🏗️BUILDING MATERIALS – The Basic Elements of Every Strong Structure
Building materials are the foundation of every successful construction project.
The quality and proper selection of materials directly affect the strength, durability, safety, performance, and service life of a structure.
From residential buildings to bridges and high-rise structures, each material serves a specific engineering purpose.
1. Cement
Cement is a binding material that hardens when mixed with water.
It provides excellent compressive strength and is widely used in concrete, mortar, plastering, and grouting.
2. Fine Aggregates (Sand)
Sand fills the voids between coarse aggregates and improves the workability and finish of concrete and mortar. Clean and well-graded sand is essential for quality construction.
3. Coarse Aggregates
Coarse aggregates provide the bulk and strength of concrete. They help reduce shrinkage and are used in concrete, road construction, drainage, and foundation works.
4. Water
Water is essential for the hydration of cement and the workability of concrete. Clean and impurity-free water should be used for mixing and curing.
5. Bricks
Bricks are durable masonry units with good compressive strength and fire resistance. They are commonly used for walls, partitions, arches, and other masonry works.
6. Steel (TMT Bars)
Steel provides high tensile strength and works effectively with concrete. TMT bars are widely used in RCC beams, columns, slabs, footings, and foundations.
7. Wood
Wood is a strong, lightweight, and renewable building material. It is commonly used for doors, windows, formwork, scaffolding, roofing, and flooring.
8. Glass
Glass provides transparency, natural light, and aesthetic value. It is used in windows, doors, facades, partitions, and skylights.
9. Aluminium
Aluminium is lightweight, corrosion-resistant, durable, and requires low maintenance. It is widely used for windows, doors, curtain walls, roofing, and structural applications.
10. Stones
Stones are very strong, durable, and resistant to weather and fire. They are used in foundations, walls, pavements, flooring, cladding, and landscaping.
🔑 Key Point
Choosing the right building materials and ensuring proper quality control are essential for creating safe, durable, economical, and long-lasting structures.
Better materials lead to better construction and a stronger future.
@etconp
Building materials are the foundation of every successful construction project.
The quality and proper selection of materials directly affect the strength, durability, safety, performance, and service life of a structure.
From residential buildings to bridges and high-rise structures, each material serves a specific engineering purpose.
1. Cement
Cement is a binding material that hardens when mixed with water.
It provides excellent compressive strength and is widely used in concrete, mortar, plastering, and grouting.
2. Fine Aggregates (Sand)
Sand fills the voids between coarse aggregates and improves the workability and finish of concrete and mortar. Clean and well-graded sand is essential for quality construction.
3. Coarse Aggregates
Coarse aggregates provide the bulk and strength of concrete. They help reduce shrinkage and are used in concrete, road construction, drainage, and foundation works.
4. Water
Water is essential for the hydration of cement and the workability of concrete. Clean and impurity-free water should be used for mixing and curing.
5. Bricks
Bricks are durable masonry units with good compressive strength and fire resistance. They are commonly used for walls, partitions, arches, and other masonry works.
6. Steel (TMT Bars)
Steel provides high tensile strength and works effectively with concrete. TMT bars are widely used in RCC beams, columns, slabs, footings, and foundations.
7. Wood
Wood is a strong, lightweight, and renewable building material. It is commonly used for doors, windows, formwork, scaffolding, roofing, and flooring.
8. Glass
Glass provides transparency, natural light, and aesthetic value. It is used in windows, doors, facades, partitions, and skylights.
9. Aluminium
Aluminium is lightweight, corrosion-resistant, durable, and requires low maintenance. It is widely used for windows, doors, curtain walls, roofing, and structural applications.
10. Stones
Stones are very strong, durable, and resistant to weather and fire. They are used in foundations, walls, pavements, flooring, cladding, and landscaping.
🔑 Key Point
Choosing the right building materials and ensuring proper quality control are essential for creating safe, durable, economical, and long-lasting structures.
Better materials lead to better construction and a stronger future.
@etconp
❤9
👉እንደ የታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ህዳሴ ግድብ (GERD) ያሉ የግራቪቲ ግድቦች ዓላማዎችና አስፈላጊነታቸው።
📶 የግራቪቲ ግድብ (Gravity Dam) በውሃ ግፊት የሚፈጠረውን ኃይል በራሱ ክብደት በመቋቋም የሚረጋጋ ግዙፍ የኮንክሪት ወይም የድንጋይ ግንባታ ነው።
የግድቡ ከፍተኛ ክብደት በውሃው የሚፈጥረውን የጎንዮሽ ግፊት በመቋቋም መረጋጋቱን ያረጋግጣል።
1. የኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል (ሀይድሮፓወር) ማመንጨት
የግራቪቲ ግድቦች ዋና ዓላማ ከውሃ ኃይል ኤሌክትሪክ ማመንጨት ነው።
በማጠራቀሚያው (Reservoir) የተከማቸ ውሃ በተርባይኖች ውስጥ ይለቀቃል።
የሚፈሰው ውሃ ተርባይኖቹን ያሽከረክራል።
ተርባይኖቹ ጄነሬተሮችን በማንቀሳቀስ ኤሌክትሪክ ያመነጫሉ።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ ንጹህና ታዳሽ ኃይል ያቀርባል።
✅ በነዳጅ ላይ ያለውን ጥገኝነት ይቀንሳል።
✅ ኢንዱስትሪያል እድገትን ይደግፋል።
✅ ለከተማና ለገጠር አካባቢዎች የኤሌክትሪክ ተደራሽነትን ያሳድጋል።
2. ውሃ ማጠራቀም
ግራቪቲ ግድቦች ከፍተኛ መጠን ያለውን ውሃ ለማጠራቀም የሚያስችሉ ሰፊ ማጠራቀሚያዎችን ይፈጥራሉ።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ በድርቅ ወቅት የውሃ አቅርቦትን ያረጋግጣል።
✅ የወንዝ ፍሰት ልዩነቶችን ይቆጣጠራል።
✅ ለወደፊት ፍላጎቶች የውሃ ክምችት ይፈጥራል።
3. የጎርፍ መቆጣጠሪያ
በከፍተኛ ዝናብ ወቅት ግድቡ ተጨማሪ ውሃን በማከማቸት በቀስታ እንዲለቀቅ ያደርጋል።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የታችኛውን ተፋሰስ አካባቢ ከጎርፍ ይጠብቃል።
✅ ህይወት፣ እርሻ መሬትና መሠረተ ልማቶችን ይጠብቃል።
✅ ከጎርፍ የሚደርስ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጉዳትን ይቀንሳል።
4. የመስኖ ድጋፍ
የተከማቸ ውሃ ለእርሻ መስኖ ስራዎች ሊለቀቅ ይችላል።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የግብርና ምርታማነትን ያሳድጋል።
✅ የምግብ ዋስትናን ያጠናክራል።
✅ ዓመቱን ሙሉ የእርሻ ስራን ያስችላል።
5. ኢኮኖሚያዊ ልማት
ትላልቅ ግድቦች በቀጥታና በተዘዋዋሪ መንገድ የኢኮኖሚ እድገትን ያበረታታሉ።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የስራ ዕድሎችን ይፈጥራል።
✅ ኢንቨስትመንትን ይስባል።
✅ ኢንዱስትሪያዊ ልማትን ያፋጥናል።
✅ ከኤሌክትሪክ ሽያጭ ገቢ ያስገኛል።
6. የውሃ ትራንስፖርት (Navigation) ማሻሻል
በአንዳንድ ወንዞች ላይ የወንዝ ፍሰትን በመቆጣጠር የውሃ ትራንስፖርትን ለማሻሻል ይረዳል።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የሰዎችና የዕቃዎች መጓጓዣን ያሳልጣል።
✅ ንግድና ክልላዊ ትስስርን ያጠናክራል።
7. ድርቅን መቋቋም
በዝናባማ ወቅት ውሃ በማከማቸት በድርቅ ጊዜ እንዲውል ያደርጋል።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የውሃ ዋስትናን ያሳድጋል።
✅ ማህበረሰቦች ድርቅን እንዲቋቋሙ ይረዳል።
✅ ግብርናና ኢንዱስትሪን በውሃ እጥረት ጊዜ ይደግፋል።
8. የአካባቢ ጥበቃ
ከውሃ ኃይል የሚመነጨው ኤሌክትሪክ ነዳጅ ሳይቃጠል ይመረታል።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የበካይ ጋዞችን ልቀት ይቀንሳል።
✅ የአየር ንብረት ለውጥን ለመቀነስ ያግዛል።
✅ ዘላቂ የኃይል ምንጭ ያቀርባል።
9. የኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል ወደ ጎረቤት ሀገራት መላክ
GERD ከኢትዮጵያ ፍላጎት በላይ ኤሌክትሪክ ለማመንጨት አቅም አለው።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ ለጎረቤት ሀገራት ኃይል ማቅረብ ያስችላል።
✅ ክልላዊ ትብብርን ያጠናክራል።
✅ የውጭ ምንዛሬ ገቢ ያስገኛል።
10. ሀገራዊ ልማትና ስትራቴጂያዊ ጠቀሜታ
ትላልቅ ግድቦች እንደ ሀገራዊ ስትራቴጂያዊ መሠረተ ልማት ይቆጠራሉ።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የኃይል ዋስትናን ያጠናክራል።
✅ የረጅም ጊዜ ልማት እቅዶችን ይደግፋል።
✅ የዜጎችን ኑሮ ደረጃ ያሻሽላል።
✅ ሀገራዊ ራስን መቻልን ያጠናክራል።
● የግራቪቲ ግድብ መረጋጋት
የግራቪቲ ግድብ መረጋጋት በውሃ ግፊትና በግድቡ ክብደት መካከል ባለው ሚዛን ላይ ይመሰረታል።
W = የግድቡ ክብደት
P = በግድቡ ላይ የሚያገለግለው የውሃ ጎንዮሽ ግፊት ግድቡ የተረጋጋ እንዲሆን የግድቡ ክብደት ከውሃው ግፊት የሚፈጠረውን ኃይል መብለጥ አለበት።
@etconp
📶 የግራቪቲ ግድብ (Gravity Dam) በውሃ ግፊት የሚፈጠረውን ኃይል በራሱ ክብደት በመቋቋም የሚረጋጋ ግዙፍ የኮንክሪት ወይም የድንጋይ ግንባታ ነው።
የግድቡ ከፍተኛ ክብደት በውሃው የሚፈጥረውን የጎንዮሽ ግፊት በመቋቋም መረጋጋቱን ያረጋግጣል።
1. የኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል (ሀይድሮፓወር) ማመንጨት
የግራቪቲ ግድቦች ዋና ዓላማ ከውሃ ኃይል ኤሌክትሪክ ማመንጨት ነው።
በማጠራቀሚያው (Reservoir) የተከማቸ ውሃ በተርባይኖች ውስጥ ይለቀቃል።
የሚፈሰው ውሃ ተርባይኖቹን ያሽከረክራል።
ተርባይኖቹ ጄነሬተሮችን በማንቀሳቀስ ኤሌክትሪክ ያመነጫሉ።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ ንጹህና ታዳሽ ኃይል ያቀርባል።
✅ በነዳጅ ላይ ያለውን ጥገኝነት ይቀንሳል።
✅ ኢንዱስትሪያል እድገትን ይደግፋል።
✅ ለከተማና ለገጠር አካባቢዎች የኤሌክትሪክ ተደራሽነትን ያሳድጋል።
2. ውሃ ማጠራቀም
ግራቪቲ ግድቦች ከፍተኛ መጠን ያለውን ውሃ ለማጠራቀም የሚያስችሉ ሰፊ ማጠራቀሚያዎችን ይፈጥራሉ።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ በድርቅ ወቅት የውሃ አቅርቦትን ያረጋግጣል።
✅ የወንዝ ፍሰት ልዩነቶችን ይቆጣጠራል።
✅ ለወደፊት ፍላጎቶች የውሃ ክምችት ይፈጥራል።
3. የጎርፍ መቆጣጠሪያ
በከፍተኛ ዝናብ ወቅት ግድቡ ተጨማሪ ውሃን በማከማቸት በቀስታ እንዲለቀቅ ያደርጋል።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የታችኛውን ተፋሰስ አካባቢ ከጎርፍ ይጠብቃል።
✅ ህይወት፣ እርሻ መሬትና መሠረተ ልማቶችን ይጠብቃል።
✅ ከጎርፍ የሚደርስ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጉዳትን ይቀንሳል።
4. የመስኖ ድጋፍ
የተከማቸ ውሃ ለእርሻ መስኖ ስራዎች ሊለቀቅ ይችላል።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የግብርና ምርታማነትን ያሳድጋል።
✅ የምግብ ዋስትናን ያጠናክራል።
✅ ዓመቱን ሙሉ የእርሻ ስራን ያስችላል።
5. ኢኮኖሚያዊ ልማት
ትላልቅ ግድቦች በቀጥታና በተዘዋዋሪ መንገድ የኢኮኖሚ እድገትን ያበረታታሉ።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የስራ ዕድሎችን ይፈጥራል።
✅ ኢንቨስትመንትን ይስባል።
✅ ኢንዱስትሪያዊ ልማትን ያፋጥናል።
✅ ከኤሌክትሪክ ሽያጭ ገቢ ያስገኛል።
6. የውሃ ትራንስፖርት (Navigation) ማሻሻል
በአንዳንድ ወንዞች ላይ የወንዝ ፍሰትን በመቆጣጠር የውሃ ትራንስፖርትን ለማሻሻል ይረዳል።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የሰዎችና የዕቃዎች መጓጓዣን ያሳልጣል።
✅ ንግድና ክልላዊ ትስስርን ያጠናክራል።
7. ድርቅን መቋቋም
በዝናባማ ወቅት ውሃ በማከማቸት በድርቅ ጊዜ እንዲውል ያደርጋል።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የውሃ ዋስትናን ያሳድጋል።
✅ ማህበረሰቦች ድርቅን እንዲቋቋሙ ይረዳል።
✅ ግብርናና ኢንዱስትሪን በውሃ እጥረት ጊዜ ይደግፋል።
8. የአካባቢ ጥበቃ
ከውሃ ኃይል የሚመነጨው ኤሌክትሪክ ነዳጅ ሳይቃጠል ይመረታል።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የበካይ ጋዞችን ልቀት ይቀንሳል።
✅ የአየር ንብረት ለውጥን ለመቀነስ ያግዛል።
✅ ዘላቂ የኃይል ምንጭ ያቀርባል።
9. የኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል ወደ ጎረቤት ሀገራት መላክ
GERD ከኢትዮጵያ ፍላጎት በላይ ኤሌክትሪክ ለማመንጨት አቅም አለው።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ ለጎረቤት ሀገራት ኃይል ማቅረብ ያስችላል።
✅ ክልላዊ ትብብርን ያጠናክራል።
✅ የውጭ ምንዛሬ ገቢ ያስገኛል።
10. ሀገራዊ ልማትና ስትራቴጂያዊ ጠቀሜታ
ትላልቅ ግድቦች እንደ ሀገራዊ ስትራቴጂያዊ መሠረተ ልማት ይቆጠራሉ።
▢ አስፈላጊነቱ
✅ የኃይል ዋስትናን ያጠናክራል።
✅ የረጅም ጊዜ ልማት እቅዶችን ይደግፋል።
✅ የዜጎችን ኑሮ ደረጃ ያሻሽላል።
✅ ሀገራዊ ራስን መቻልን ያጠናክራል።
● የግራቪቲ ግድብ መረጋጋት
የግራቪቲ ግድብ መረጋጋት በውሃ ግፊትና በግድቡ ክብደት መካከል ባለው ሚዛን ላይ ይመሰረታል።
W = የግድቡ ክብደት
P = በግድቡ ላይ የሚያገለግለው የውሃ ጎንዮሽ ግፊት ግድቡ የተረጋጋ እንዲሆን የግድቡ ክብደት ከውሃው ግፊት የሚፈጠረውን ኃይል መብለጥ አለበት።
@etconp
❤4👍2
👉አንደ ቀን ጨምሩልን ባላቹ መሠረት ለዛሬ ብቻ የሚቆይ Full ኳንቲቲ ሰርቨይንግ Online Course ለምትወስዱ የ ETABS ኮርስ በነፃ ይመረቅላቹዋል❤️
🚀 ዛሬውኑ ይመዝገቡ እና የ Quantity Surveying ክህሎትዎን ወደ ሌላ ደረጃ ያሳድጉ!
⭐️ኮርሱ ለመጀመር👇
https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a5e233a9c5e0_etconp
🚀 ዛሬውኑ ይመዝገቡ እና የ Quantity Surveying ክህሎትዎን ወደ ሌላ ደረጃ ያሳድጉ!
⭐️ኮርሱ ለመጀመር👇
https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a5e233a9c5e0_etconp
🙏4👏1
👉ስላብ ላይ መሀሉ ላይ የላይኛው ብረት (Top Bar) የማይደረግበት ዋና ዋና ምክንያቶች፦
1️⃣ Negative Moment Area (የድጋፍ አቅራቢያ)፦በስላብ ዲዛይን ጊዜ በጨረር/ቢም አቅራቢያ (በድጋፎች ላይ) ከፍተኛ የመወጠር ኃይል (Negative Bending Moment) ይፈጠራል።
ስለዚህ በስላቡ ጠርዝና ማዕዘናት ላይ ይህንን ኃይል ለመቋቋም ተጨማሪ የላይኛው ብረት (Top Extra Rebar / Curtailment Bars) ይደረጋል።
2️⃣ Positive Moment Area (የስላቡ መሀል)፦ በስላቡ መሀል ክፍል (Mid-span) ላይ ደግሞ የመወጠር ኃይሉ የሚኖረው በታችኛው ክፍል (Bottom Reinforcement) ላይ ነው። ስለዚህ በስላቡ መሀል የታችኛው ብረት (Bottom Mesh) ብቻ ኃይሉን (Positive Moment) ስለሚሸከመው ተጨማሪ የላይኛው ብረት አያስፈልገውም።
3️⃣ የቁሳቁስ ቁጠባ (Economic Curtailment)፦አላስፈላጊ ቦታ ላይ የላይኛውን ብረት መዘርጋት የብረት ብክነትን እና የህንፃውን አላስፈላጊ ክብደት ይጨምራል።
ስለዚህ ስትራክቸራል ኢንጂነሩ Bending Moment የሌለበት ወይም አነስተኛ በሆነበት በመሀከለኛው ክፍል ላይ የላይኛውን ብረት በማስቀረት ብረቱን ይቆርጣል (Bar Curtailment / Cut-off Detail)።
💡 የሳይት ማስታወሻ፦
መሀሉ ላይ የሚታየው ክፍተት የላይኛው ብረት (Top Extra) የሌለበት ቦታ እንጂ፣ በስላቡ ስር ያለው የታችኛው ሜሽ ብረት (Bottom Mesh Reinforcement) በጠቅላላው የስላብ አካል ላይ ያለ ምንም መቋረጥ ተዘርግቶ አልፏል።
https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG
@etconp
1️⃣ Negative Moment Area (የድጋፍ አቅራቢያ)፦በስላብ ዲዛይን ጊዜ በጨረር/ቢም አቅራቢያ (በድጋፎች ላይ) ከፍተኛ የመወጠር ኃይል (Negative Bending Moment) ይፈጠራል።
ስለዚህ በስላቡ ጠርዝና ማዕዘናት ላይ ይህንን ኃይል ለመቋቋም ተጨማሪ የላይኛው ብረት (Top Extra Rebar / Curtailment Bars) ይደረጋል።
2️⃣ Positive Moment Area (የስላቡ መሀል)፦ በስላቡ መሀል ክፍል (Mid-span) ላይ ደግሞ የመወጠር ኃይሉ የሚኖረው በታችኛው ክፍል (Bottom Reinforcement) ላይ ነው። ስለዚህ በስላቡ መሀል የታችኛው ብረት (Bottom Mesh) ብቻ ኃይሉን (Positive Moment) ስለሚሸከመው ተጨማሪ የላይኛው ብረት አያስፈልገውም።
3️⃣ የቁሳቁስ ቁጠባ (Economic Curtailment)፦አላስፈላጊ ቦታ ላይ የላይኛውን ብረት መዘርጋት የብረት ብክነትን እና የህንፃውን አላስፈላጊ ክብደት ይጨምራል።
ስለዚህ ስትራክቸራል ኢንጂነሩ Bending Moment የሌለበት ወይም አነስተኛ በሆነበት በመሀከለኛው ክፍል ላይ የላይኛውን ብረት በማስቀረት ብረቱን ይቆርጣል (Bar Curtailment / Cut-off Detail)።
💡 የሳይት ማስታወሻ፦
መሀሉ ላይ የሚታየው ክፍተት የላይኛው ብረት (Top Extra) የሌለበት ቦታ እንጂ፣ በስላቡ ስር ያለው የታችኛው ሜሽ ብረት (Bottom Mesh Reinforcement) በጠቅላላው የስላብ አካል ላይ ያለ ምንም መቋረጥ ተዘርግቶ አልፏል።
https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG
@etconp
❤5
👉የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ውል አዘገጃጀት — ሙያዊ መመሪያ በአማርኛ
🏛የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ውል ከመዘጋጀቱ በፊት ሊታወቁና ሊካተቱ የሚገባቸውን ዋና ዋና ጉዳዮች በአማርኛ የሚያብራራ ሙያዊ መመሪያ።
ውል በኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ውስጥ የባለቤትና የተቋራጭ መብትና ግዴታን በግልጽ ለማስቀመጥ፣ አለመግባባቶችን ለመቀነስ እና የሥራ ሂደቱን በተደራጀ መልኩ ለመመራት አስፈላጊ ነው።
👷 ሲቪልና ኮንስትራክሽን መሐንዲሶች
⚖️ የሕግ ባለሙያዎች
🏗️ ተቋራጮችና አማካሪዎች
📋 ፕሮጀክት ማኔጀሮች
🎓 የኮንስትራክሽን ተማሪዎች የሚጠቅም ምርጥ መፅሐፍ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇
https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a9aa58c0b37b_etconp
🏛የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ውል ከመዘጋጀቱ በፊት ሊታወቁና ሊካተቱ የሚገባቸውን ዋና ዋና ጉዳዮች በአማርኛ የሚያብራራ ሙያዊ መመሪያ።
ውል በኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ውስጥ የባለቤትና የተቋራጭ መብትና ግዴታን በግልጽ ለማስቀመጥ፣ አለመግባባቶችን ለመቀነስ እና የሥራ ሂደቱን በተደራጀ መልኩ ለመመራት አስፈላጊ ነው።
👷 ሲቪልና ኮንስትራክሽን መሐንዲሶች
⚖️ የሕግ ባለሙያዎች
🏗️ ተቋራጮችና አማካሪዎች
📋 ፕሮጀክት ማኔጀሮች
🎓 የኮንስትራክሽን ተማሪዎች የሚጠቅም ምርጥ መፅሐፍ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇
https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a9aa58c0b37b_etconp
❤4🙏3
📐 HOW TO READ CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS – A SIMPLE GUIDE FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS & STUDENTS
Understanding construction drawings is an essential skill for every civil engineer, site engineer, and construction professional.
A complete drawing set provides the information needed to visualize the project, understand dimensions, levels, materials, and execute the work accurately.
🔹 1. Title Block
Check the project name, drawing title, drawing number, scale, date, designed by, drawn by, and checked by details.
🔹 2. Scale
Always understand the drawing scale before taking measurements. Common scales include 1:50, 1:100, 1:150, and 1:200.
🔹 3. Symbols
Learn standard symbols used for columns, brick walls, doors, windows, ventilators, staircases, center lines, section marks, and level marks.
🔹 4. Plan Drawing
A floor plan shows the building layout through a horizontal cut. It helps identify rooms, walls, openings, columns, stairs, and dimensions.
🔹 5. Dimensions
Read all dimensions carefully and follow the overall dimensions. Never estimate measurements directly from the drawing unless specifically required.
🔹 6. Section Drawing
Sections provide a vertical view of the structure and help understand heights, levels, foundations, slabs, lintels, and other structural elements.
🔹 7. Elevation Drawing
Elevations show the external appearance of the building, including doors, windows, roof details, proportions, and architectural features.
🔹 8. General Notes
Always read specifications, material requirements, workmanship standards, and all construction notes before starting execution.
📌 Best Practice: Start with the title block, understand the scale and symbols, then study the plan, section, elevation, dimensions, and general notes. Proper drawing interpretation helps prevent construction errors and ensures accurate execution.
🌐ለተጨማሪ መረጃ እና ሌሎች የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ዜናዎች የ YouTube ገፃችን ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት SubScribe አርገው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ👇
https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG
@etconp
Understanding construction drawings is an essential skill for every civil engineer, site engineer, and construction professional.
A complete drawing set provides the information needed to visualize the project, understand dimensions, levels, materials, and execute the work accurately.
🔹 1. Title Block
Check the project name, drawing title, drawing number, scale, date, designed by, drawn by, and checked by details.
🔹 2. Scale
Always understand the drawing scale before taking measurements. Common scales include 1:50, 1:100, 1:150, and 1:200.
🔹 3. Symbols
Learn standard symbols used for columns, brick walls, doors, windows, ventilators, staircases, center lines, section marks, and level marks.
🔹 4. Plan Drawing
A floor plan shows the building layout through a horizontal cut. It helps identify rooms, walls, openings, columns, stairs, and dimensions.
🔹 5. Dimensions
Read all dimensions carefully and follow the overall dimensions. Never estimate measurements directly from the drawing unless specifically required.
🔹 6. Section Drawing
Sections provide a vertical view of the structure and help understand heights, levels, foundations, slabs, lintels, and other structural elements.
🔹 7. Elevation Drawing
Elevations show the external appearance of the building, including doors, windows, roof details, proportions, and architectural features.
🔹 8. General Notes
Always read specifications, material requirements, workmanship standards, and all construction notes before starting execution.
📌 Best Practice: Start with the title block, understand the scale and symbols, then study the plan, section, elevation, dimensions, and general notes. Proper drawing interpretation helps prevent construction errors and ensures accurate execution.
🌐ለተጨማሪ መረጃ እና ሌሎች የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ዜናዎች የ YouTube ገፃችን ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት SubScribe አርገው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ👇
https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction7?si=ils307xXQQpIdCwG
@etconp
❤6🥰2
👉STEEL STRUCTURE BUILDING FRAME – RAFTER-TO-COLUMN ASSEMBLY
A steel structure building frame is designed to provide a strong, durable, and efficient load-bearing system for industrial sheds, warehouses, workshops, and commercial buildings.
The main structural components work together to safely transfer roof and wind loads down to the concrete foundation.
🔹 Main Components
1. Welded Base Plate Detail
The steel column is welded to a base plate, which is fixed to the concrete foundation using high-strength anchor bolts. The base plate distributes structural loads safely to the foundation.
2. Rafter-to-Column Assembly
The connection between the tapered rafter and steel column is made using connection plates, stiffener plates, high-strength bolts, and washers. This ensures effective load transfer and structural stability.
3. Roof Purlin – Z200 Section
Z-shaped steel purlins support the roof sheeting and transfer roof loads to the main rafters. They are lightweight, strong, and suitable for long-span steel buildings.
4. Galvanized Steel Column
The main vertical steel columns support the complete structural system. Galvanization provides improved resistance against corrosion and increases service life.
5. Cross Bracing
Cross bracing improves lateral stability and helps the structure resist wind forces and other horizontal loads.
6. Tapered Rafter
The tapered steel rafter forms the main roof frame and efficiently carries roof loads to the columns. Its varying depth helps optimize steel usage.
7. Roof Purlin
Roof purlins are secondary structural members placed between main rafters to support roofing sheets and distribute loads.
8. Wall Girts – Z200 Section
Wall girts provide support for wall cladding and transfer wind loads to the primary steel frame.
9. Base Plate & Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts securely connect the steel column base to the concrete foundation, preventing movement and ensuring a stable connection.
10. Concrete Foundation
The reinforced concrete foundation transfers the loads from the steel structure safely to the ground.
📐 Typical Building Dimensions
Building Width (Clear Span): 12.0 m
Bay Spacing: 6.0 m
Eave Height: 8.0 m
Roof Pitch: Approximately 1:10
Purlin Spacing: 1.4–1.6 m c/c
Girt Spacing: 1.2–1.5 m c/c
🏗️ Construction Sequence
1. Construct concrete foundations and install anchor bolts.
2. Erect and align steel columns.
3. Install rafters and primary connections.
4. Fix purlins, girts, and cross bracing.
5. Install roofing and wall cladding.
6. Complete final alignment, bolting, and structural inspection.
@etconp
A steel structure building frame is designed to provide a strong, durable, and efficient load-bearing system for industrial sheds, warehouses, workshops, and commercial buildings.
The main structural components work together to safely transfer roof and wind loads down to the concrete foundation.
🔹 Main Components
1. Welded Base Plate Detail
The steel column is welded to a base plate, which is fixed to the concrete foundation using high-strength anchor bolts. The base plate distributes structural loads safely to the foundation.
2. Rafter-to-Column Assembly
The connection between the tapered rafter and steel column is made using connection plates, stiffener plates, high-strength bolts, and washers. This ensures effective load transfer and structural stability.
3. Roof Purlin – Z200 Section
Z-shaped steel purlins support the roof sheeting and transfer roof loads to the main rafters. They are lightweight, strong, and suitable for long-span steel buildings.
4. Galvanized Steel Column
The main vertical steel columns support the complete structural system. Galvanization provides improved resistance against corrosion and increases service life.
5. Cross Bracing
Cross bracing improves lateral stability and helps the structure resist wind forces and other horizontal loads.
6. Tapered Rafter
The tapered steel rafter forms the main roof frame and efficiently carries roof loads to the columns. Its varying depth helps optimize steel usage.
7. Roof Purlin
Roof purlins are secondary structural members placed between main rafters to support roofing sheets and distribute loads.
8. Wall Girts – Z200 Section
Wall girts provide support for wall cladding and transfer wind loads to the primary steel frame.
9. Base Plate & Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts securely connect the steel column base to the concrete foundation, preventing movement and ensuring a stable connection.
10. Concrete Foundation
The reinforced concrete foundation transfers the loads from the steel structure safely to the ground.
📐 Typical Building Dimensions
Building Width (Clear Span): 12.0 m
Bay Spacing: 6.0 m
Eave Height: 8.0 m
Roof Pitch: Approximately 1:10
Purlin Spacing: 1.4–1.6 m c/c
Girt Spacing: 1.2–1.5 m c/c
🏗️ Construction Sequence
1. Construct concrete foundations and install anchor bolts.
2. Erect and align steel columns.
3. Install rafters and primary connections.
4. Fix purlins, girts, and cross bracing.
5. Install roofing and wall cladding.
6. Complete final alignment, bolting, and structural inspection.
@etconp
❤9👌3
Ethio Construction Engineering
👉STEEL STRUCTURE BUILDING FRAME – RAFTER-TO-COLUMN ASSEMBLY A steel structure building frame is designed to provide a strong, durable, and efficient load-bearing system for industrial sheds, warehouses, workshops, and commercial buildings. The main structural…
🏛በ Steel Structure የተሰራ Warehouse (መጋዘን ህንፃ)
📐ሙሉ Design + Shop Drawing
📏Elevation ጨምሮ Detail Drawings
💻 Editable .DWG Files
👷 ለመሐንዲሶች፣አርክቴክቶች እና ኮንትራክተሮች የሚሆን ምርጥ ፋይል ከፈለጉ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇
https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a98fa511d0af_etconp
📐ሙሉ Design + Shop Drawing
📏Elevation ጨምሮ Detail Drawings
💻 Editable .DWG Files
👷 ለመሐንዲሶች፣አርክቴክቶች እና ኮንትራክተሮች የሚሆን ምርጥ ፋይል ከፈለጉ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇
https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a98fa511d0af_etconp
❤5🥰1
👉በሳምንት አራት ሜትር የሚያድገው የወደፊቱ የአለማችን ቀዳሚው ሰማይ ታካኪ ሕንፃ 100ኛ ወለል ላይ ደረሰ
በሳውዲ አረቢያ ለዓመታት ግንባታው ቆሞ የነበረውና የዓለማችንን ሰማይ ጠቅስ ሕንፃዎች ታሪክ ለመቀየር የተወጠነው የጂዳህ ታወር (Jeddah Tower) ግንባታ በከፍተኛ ፍጥነት ወደ ላይ እየተመነደገ ይገኛል።
ይህ ከአንድ ኪሎሜትር በላይ ቁመት እንዲኖረው ታስቦ የሚገነባው ግዙፍ ፕሮጀክት፣ በዱባይ የሚገኘውንና 828 ሜትር ርዝመት ያለውን ቡርጅ ኸሊፋን በጥቂት መቶ ሜትሮች በልጦ የአንደኝነትን ዘውድ ለመቀናጀት እየተፋጠነ ነው።
በአሁኑ ወቅት ግንባታው ከ100 ፎቆች በላይ አልፎ ከ430 ሜትር በላይ ከፍታ ላይ የደረሰ ሲሆን፣ በሳምንት በአማካይ አራት ሜትር ያህል ወደ ሰማይ እየተመመ ይገኛል።
@etconp
በሳውዲ አረቢያ ለዓመታት ግንባታው ቆሞ የነበረውና የዓለማችንን ሰማይ ጠቅስ ሕንፃዎች ታሪክ ለመቀየር የተወጠነው የጂዳህ ታወር (Jeddah Tower) ግንባታ በከፍተኛ ፍጥነት ወደ ላይ እየተመነደገ ይገኛል።
ኒውስዊክ "World’s Tallest Skyscraper Hits Major New Construction Milestone" በሚል ርዕስ ባወጣው መረጃ ሕንፃው የ100ኛ ፎቅ ምዕራፍን በማለፍ የዓለማችንን ረጅሙን ህንፃ ሪኮርድ ለመስበር ምልከታውን አድርጓል።
ይህ ከአንድ ኪሎሜትር በላይ ቁመት እንዲኖረው ታስቦ የሚገነባው ግዙፍ ፕሮጀክት፣ በዱባይ የሚገኘውንና 828 ሜትር ርዝመት ያለውን ቡርጅ ኸሊፋን በጥቂት መቶ ሜትሮች በልጦ የአንደኝነትን ዘውድ ለመቀናጀት እየተፋጠነ ነው።
የሕንፃው ዋና አርክቴክቶች አድሪያን ስሚዝ ኤንድ ጎርዶን ጊል እንደገለጹት፣ የ100ኛ ፎቅ ምዕራፍ መደረሱ ለቀጣዮቹ ትላልቅ ስኬቶች በር የከፈተ ትልቅ ማይልስቶን ነው።
በአሁኑ ወቅት ግንባታው ከ100 ፎቆች በላይ አልፎ ከ430 ሜትር በላይ ከፍታ ላይ የደረሰ ሲሆን፣ በሳምንት በአማካይ አራት ሜትር ያህል ወደ ሰማይ እየተመመ ይገኛል።
ሙሉ በሙሉ ተጠናቆ ለአገልግሎት በ2028 ዓ.ም ክፍት ይሆናል ተብሎ የሚጠበቀው ይህ ሜጋ ፕሮጀክት፣ የጂዳህ ኤኮኖሚክ ሲቲ ዋና ማዕከል ሲሆን የቅንጦት ሆቴሎችን፣ የመኖሪያ አፓርታማዎችን፣ የንግድ ቢሮዎችንና በዓለማችን ከፍተኛ ቦታ ላይ የሚያርፈውን የመመልከቻ ሰገነት (observation deck) ይይዛል።
በቀይ ባህር ዳርቻ ላይ የሚቆመው ይህ ግዙፍ መዋቅር፣ በነፋስ ግፊትና በጂኦቴክኒካል ጥንካሬ በኩል የዘመኑን የምህንድስና ጥበብ የመጨረሻ ጥግ ያሳየ ነው።
@etconp
❤5👍3
👉የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ውል አዘገጃጀት — ሙያዊ መመሪያ በአማርኛ
🏛የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ውል ከመዘጋጀቱ በፊት ሊታወቁና ሊካተቱ የሚገባቸውን ዋና ዋና ጉዳዮች በአማርኛ የሚያብራራ ሙያዊ መመሪያ።
👷 ሲቪልና ኮንስትራክሽን መሐንዲሶች
⚖️ የሕግ ባለሙያዎች
🏗️ ተቋራጮችና አማካሪዎች
📋 ፕሮጀክት ማኔጀሮች
🎓 የኮንስትራክሽን ተማሪዎች የሚጠቅም ምርጥ መፅሐፍ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇
https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a9aa58c0b37b_etconp
🏛የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ውል ከመዘጋጀቱ በፊት ሊታወቁና ሊካተቱ የሚገባቸውን ዋና ዋና ጉዳዮች በአማርኛ የሚያብራራ ሙያዊ መመሪያ።
👷 ሲቪልና ኮንስትራክሽን መሐንዲሶች
⚖️ የሕግ ባለሙያዎች
🏗️ ተቋራጮችና አማካሪዎች
📋 ፕሮጀክት ማኔጀሮች
🎓 የኮንስትራክሽን ተማሪዎች የሚጠቅም ምርጥ መፅሐፍ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇
https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a9aa58c0b37b_etconp
❤3👍1👏1
🏗️ Improved Concrete Mix with Additives & Fibers
🌟Want a stronger, more durable, and crack-resistant concrete mix?
🏛This improved mix combines quality cement, properly graded aggregates, controlled water, plasticizer, and polypropylene fibers to enhance concrete performance.
📌 Typical Mix Proportion (By Volume)
1 Bag Cement – Provides binding strength and holds the mix together.
5 Buckets Sand – Clean, well-graded fine aggregate improves workability and finish.
6 Buckets Gravel – Coarse aggregate provides strength and stability.
4 Buckets Water (Approx. 25–30 L) – Add gradually and adjust according to required workability.
Plasticizer / Water Reducer – Improves workability and flow while helping reduce water demand.
Polypropylene Fibers – Help control shrinkage cracking and improve impact resistance and durability.
🔹 Typical Mix Ratio
Cement : Sand : Gravel = 1 : 1.5 : 3
Water–Cement Ratio: Approximately 0.45–0.55, depending on the required workability and site conditions.
⚠️ Important Notes
✔ Measure all materials accurately.
✔ Use clean water and properly graded aggregates.
✔ Add water gradually—avoid making the mix too wet.
✔ Follow the manufacturer’s recommended dosage for plasticizer and fibers.
✔ Mix thoroughly for uniform distribution of fibers and materials.
✔ Place and compact concrete properly to remove air voids.
✔ Cure the concrete adequately to achieve the required strength and durability.
Note: The exact mix design should be selected based on the required concrete grade, structural design, material properties, and applicable local standards.
@etconp
🌟Want a stronger, more durable, and crack-resistant concrete mix?
🏛This improved mix combines quality cement, properly graded aggregates, controlled water, plasticizer, and polypropylene fibers to enhance concrete performance.
📌 Typical Mix Proportion (By Volume)
1 Bag Cement – Provides binding strength and holds the mix together.
5 Buckets Sand – Clean, well-graded fine aggregate improves workability and finish.
6 Buckets Gravel – Coarse aggregate provides strength and stability.
4 Buckets Water (Approx. 25–30 L) – Add gradually and adjust according to required workability.
Plasticizer / Water Reducer – Improves workability and flow while helping reduce water demand.
Polypropylene Fibers – Help control shrinkage cracking and improve impact resistance and durability.
🔹 Typical Mix Ratio
Cement : Sand : Gravel = 1 : 1.5 : 3
Water–Cement Ratio: Approximately 0.45–0.55, depending on the required workability and site conditions.
⚠️ Important Notes
✔ Measure all materials accurately.
✔ Use clean water and properly graded aggregates.
✔ Add water gradually—avoid making the mix too wet.
✔ Follow the manufacturer’s recommended dosage for plasticizer and fibers.
✔ Mix thoroughly for uniform distribution of fibers and materials.
✔ Place and compact concrete properly to remove air voids.
✔ Cure the concrete adequately to achieve the required strength and durability.
Note: The exact mix design should be selected based on the required concrete grade, structural design, material properties, and applicable local standards.
@etconp
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🛣️SOIL NAILING – SLOPE STABILIZATION
Soil nailing is an effective ground improvement and slope stabilization technique used to strengthen existing soil slopes and excavations.
Steel bars, known as soil nails, are installed into pre-drilled holes and grouted with cement to reinforce the soil mass and improve overall stability.
🔹 How Soil Nailing Works
1️⃣ Drilling Boreholes: Holes are drilled into the slope at the required angle, typically 10°–20° downward.
2️⃣ Soil Nail Installation: Steel reinforcing bars are inserted into the boreholes and grouted.
3️⃣ Drainage System: Perforated drainage pipes are installed to control groundwater and reduce water pressure.
4️⃣ Wire Mesh Reinforcement: Wire mesh is fixed over the slope surface to provide additional support.
5️⃣ Shotcrete Application: Concrete facing is applied in layers, typically 75–150 mm thick.
6️⃣ Repeat the Process: The construction sequence continues progressively until the complete slope is stabilized.
📐 Typical Parameters
• Nail Diameter: 25–32 mm
• Nail Length: 4–8 m
• Bond Length: 3–6 m
• Nail Inclination: 10°–20° downward
• Horizontal Spacing: 1.0–2.0 m
• Vertical Spacing: 1.0–1.5 m
• Shotcrete Thickness: 75–150 mm
• Drainage Pipe Diameter: 100–150 mm
✅ Key Benefits
✔ Stabilizes existing and newly cut slopes
✔ Cost-effective compared with major retaining structures
✔ Requires relatively small equipment and working space
✔ Suitable for roads, bridges, excavations, and infrastructure projects
✔ Allows fast and efficient construction
🏗️ Typical Applications
• Highway and road cut slopes
• Bridge approaches
• Excavation support
• Landslide mitigation
• Urban infrastructure projects
Soil nailing transforms unstable slopes into reinforced soil structures, helping create safer roads, stronger infrastructure, and more reliable construction on challenging terrain.
@etconp
Soil nailing is an effective ground improvement and slope stabilization technique used to strengthen existing soil slopes and excavations.
Steel bars, known as soil nails, are installed into pre-drilled holes and grouted with cement to reinforce the soil mass and improve overall stability.
🔹 How Soil Nailing Works
1️⃣ Drilling Boreholes: Holes are drilled into the slope at the required angle, typically 10°–20° downward.
2️⃣ Soil Nail Installation: Steel reinforcing bars are inserted into the boreholes and grouted.
3️⃣ Drainage System: Perforated drainage pipes are installed to control groundwater and reduce water pressure.
4️⃣ Wire Mesh Reinforcement: Wire mesh is fixed over the slope surface to provide additional support.
5️⃣ Shotcrete Application: Concrete facing is applied in layers, typically 75–150 mm thick.
6️⃣ Repeat the Process: The construction sequence continues progressively until the complete slope is stabilized.
📐 Typical Parameters
• Nail Diameter: 25–32 mm
• Nail Length: 4–8 m
• Bond Length: 3–6 m
• Nail Inclination: 10°–20° downward
• Horizontal Spacing: 1.0–2.0 m
• Vertical Spacing: 1.0–1.5 m
• Shotcrete Thickness: 75–150 mm
• Drainage Pipe Diameter: 100–150 mm
✅ Key Benefits
✔ Stabilizes existing and newly cut slopes
✔ Cost-effective compared with major retaining structures
✔ Requires relatively small equipment and working space
✔ Suitable for roads, bridges, excavations, and infrastructure projects
✔ Allows fast and efficient construction
🏗️ Typical Applications
• Highway and road cut slopes
• Bridge approaches
• Excavation support
• Landslide mitigation
• Urban infrastructure projects
Soil nailing transforms unstable slopes into reinforced soil structures, helping create safer roads, stronger infrastructure, and more reliable construction on challenging terrain.
@etconp
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🏗️ Bid & Contract Document Package
🌟ለኢትዮጵያ የግንባታ Bid, Tender & Contract ዝግጅት የሚያግዝ ፕሮፌሽናል ፓኬጅ።
📦 4 Editable MS Word Documents
📁 One ZIP File
🇪🇹 ለኢትዮጵያ ግንባታ ፕሮጀክቶች
🏛ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇
https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a7fed4a173ec_etconp
🌟ለኢትዮጵያ የግንባታ Bid, Tender & Contract ዝግጅት የሚያግዝ ፕሮፌሽናል ፓኬጅ።
📦 4 Editable MS Word Documents
📁 One ZIP File
🇪🇹 ለኢትዮጵያ ግንባታ ፕሮጀክቶች
🏛ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇
https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a7fed4a173ec_etconp
🙏3❤1
👉ስለ ኮንክሪት እና የኮንክሪት ግሬዶች:
🌟ኮንክሪት (concrete) ስሙን ያገኘው ከጥንት ሮማኖች ሲሆን ቃሉም የመጣው ኮንክሪተስ (Concretus) ከሚለው የሮማ ቃል ነው የቃል በቃል ትርጉሙም በጋራ ማደግ /መቋቋም የሚለውን ይወክላል።
ኮንክሪት በአለማችን ላይ በስፋት የምንጠቀመው የግንባታ ቁስ ነው።
ኮንክሪት የሲሚንቶ የአሸዋ እና የጠጠሮች ውህድ ነው ።
የኮንክሪት የእመቃ ኃይል (compressive strength)
ሚለካው በስሪት ደረጃው/Grade ነው።
የተለያዩ የኮንክሪት ስሪት ደረጃዎች
አሉ እነዚህም C-5, C-7, C-10, C-15, C-20, C-25, C-30, C-40 ወዘተ. ናቸው።
የኮንክሪት ግሬድ ማለት ኮንክሪቱ ከሃያ ስምንት ቀን በኋላ የሚኖረው የእመቃ ኃይል
(compressive strength ) ማለት ነው።
ለምሳሌ: C-25 ግሬድ የሆነ ኮንክሪት ከ28 ቀን በኋላ የሚኖረው የእመቃ ጥንካሬ 25N/mm^2 ይሆናል ማለት ነው። C-30 ግሬድ የሆነ ኮንክሪት ደግሞ የእመቃ ኃይሉ/ጥንካሬው 30N/mm^2 ነው ማለት ነው።
የኮንክሪት ግሬዶች በተለያዩ መፅሃፎች በተለያየ መልክ ይጠቀሳሉ ለምሳሌ አንዳንድ መፅሃፎች C-30 C-15 የሚለውን አገላለፅ ሲጠቀሙ አንዳንዶቹ ደግሞ M-30 M-15
የሚለውን ይጠቀማሉ።
በ«C»የሚጠቀሱ የኮንክሪት ግሬዶች በC መጠቀሳቸው የእመቃ ኃይል/ጥንካሬያቸው የተለካው በሲሊንደሪካል ፍተሻ (CYLINDRICAL test ) ሲሆን
በM የሚጠቀሱት ደግሞ ፍተሻው (test) የተደረገው በኪውቢክ ፍተሻ (cubic test) ሲሆን ነው።
በሁለቱ የፍተሻ አይነቶች የሚደረጉ የኮንክሪት ግሬዶች የእመቃ ጥንካሬአቸው ይለያያል። ሲሊንደሪካል ፍተሻ በአንፃራዊነት የኮንክሪትን ትክክለኛ አምቅ/ጥንካሬ ይገልፃል ስለዚህ ከኪውቢክ ፍተሻ የተሻለ ነው ማለት ነው።
በቀጣይ ጊዜ በሲሊነረደሪካል ፍተሻ የተደረገ የተለያዩ የኮንክሪት ግሬድ ያላቸው የሲሚንቶ የአሸዋ እና የጠጠር ምጣኔ (ratio) እና ከ28 ቀን በኋላ የሚያገኙትን ጥንካሬ በሰንጠረዥ መልክ የምናቀርብ ይሆናል ።
ማስታወሻ: የኮንክሪት የሳይት አካባቢ መታወቂያ ስም አርማታ ነው።
አብሮነታችን ይቀጥል!
ከወደዱት ያጋሩ
@etconp
🌟ኮንክሪት (concrete) ስሙን ያገኘው ከጥንት ሮማኖች ሲሆን ቃሉም የመጣው ኮንክሪተስ (Concretus) ከሚለው የሮማ ቃል ነው የቃል በቃል ትርጉሙም በጋራ ማደግ /መቋቋም የሚለውን ይወክላል።
ኮንክሪት በአለማችን ላይ በስፋት የምንጠቀመው የግንባታ ቁስ ነው።
ኮንክሪት የሲሚንቶ የአሸዋ እና የጠጠሮች ውህድ ነው ።
የኮንክሪት የእመቃ ኃይል (compressive strength)
ሚለካው በስሪት ደረጃው/Grade ነው።
የተለያዩ የኮንክሪት ስሪት ደረጃዎች
አሉ እነዚህም C-5, C-7, C-10, C-15, C-20, C-25, C-30, C-40 ወዘተ. ናቸው።
የኮንክሪት ግሬድ ማለት ኮንክሪቱ ከሃያ ስምንት ቀን በኋላ የሚኖረው የእመቃ ኃይል
(compressive strength ) ማለት ነው።
ለምሳሌ: C-25 ግሬድ የሆነ ኮንክሪት ከ28 ቀን በኋላ የሚኖረው የእመቃ ጥንካሬ 25N/mm^2 ይሆናል ማለት ነው። C-30 ግሬድ የሆነ ኮንክሪት ደግሞ የእመቃ ኃይሉ/ጥንካሬው 30N/mm^2 ነው ማለት ነው።
የኮንክሪት ግሬዶች በተለያዩ መፅሃፎች በተለያየ መልክ ይጠቀሳሉ ለምሳሌ አንዳንድ መፅሃፎች C-30 C-15 የሚለውን አገላለፅ ሲጠቀሙ አንዳንዶቹ ደግሞ M-30 M-15
የሚለውን ይጠቀማሉ።
በ«C»የሚጠቀሱ የኮንክሪት ግሬዶች በC መጠቀሳቸው የእመቃ ኃይል/ጥንካሬያቸው የተለካው በሲሊንደሪካል ፍተሻ (CYLINDRICAL test ) ሲሆን
በM የሚጠቀሱት ደግሞ ፍተሻው (test) የተደረገው በኪውቢክ ፍተሻ (cubic test) ሲሆን ነው።
በሁለቱ የፍተሻ አይነቶች የሚደረጉ የኮንክሪት ግሬዶች የእመቃ ጥንካሬአቸው ይለያያል። ሲሊንደሪካል ፍተሻ በአንፃራዊነት የኮንክሪትን ትክክለኛ አምቅ/ጥንካሬ ይገልፃል ስለዚህ ከኪውቢክ ፍተሻ የተሻለ ነው ማለት ነው።
በቀጣይ ጊዜ በሲሊነረደሪካል ፍተሻ የተደረገ የተለያዩ የኮንክሪት ግሬድ ያላቸው የሲሚንቶ የአሸዋ እና የጠጠር ምጣኔ (ratio) እና ከ28 ቀን በኋላ የሚያገኙትን ጥንካሬ በሰንጠረዥ መልክ የምናቀርብ ይሆናል ።
ማስታወሻ: የኮንክሪት የሳይት አካባቢ መታወቂያ ስም አርማታ ነው።
አብሮነታችን ይቀጥል!
ከወደዱት ያጋሩ
@etconp
❤11👍6🥰1
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#100. The minimum depth boreholes for shallow foundation for buildings is:
Anonymous Quiz
11%
A.7m
59%
B.3m
17%
C.5m
13%
D.10m
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#101. In Bulk Excavation the item on the BoQ is differ based on their depth with a multiple of 1.5m, such as up to 3m and up to 4.5m. Which one of the following is necessarily true about this categorization ?
Anonymous Quiz
8%
A. For Easy of Calculation
28%
B. The productivity varies
61%
C. Nature of the soil varies
3%
D. It's the trends
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#102. One of the following does not affect construction project price determination
Anonymous Quiz
69%
A. Tender Evaluation
11%
B. Labor productivity forecast
10%
C. Location of the project
9%
D. Size of the project
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#103. In your construction project if you have a minimum of four crews for specific activity how many Form are required for that specific activity?
Anonymous Quiz
39%
A. 4.
16%
B. 2
14%
C. 8
31%
D. 1
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