Ethio Construction Engineering
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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
Latest updates, tips, and tutorials on building, civil engineering, and construction in World.
Learn, build, and grow with us!

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๐ŸšงBest concrete bricks building tutorial.

๐Ÿ“ฉPut your thoughts advantage and disadvantages of this bricks.


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๐Ÿ‘‰Bridge construction is interesting,

๐ŸŒ‰Base isolation is a seismic retrofitting technique used in building construction to minimize earthquake damage. It involves placing a building on flexible bearings or isolators, typically made of rubber or sliding materials, situated between the structure and its foundation. These isolators decouple the building from ground motion during an earthquake, allowing the base to move independently of the superstructure.

@etconp
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@etconp 2016 4th Quarter Direct Cost.pdf
19.6 MB
๐Ÿทแ‰ 2016 แ‹“.แˆ แ‹จ แŠ แˆซแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆฉแ‰ฅ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‹Š แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแ‹แ‹Š แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŠ• (4th Quarter Construction Works of Direct Cost)

๐Ÿ”‘แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‹จแ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŠ• (BOQ - Priced bill of Quantities) แˆˆแˆแ‰ณแ‹ˆแŒก แ‹จแ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆถแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแŒ แˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ‹แˆแข

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ˜แАแˆป แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰…แˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ‹แˆแข

@etconp
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#ADVERTISEMENTS

๐Ÿ“ข๐Ÿ“ข #Big_Discount
Class start ๐Ÿ‘‰#แˆ€แˆแˆŒ_13

                                    Price
Ms_project  3000    2200 birr๐Ÿ˜ฑ
Primavera    2800    2300๐Ÿ˜ฑ
Auto_CAD 4200
2000๐Ÿ˜ฑ
ETABS 2800 2100

โšก๏ธToday's decision is the basis for tomorrow!

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โ˜ž- #cost_effective training with us.

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#project_management_training
#training #constructionsoftware

For further info
Contact us :+251993749494 | @yehaengineering
๐ŸŒ http://yehaengineeringplc.com

#Address:- Mexico around st. lideta, แŒแ‹›แŠญ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ 7th floor, #701

"Let's walk what we talk!"
๐Ÿ‘6โค2๐Ÿ‘Œ1
๐Ÿ‘‰Types of failure

โ–ถ๏ธStructural failure can occur from many types of problems, most of which are unique to different industries and structural types. However, most can be traced to one of five main causes.

โ–ถ๏ธThe first is that the structure is not strong and tough enough to support the load, due to either its size, shape, or choice of material. If the structure or component is not strong enough, catastrophic failure can occur when the structure is stressed beyond its critical stress level.
.
โ–ถ๏ธThe second type of failure is from fatigue or corrosion, caused by instability in the structureโ€™s geometry, design or material properties.

๐Ÿ–ฑThese failures usually begin when cracks form at stress points, such as squared corners or bolt holes too close to the material's edge.
๐Ÿ–ฑThese cracks grow as the material is repeatedly stressed and unloaded (cyclic loading), eventually reaching a critical length and causing the structure to suddenly fail under normal loading conditions.
.
โ–ถ๏ธThe third type of failure is caused by manufacturing errors, including improper selection of materials, incorrect sizing, improper heat treating , failing to adhere to the design, or shoddy workmanship.
๐Ÿ–ฑThis type of failure can occur at any time and is usually
unpredictable.
:
โ–ถ๏ธThe fourth type of failure is from the use of defective materials.
๐Ÿ–ฑThis type of failure is also unpredictable, since the material may have been improperly manufactured or damaged from prior use.
:
โ–ถ๏ธThe fifth cause of failure is from lack of consideration of unexpected problems.
๐Ÿ–ฑThis type of failure can be caused by events such as vandalism, sabotage, or natural disasters. It can also occur if those who use and maintain the construction are not properly trained and overstress the structure.

๐ŸŒŸReasons Structures Fail

โ–ถ๏ธDefective construction that causes failure may be due to
numerous reasons that may not be easy to predict before or
during the construction. The major causes of structural
failure are defective designs that have not determined the
actual loading conditions on the structural elements.
โบInferior construction materials may also be the cause since the loads are calculated for materials of specific characteristics.
Structure may fail even if the design is satisfactory, but the
materials are not able to withstand the loads. Employment of unskilled labor on construction work is another reason for structural failures. Therefore, it is important that the owners,designers, and builders are fully conscious of the reasons of failure, and undertake all preventive measures.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘16โค1
For setting out right angles, the instrument used is
Anonymous Quiz
73%
Optical square
12%
Abney level
8%
Alidade
7%
Ceylon ghat tracer
๐Ÿ‘9๐Ÿ‘Œ2โค1
If R is the radius of the curve and L is the length of the long chord, the shift of the curve is
Anonymous Quiz
27%
L^2/R
39%
L^2/2R
25%
L^2/24R
9%
L^2/6R
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The magnitude of the resultant of two equal coplanar forces acting at a point is equal to either of the forces. What is the angle between the forces?
Anonymous Quiz
34%
45ยฐ
32%
90ยฐ
10%
120ยฐ
24%
180ยฐ
๐Ÿ™8โค5
Intercon Construction Materials 
    
๐Ÿ‘‰ Specialized in construction chemicals, Authorized agent of MC (Conmix) and Weber

โ— Concrete Admixtures
โ— Bonding Agents
โ— Waterproofing Chemicals and Materials
โ— Concrete Repair, Grout   
โ— Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
โ— Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
โ— External finishes (Quartz paint, Contextra),
โ— Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
โ— Floor hardener, Epoxy, Self-level              
โ— Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
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แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ‘‰แˆแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ

๐Ÿ”ฐแˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ‰?

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ›แˆตแ‰†แˆซแˆจแŒฅ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แˆณแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠจแˆแˆˆแŒ‰  แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ก แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก แˆˆแˆฑแˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ‘ แ‰ แŒƒแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹‰

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

โ˜Ž๏ธแ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹‰แˆ‰แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ›แŠญแˆฉแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ(แˆ˜แˆณแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซ)
                    แ‰.2 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

0904040477
0911016833
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Portland cement manufacturing process

@etconp
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๐Ÿ‘‰Contract Cycle in Construction

๐ŸšงIn the construction industry, the contract cycle refers to the series of phases a construction project goes through from inception to completion.

๐ŸทThe typical stages include

1.Concept and Initiation (Feasibility Study -Conceptual Design)

2.Design and Development (Preliminary Design- Final Design)

3.Pre-Construction (Bidding and Procurement -Contract Award)

4.Construction (Site Preparation-Actual Construction-Monitoring and Control)

5.Commissioning and Startup (Testing and Inspection- Snagging-Handover)

6.Post-Construction Operation and Maintenance- Warranty Period-Closeout)

7.Project Closeout (Documentation- Final Payment-Evaluation)

๐Ÿ“œEach of these stages involves various stakeholders, including owners, architects, engineers, contractors, and subcontractors, all working together to ensure the project is completed successfully.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘11โค8๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ แ‹ซแˆˆ แˆ…แŠ•แƒ แˆแˆญแˆถ แАแแˆต แŠ แŒ แ‹

แ‹›แˆฌ แˆ€แˆแˆŒ 3 แ‰€แŠ• 2016 แ‹“.แˆ แŠจแŠ•แŒ‹แ‰ฑ 11:45 แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆˆแˆš แŠฉแˆซ แŠญแแˆˆ-แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ณ 14 แŠ แˆญแˆดแˆ› แ‰คแ‰ฐแŠญแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒแ‹ซแŠ• แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ แ‹ซแˆˆ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠจแˆตแˆฉ แ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแˆแˆถ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆฐแ‹‰ แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แŠ แˆแแŠ แˆแข

แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‹ซแˆˆแˆแ‹‰ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŠแ‰ฐแ‹‰ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉ แ‰ แŒพแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จ50 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹•แ‹ตแˆœ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแˆ˜แ‰ฑ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹‰แข

แ‰ แˆตแแˆซแ‹‰ แˆแŒฅแАแ‹‰ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฑแ‰ต แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แŒŠแ‹œ แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹‰ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ต แˆญแ‰ฅแˆญแ‰ฅ แˆถแˆตแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠจแŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹‰ แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹ฐแŒ แ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ก แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒ แ‰ฅแ‰† แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‰ แˆฐแ‹‰ แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒ‹แŒ‹แˆš แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹ซแŒ‹แŒ แˆ™ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแข

แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆšแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘แ‰ แ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆแ‰ƒแ‹ต แˆฐแŒชแ‹‰ แŠ แŠซแˆ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰น แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰€แ‹‰ แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แˆฐแˆซแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆจ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠซแŠจแ‹ซ แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹‰แˆฐแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ…แŒ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚แАแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ›แˆตแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ แŠฎแˆšแˆฝแŠ• แˆ˜/แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‹ซแˆณแˆตแ‰ฃแˆแข

แˆˆแŠฅแˆณแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆˆแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆˆแŠ แŠ•แ‰กแˆ‹แŠ•แˆต แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ 939 แˆแŒฅแАแ‹‰ แ‹ซแˆณแ‹‰แ‰!

Via แ‹จ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แˆตแŒ‹แ‰ต แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆญ แŠฎแˆšแˆฝแŠ•

#FirstSafety

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘13โค5๐Ÿ˜ข5๐Ÿฅฐ1
#ADVERTISEMENTS

๐Ÿ“ข๐Ÿ“ข #Big_Discount
Class start ๐Ÿ‘‰#แˆ€แˆแˆŒ_13

                                    Price
Ms_project  3000    2200 birr๐Ÿ˜ฑ
Primavera    2800    2300๐Ÿ˜ฑ
Auto_CAD 4200
2000๐Ÿ˜ฑ
ETABS 2800 2100

โšก๏ธToday's decision is the basis for tomorrow!

โšก๏ธDecide Today!

โšก๏ธGet more skill by the day! Increase your employability!

โšก๏ธconsideration is on First come First serve basis.

๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒโ€โ™€Hurry up, we have LIMITED space!


Get your:-
โ˜ž- #Professional skill
โ˜ž- #Certification and
โ˜ž- #cost_effective training with us.

#yehatraining #skilldevelopment #certificate  #quantityserving
#addisabebaethiopia #training_center
#project_management_training
#training #constructionsoftware

For further info
Contact us :+251993749494 | @yehaengineering
๐ŸŒ http://yehaengineeringplc.com

#Address:- Mexico around st. lideta, แŒแ‹›แŠญ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ 7th floor, #701

"Let's walk what we talk!"
๐Ÿ‘4
๐Ÿ‘‰ADMIXTURES
~~~~~~
โžกAdmixtures are the special ingredients added during concrete mixing to enhance the properties and performance of fresh concrete. Various types of
admixtures are available in the market which is used in construction work.

โžกFUNCTION OF ADMIXTURES

1. To accelerate or retard the setting time of fresh
concrete.
2. To improve the workability or flowability of
concrete.
3. To increase the strength and durability of
concrete.
4. To reduce the heat of hydration.
5. To reduce the segregation and bleeding.
6. To decrease the permeability.
7. To achieve other desired properties.

โžกTYPES OF ADMIXTURES

1. ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES: This admixture is added in concrete or mortar for
increasing the rate of hydration of hydraulic cement and for shortening the setting time. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is the most widely used accelerating admixture.

2. RETARDING ADMIXTURES

Retarding admixtures delay the initial rate of hydration of cement and extend the setting time of cement paste.

This admixture can be used in high temperature and where the concrete has to be transported to a long distance.
It is also suitable for using in grouting oil wells.

3. AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURES

Air entraining admixtures help to produce a certain amount of air bubbles in the concrete mixture.

The main goal of this admixture is to increase the resistance against freeze-thaw degradation and cohesion. It also improves the workability of fresh concrete without changing the setting or the rate of hardening.

4. WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES

As the name suggest, water reducers are added to a concrete mixture, mortar or grout to increase the flow ability without increasing the water content.

โ–ถAdvantages Of Water Reducing Admixtures:

1. The rate of concrete placement is faster.
2. Strength, durability, density etc. are significantly improved.
3. Segregation, permeability, and cracking are reduced.

โžกSPECIAL ADMIXTURES

1. Superplasticizing admixtures.
2. Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures.
3. Grouting admixtures.
4. Coloring admixtures etc.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘10๐Ÿ™6
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆŒแˆ‹แŠ›แ‹ แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ‹แ‰…แˆˆแ‹‹แˆ?

โšก๏ธแ‹›แˆฌ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒก  แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒจแˆแˆฎ

๐ŸŒŸแŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แ‰…แŒฅแˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆฒแ‹ˆแŒก แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰แŠ“ แ‰  แ‰ตแŠฉแˆฑ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆŠแŠ•แŠซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแ‰€แˆ‹แ‰€แˆ‰แŠ•แข

๐Ÿ“ŒแŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆˆแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ†แ‰ปแ‰น SHARE แ‰ แˆ›แˆจแŒ แŠ แ‹ณแˆญแˆฑแข

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
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แˆˆแŒˆแŒ แˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹แˆ 407 แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ แˆ†แА

แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แŠจแ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜ แ‹ตแŒ‹แ แˆˆแ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ 5 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แˆˆแŒˆแŒ แˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹แˆ 407 แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ“แˆแกแก

แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ-แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แŠจแ‰ฅแˆญแ‰ต แ‹ˆ/แˆฎ แŒซแˆแ‰ฑ แˆณแŠ’ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉแ‰ตแค แ‹จแŒˆแŒ แˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠจแ‹‹แŠ“ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแˆณแˆฐแˆญ แ‰ แŒˆแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆšแАแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ แŒ แ‹ แˆ˜แˆญแˆ-แŒแ‰ฅแˆญ แАแ‹แข

แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆ™ แ‰ แŒแ‹ดแˆฌแˆฝแŠ• แˆแŠญแˆญ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰€แˆ˜แˆญ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แ‰ 12 แŠญแˆแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹ตแˆฌแ‹ณแ‹‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ แˆซแˆแข

แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แ‰ 126 แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆญแŠ“ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแˆ˜แˆจแ‰ตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แ‰†แˆ‹แˆ› แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆตแˆซแ‹ แ‹ญแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ“แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆแˆแข

แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆ™แŠ• แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‹Š แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ 107 แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แŠจแŠญแˆแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ณแ‰ต แŠซแ‹แŠ•แ‰ฐแˆญ แ“แˆญแ‰ต แˆแŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• 300 แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แŠจแ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แŠฅแˆญแ‹ณแ‰ณ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜ แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‹จแŒˆแŒ แˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ตแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆซแˆฝแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแŒ แŠจ7 แˆบแˆ… 500 แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠชแˆŽแˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ณ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แˆ›แˆปแˆปแˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• 10 แˆบแˆ… 71 แŠชแˆŽ แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแข

แŠจ10 แˆบแˆ… แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰†แˆ‹แˆ› แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แˆ˜แˆปแŒˆแˆชแ‹ซ แ‹ตแˆแ‹ตแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆฐแˆฉแŠ“ แŠจแŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแŠ“ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แŠจแแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒ€แˆแˆจแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แˆตแˆซ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ• แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆจแˆแŒแ‰ฅแˆฉ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆˆแŠ› แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆณแ‰ฐแ‰ แŠจแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‹ซแˆ˜แˆ‹แŠญแ‰ณแˆแข

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๐Ÿ‘10โค8