👉TYPES OF STAIRS
.
➡Depending upon the various arrangement of steps, stairs can be classified under following categories:

1. STRAIGHT STAIR

In this stair, all the steps are arranged continuously along in one direction. One flight may be split into one or more than one flight by interposing a landing. This stair can be used where narrow and long space is available for a staircase such as
entrance, porch etc.
.
2. DOGGED-LEGGED STAIR

This stair consists of two straight flights of steps with direct turns between them. This stair is very useful where the total width of the stair is just twice the width of the steps.

3. OPEN NEWEL STAIR

This type of stair consists of two or more flights arranging a well or opening between the backward and forward flights. When all the steps are difficult
to arrange in two flights, a short third flight of 3 to 6 steps may be provided along the direction
perpendicular to the hall. Open newel stair is mostly
adopted in the lift.

4. GEOMETRICAL STAIR

This is another type of open newel stair where the open well between the forward and the backward flight is curved.
This stair may contain different
geometrical shape.
Here the change in direction is
achieved by using winders.

5. CIRCULAR STAIR

In this type of stair, all the steps radiate from a newel or well hole, in the form of winders.
The circular stair is adopted at the back side of a building to access its various floors.

6. SPIRAL STAIR

Spiral stair is very similar to a circular stair. It consists of individual steps or treads, connecting to a centre column. The overall diameter of the stair may range from 1 to 2.5 m.

7. QUARTER-TURN STAIR

The quarter-turn stair can be defined as the stairs that are turned at 90 degrees with the help of level landing.

8. BIFURCATED STAIR

This type of stair is provided in modern public buildings as well as residential buildings.
In this stair, the flight is so arranged that there is a wide flight at the start which is sub-divided into narrow flights at the mid-landing.
The narrow flights start from either side of the mid landing.

🅾አሁኑኑ Join በማረግ እና ለጓደኛዎ እና ለሚያቁት ሁሉ ሼር ያድርጉ

Facebook:- https://www.facebook.com/etconp/

Telegram:- https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

YouTube:- https://youtube.com/@Etconp432

💫Comment @ETCONpBot

♡ ㅤ   ❍ㅤ    ⎙ㅤ    ⌲
ˡᶦᵏᵉ   ᶜᵒᵐᵐᵉⁿᵗ  ˢᵃᵛᵉ    ˢʰᵃʳᵉ

╔═════
    🌐   join 👇
   @ETCONp
   @COTMp
╚══ ☆☆☆☆☆══════

👉ከዓለማችን ምርጥ መሠረተ ልማት ያላት አገር ማን ትመስላችኋለች?

🌟የዓለም ኢኮኖሚክ ፎረም በ2019 ባካሄደው ዓለማቀፋዊ ዳሰሳ መሠረት በዓለማችን ምርጥ የሚባለው መሠረተ ልማት ያላት አገር ከመቶ በተሰጠ ነጥብ 95.4 አስመዝግባለች።

🚧ለንጽጽር ያህል አሜሪካ 13ኛ፣ ካናዳ 26ኛ፣ አውስትራሊያ 29ኛ፣ ቻይና 36ኛ እንዲሁም ኒውዚላንድ 46ኛ ደረጃ ላይ ነው የተቀመጡት።

⏺የማነፃፀሪያ መስፈርቶቹ የተሰሉት የመንገዶችን ጥራት፣ የአየር ማረፊያና የባቡር መስመሮችን ጥራትና የትስስር ምጣኔ፣ የወደብ አገልግሎቶችን ቅልጥፍናና ተደራሽነት፣ የኤሌክትሪክ ሃይል መስመሮችን ውጤታማነት፣ ንፁህ የመጠጥ ውሃ አቅርቦትና የመሣሠሉት ሲኾኑ ቀዳሚዋ አገርም ሲንጋፖር ነች።

▶️ከአፍሪካ ደግሞ ግብፅ ቀዳሚ ስትኾን ደቡብ አፍሪካ ተከታይ ናት።

Facebook:- https://www.facebook.com/etconp/

Telegram:- https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

YouTube:- https://youtube.com/@Etconp432

💫Comment @ETCONpBot

♡ ㅤ   ❍ㅤ    ⎙ㅤ    ⌲
ˡᶦᵏᵉ   ᶜᵒᵐᵐᵉⁿᵗ  ˢᵃᵛᵉ    ˢʰᵃʳᵉ

╔═════
    🌐   join 👇
   @ETCONp
   @COTMp
╚══ ☆☆☆☆☆══════

👉ኣብ ክልል ትግራይ እትነብሩ ቤተሰብና እትደልይዎ ዝኾነ ይኹን ዓይነት ፋይል እንተደሊኹም ብ ውሽጢ መስመር ርኸቡና።

📩 @Philemona7 ፀሓፉልና🙏

🚧ናብ ኩለን ዩኒቨርስታት ትግራይ ክባፃሕ Share ግበሩልና።

🌟በ ትግራይ ክልል የምትኖሩ ቤተሰቦቻችን የምትፈልጉት ማነኛውም ፋይል ጠይቁን

@etconp

👉የመንገድ ፈንድ ወደ ኢመአ ከተቀላቀለበት ጊዜ ጀምሮ በርካታ ስራዎች እየተሰሩ ነው መንገድ ፈንድ በአዋጅ ቁጥር 66/89 በጽ/ቤት ደረጃ ተቋቁሞ ለበርካታ ዓመታት አገልግሎት ሲሰጥ የቆየ ሲሆን ከየካቲት 2014 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ  በኢትዮጵያ መንገዶች አስተዳደር ሥር በዳይሬክቶሬት ደረጃ እንዲደራጅ ተደርጓል፡፡

በአሁኑ ወቅት  በኢትዮጵያ መንገዶች አስተዳደር ፣ በክልሎችና ከተማ አስተዳደሮች የሚተዳደሩ የመንገድ ኤጀንሲዎች በጸደቀላቸዉ የበጀት ድልድል መሰረት መንገዶቻቸዉን የመጠገን ፣ መልሶ የመገንባት እና የተለያዩ የአቅም ግንባታ ስራዎችን በማከናወን ላይ ይገኛሉ፡፡

የመንገድ ፈንድ ዳይሬክቶሬት ኃላፊነት በዋናነት ለመንገድ ጥገና የሚዉል ገንዘብ የማሰባሰብ ፣ የመመደብ እና የመደበዉን በጀት ለታቀደለት አላማ መዋሉን የመከታተል እና የመቆጣጠር ሥራን መስራት ነው፡፡

የጊቢ ምንጮቹ በዋናነት ለመንገድ ጥገና የተጣለ የነዳጅ ታሪፍ ፣ በተሽከርካሪ ቅባትና ዘይት ሽያጭ ላይ የተጣለ ታሪፍ ፣ ክብደትን መሠረት ካደረገ ዓመታዊ የተሽከርካሪ ፈቃድ ማደሻ ክፍያ ፣ ከመንገድ ጠቀሜታ ክፍያ እና ከተፈቀደ ክብደት በላይ በመጫን ከሚጣል ቅጣት የሚሰበሰቡ ገቢዎች ናቸው።

በዚህም መሰረት በ2015 ዓ.ም ዳይሬክቶሬቱ 7.4 ቢሊዮን ብር ለመሰብሰብ ችሏል። የተሰበሰበው ገንዘብም  የኢትዮጵያ መንገዶች አስተዳደርን  ጨምሮ ለሁሉም የክልል እና የከተማ መስተዳድር የመንገድ ኤጄንሲዎች ተከፋፍሏል።

በበጀት ዓመቱ የተሰበሰበው ብር የተለያዩ የመንገድ ጥገና ስራዎችን ለመከወን እና የመንገድ ሃብትን ለመንከባከብ እየዋለ ይገኛል።

በተያዘው 2016 በጀት ዓመት ተቋሙ  ከመንገድ ፈንድ 18.5 ቢሊዮን ብር ገቢ ለመሰብሰብ ማቀዱን የመንገድ ፈንድ ዳይሬክቶሬት ዳይሬክተር ኢንጅ. ካሳሁን በጅጋ ገልፀዋል።

ይህንንም ለማሳካት የተለያዩ  የገቢ ማሰባሰቢያ ስልቶች  እና ማሻሻያዎች  የተዘጋጁ ሲሆን በቅርቡ ተግባራዊ ይደረጋሉ።

ከተደረጉት ማሻሻያዎች መካከል በሁሉም የገቢ ምንጮች ቀደም ብሎ ተጥሎ በነበረው ታሪፍ ላይ ማሻሻያ ተደርጎ በቀጣይ ወደ ተግባር እንደሚገባ ተጠቁሟል።

ከዚህ በተጨማሪም ከተሽከርካሪ ሚዛን ጣቢያዎች የሚሰበሰበው ታሪፍ ከዚህ ቀደም በተበታተነ መልኩ ለክልሎች  ይውል የነበረ ሲሆን በቀጣይ በአንድ ቋት በኢመአ በኩል ተሰብስቦ ለሁሉም የሚከፋፈልበት ሥርዓት እየተዘረጋ እንደሆነም ዳይሬክተሩ ጠቁመዋል።
የመንገድ ሃብትን መንከባከብ የሁሉም ባለድርሻ አካላት ሃላፊነት መሆኑን በመገንዘብ ከተፈቀደው ክብደት በላይ ባለመጫን እንዲሁም በቀጣይ በሚደረገው የታሪፍ ማሻሻያ ላይ ሁሉም በቅንነት የበኩሉን አስተዋጽኦ እንዲያበረክት ዳይሬክተሩ አሳስበዋል።

Via ERA

@etconp

👉Scholarship Tip

🌟Tips to maximize your chance of winning an international scholarship

1️⃣ Allow yourself time & energy to work on scholarships
You will have to apply for a bunch of scholarships before you get one. So allow yourself time to search for different scholarships and read details about them so that you can pick the best ones for you. Do not rely on just one particular scholarship, apply for a range of scholarships. Do not be disheartened by rejection, believe that you will be able to get through the next scholarship.

2️⃣ Read about the university that you are applying to
Read about the University, and its vision or objectives to understand it. That will give you an idea of what the university is truly looking for in its student. Mold your application or your thoughts in the direction of the university’s requirement.  When your thoughts will start matching with that of the University, it will give you an edge over other applicants as your profile will totally align with the requirement of the university.

3️⃣ Check how the students are evaluated
Of course first, check the basic eligibility criteria like nationality, course, and level of study. After getting through the basic eligibility criteria, check specific details of the requirements. Like some scholarships are looking for students who have got good leadership skills, some want students with good communication skills. Do not miss these intricate details, they may seem small, but can make a huge difference in getting you the scholarship that you are looking for.

4️⃣ Apply as early as possible
The saying ‘the early bird gets the worm’ holds true in the case of scholarships. When you apply early you compete with less number of applicants, hence your chances are high. Also, you have ample time to look for different types of scholarships. You don't go through the stress of worrying about the deadline. So be quick in making decisions and try to apply as early as possible.

5️⃣ Try to choose rare countries or courses
Most of the students aspire to go to USA, UK, or Australia. That is why the competition for scholarships in these countries is very high. But the same courses could be found in other countries which provide scholarships. So try to choose rare countries that offer the same kind of funding and quality education. This will maximize your chances of getting a scholarship.

6️⃣ Avoid general statements in your essay
An essay is your way into the scholarship. So try to write a good one and exclude general statements like ‘I was always interested in studying at the given University. An essay is to narrate your story to the evaluators, so make sure you write a good one. Tell the evaluator how you got interested in a particular subject or University.

7️⃣ Try to get better recommendations
Ask your professors or lecturers to give you recommendation letters. Show them the University website and the skills that the scholarship requires. Ask them to write according to the required skill set by the evaluators.

8️⃣ Essential of an essay
Try to start the essay well, possibly any unique traits that you possess, so that the evaluator reads your essay till the end. Do not start the essay by introducing yourself, as this is too common. Try to match the word limit given; do not try to extend the length by dragging it. Try to use your own words rather than picking quotes from the internet.

9️⃣ Do not get greedy
Do not bias between scholarships that are offering low amounts, as any amount is better than no amount. Apply to all kinds of scholarships, once that are offering low amounts as well as those offering full funding. After the results, you can opt for the scholarships that are offering a good amount.

🔟 Prepare your documents in advance
Do not wait till the deadline to prepare all your documents. Ready them in advance to meet any emergencies that you might face.

The standard documents are: Your CV, educational credentials, essay, & Letter of Recommendation

Note: Proofread your application to make sure that there are no errors in it.

@etconp

We are hosting quizzes on our Facebook page today

Facebook page:- https://www.facebook.com/etconp/

YouTube:- https://youtube.com/@Etconp432

በ ፌስቡክ ገፃችን ዛሬ ጥያቄዎችን አዘጋጅተናል

የ ፌስቡክ ገፃችን መስፈንጠሪያ:- https://www.facebook.com/etconp/

ዩቲዩብ:- https://youtube.com/@Etconp432

👉A safe practice for formwork during construction at site is important for safety of workmen.

🚧improper erection of formwork can cause damage to structural l element as well as pose threat to the safety of workmen.

▶Following are the safe practices checklist for
formwork:👇

1. Formwork should be properly designed for the structural element considered and its working drawing should be available at site.

2. Design of formwork should consider all the loads it will experience during casting of concrete structural members.

3. Strength of materials used for formwork should be adequate to support structural load as well as other loads imposed on it.

4. Formwork design should indicate the rate of
concrete pour, height of concrete pour, temperature
and sequence and schedule of concrete pours.

5. Working drawing of formwork should have detailed dimensions including pouring pocket size, compaction opening and clean outs.

6. Formwork design should consider the safe bearing capacity of soil.

⏺Formwork Safety Checklist during Construction

▶Following inspection should be carried out before starting the concreting of structural member

1. Inspection of entire formwork system for details from bottom to top of formwork for proper load transfer in safe manner.
2. Inspection of working scaffolds, ladders, runways, ramps and crossings.
3. Maintenance of good housekeeping around
working area and passage.
4. Guarding of peripheral edges and floor openings.
5. Adequate space for safe working.
6. Safety training of workmen involved in formwork and concreting works.
7. Use of all personal protective equipment (PPEs).
8. Formwork, rigging inserts and connections checked for correct installation and periodically checked for wear and correct position.
9. Removal of all unused and hanging forms, loose
materials etc. stored on exposed floors.
10. Inspection of all props and shores for adequacy
to handle all the loads.
11. Removal of defective props.
12. Alignment of props such as verticality, height
and spacing between props should be inspected.
13. All props should be rested on bearing plates.
14. Props should be placed on hard bearing
surface.
15. Safe nailing and firm locking of clamps on
adjustable props.
16. Lateral stability of formwork and complete fixity at the joint between props when one prop is placed on the top of the other.
17. Proper bearing below the stringers and joists at
points of supports.
18. De-shuttering and removal of props below
concrete slabs and beams after development of
adequate strength in concrete.
19. Construction loads not placed on freshly cast slab or beams while removal of formwork or before concrete attaining required strength.

⚡ አሁኑኑ Join በማረግ እና ለጓደኛዎ እና ለሚያቁት ሁሉ ሼር ያድርጉ

@etconp

👉መቄዶንያ በመቱ ከተማ የአረጋውያንና የአዕምሮ ሕሙማን ማዕከል ሊገነባ ነው።

🌟መቄዶንያ የአረጋውያንና የአዕምሮ ሕሙማን መርጃ ድርጅት ከመቱ ከተማ አስተዳደር በተረከበው መሬት ላይ በ130 ሚሊዮን ብር ወጪ ማዕከል ለመገንባት የመሰረት ድንጋይ አስቀምጧል።

🚧የማዕከሉ ግንባታም አሁን ላይ በድርጅቱ ቅርንጫፍ  እንክብካቤ ከሚደረግላቸው 50 አረጋውያንና የአዕምሮ ሕሙማን በተጨማሪ በዞኑና አጎራባች ክልሎች ተደራሽ መሆን ያስችለዋል ተብሏል።

Via ENA

@etconp

👉Corporation Completes Construction, Renovation of MoR Offices
--------------------
Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation (ECWC) completes the renovation of three building blocks of the Ministry of Revenue (MoR) and the construction of its sewerage network launched earlier at a cost of over 200 million ETB.
MoR Office Construction and Renovation Project Manager with the Corporation, Eng. Aklilu Tadesse told Communication Affairs Department experts, who visited the project site on 18 Aug 2023, that the project included extensive renovation of one building block, external painting of two additional building blocks as well as the construction of a sewerage network within the premise of the ministry.

The execution of the project has reached 98 per cent presently as the only activities remaining to fully complete the project are the installation of some electronic gadgets and elevators, he said.
All the offices in the three building blocks of the ministry are functional at present, he said, the client of the project has granted the contractor additional renovation and construction works as the project was successful with respect to quality and cost parameters.

The new project, which includes construction of one cafeteria (B+G+2) and extensive renovation of one building block at a cost of over 451 million ETB on the same premise of the ministry, is expected to be finalized within the coming eight months.

The renovation and construction project of the offices Ministry of Revenue, which is being consulted by the Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation, was launched two years ago, according to the project manager.

@etconp