety, reducing wear and enhancing grip.
9. Curing & Finishing
Proper curing strengthens the concrete, while finishing touches ensure durability and a professional look.
Safety First. Quality Always. Engineering Excellence.
That’s how civil engineers build roads that last and cities that thrive.
#ConstructionDetails #ConcreteAndSteel #PlumbingDesign #EngineeringExcellence
@etconp
❤14👍4
In a plate load test, the size of plate recommended for gravely and dense sandy soil is
Anonymous Quiz
35%
30 cm square
30%
60 cm square
20%
75 cm square
15%
90 cm square
❤7👏3
Q) Which one of the following is used as a reinforcing material in asbestos-cement building products?
Anonymous Quiz
20%
Amphiobole
19%
Crocidolite
28%
Amosite
34%
Chrysolite
❤3👍3
Q) For a slump value of 150 mm to 175 mm, the compaction factor value of concrete may be about ________ .
Anonymous Quiz
26%
0.6 - 0.7
34%
0.7 - 0.8
22%
0.8 to 0.9
18%
above 0.9
👍5❤4
Q) The cement & water slurry coming on the top & setting on the surface is called ________ .
Anonymous Quiz
18%
Crazing
43%
Efflorescence
20%
Sulphate deterioration
18%
Laitance
👍4❤2
Q) The specific gravity of particles of ordinary portland cement is about _______ .
Anonymous Quiz
36%
2.65
19%
1
18%
2.55
27%
3.15
👍5❤1👏1
When a masonry wall is known as shear wall
Anonymous Quiz
15%
If the earthquake load is out of plane
40%
If it is reinforced
22%
If it is placed as infill to the frame
22%
If the earthquake load is on plnae
👏7
For a ribbed span, the minimum thickness of the ribs & that of the in-situ ribs are respectively?
Anonymous Quiz
22%
54 mm & 65 mm
21%
65 mm & 54 mm
21%
40 mm & 25 mm
36%
25 mm & 40 mm
🔥3❤2
The best alignment for a canals is when it is aligned along
Anonymous Quiz
19%
Valley line
29%
Stream line
41%
Contour line
11%
Ridge line
👍5❤1
A retaining wall of trapezoidal section having base width 'b' retains earth at its back. For no tension to be developed at base, the resultant force will intersect the base from centre line of the base, within
Anonymous Quiz
57%
b/3
23%
b/4
9%
b/5
12%
b/6
❤6🥰5
👉Common Plumbing Pipe Fittings in Water Supply Systems
⏺Plumbing fittings are essential components that connect, control, and direct water flow in supply systems.
🏷Each fitting serves a specific purpose, ensuring efficiency and safety in installation and maintenance.
- Adapter – Connects pipes or fittings of different types or sizes.
- 90° Elbow – Changes flow direction by 90°.
- 45° Elbow – Changes flow direction by 45°.
- 90° Street Elbow – Provides a 90° turn with one threaded end.
- Reducer – Connects pipes of different diameters.
- Tee – Splits flow into two directions.
- Male Cap – Closes the end of a female threaded pipe.
- Coupling – Joins two pipes with male threads.
- Coupling (Union) – Allows easy disconnection of joined pipes.
- Bushing – Reduces pipe size from male to female thread.
- Ball Valve – Controls flow by opening or closing.
- Universal Union – Connects pipes with easy disconnection.
- Galvanized Nipple – Short pipe with male threads on both ends.
- Angle Valve – Controls flow at a 90° angle.
- Shower Arm – Extends outlet for a showerhead.
- Water Tap / Faucet – Provides controlled water flow.
🚧These fittings are the backbone of water supply systems, enabling flexibility, maintenance, and proper distribution in residential and commercial plumbing.
#PlumbingDesign #CivilEngineering #WaterSupply
#PipeFittings #ConstructionDetails #ConcreteAndSteel
@etconp
⏺Plumbing fittings are essential components that connect, control, and direct water flow in supply systems.
🏷Each fitting serves a specific purpose, ensuring efficiency and safety in installation and maintenance.
- Adapter – Connects pipes or fittings of different types or sizes.
- 90° Elbow – Changes flow direction by 90°.
- 45° Elbow – Changes flow direction by 45°.
- 90° Street Elbow – Provides a 90° turn with one threaded end.
- Reducer – Connects pipes of different diameters.
- Tee – Splits flow into two directions.
- Male Cap – Closes the end of a female threaded pipe.
- Coupling – Joins two pipes with male threads.
- Coupling (Union) – Allows easy disconnection of joined pipes.
- Bushing – Reduces pipe size from male to female thread.
- Ball Valve – Controls flow by opening or closing.
- Universal Union – Connects pipes with easy disconnection.
- Galvanized Nipple – Short pipe with male threads on both ends.
- Angle Valve – Controls flow at a 90° angle.
- Shower Arm – Extends outlet for a showerhead.
- Water Tap / Faucet – Provides controlled water flow.
🚧These fittings are the backbone of water supply systems, enabling flexibility, maintenance, and proper distribution in residential and commercial plumbing.
#PlumbingDesign #CivilEngineering #WaterSupply
#PipeFittings #ConstructionDetails #ConcreteAndSteel
@etconp
👍5❤4