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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
Latest updates, tips, and tutorials on building, civil engineering, and construction in World.
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๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

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๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ฃแˆณแˆˆแแАแ‹ แˆณแˆแŠ•แ‰ต แŠจแŠ–แˆ… แˆชแˆ แŠฅแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แŒˆแ‹แ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠจแ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹แŒช แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแˆŸแˆ‹แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆจแŠญแ‰ แŠ• แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแŠ• แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ก แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆณแˆแข

๐Ÿšงแ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ฃ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแŠ–แˆ… แŒแˆชแŠ• แ“แˆญแŠญ แˆณแ‹ญแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญแ‹ซ แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ณแˆ› แŒˆแ‹แ‰ฐแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆจแŠจแ‰ก แŠจแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉแ‰ต แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹‰แˆ€ แŠฅแŠ•แŠณแŠ• แˆตแˆ‹แˆแ‰ฐแˆŸแˆ‹ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แŠ แˆแ‰ปแˆแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆณแˆแข

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹™แˆญแ‹ซ แŠ–แˆ… แˆชแˆ แŠฅแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แˆšแ‹ตแ‹ซ แˆแˆ‹แˆฝ แ‹จแˆ‹แŠจ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแŠ–แˆ… แŒแˆชแŠ• แ“แˆญแŠญ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰€ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แŠจแˆ˜แˆŸแˆ‹แ‰ฑ แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰คแ‰ต แŒˆแ‹ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แАแ‹‹แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹›แ‹ˆแˆจ แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆแˆแกแก

"แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แŒปแ‹ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ขแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰…แˆ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆŸแ‰ต แŒแŠ• แŠ แˆแ‰ปแˆแŠ•แˆ แАแ‰ แˆญแกแก แŒˆแ‹ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰คแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆตแŒŒแŒฅ แˆฅแˆซ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแˆ (แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‰ แ‹ฐแ‰ฅแ‹ณแ‰ค แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒพแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹) แ‰คแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆจแŠญแ‰ แ‹‹แˆแกแก แ‰คแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฐแˆจแŠจแ‰ก แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แŒแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰€แ‹ตแˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰กแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แŒ แ แŠจแŒŽแˆจแ‰คแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ…แŒˆ แ‹ˆแŒฅ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹˜แˆญแŒ‹แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŒญแˆแˆญ แˆˆแŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แŒ‹แˆˆแŒฅ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ‰" แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ฑ แˆแˆ‹แˆนแŠ• แˆฐแŒฅแ‰ถแŠ“แˆแข

แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ต แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แ‹จแˆชแˆ แŠฅแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ฑ แ‰ แˆ…แŠ•แŒปแ‹Žแ‰น แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆญ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆจแŒ‹แˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠจแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠคแˆŒแŠญแ‰ตแˆชแŠญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แˆตแŽแˆญแˆ˜แˆญ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ˜แ‰ฑ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŒŠแ‹œ แˆ˜แ‹˜แŒแ‹จแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฏแˆ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆแˆ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆญแˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ต แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แแŒฅแАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแА แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆแˆแข

แ‹แˆ€แŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆˆแ‹แˆ€ แ‹แˆญแŒ‹แ‰ณแ‹ แˆ˜แ‹˜แŒแ‹ฌแ‰ต แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆˆแŒ€แАแˆฌแ‰ฐแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแ‰ณแŠ•แŠจแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‹ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‰ แˆถแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ˆแŒˆแŠ• แŠฅแŒ… แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแˆˆแ‰€แ‰… แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ตแˆฉ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แŠ•แŒแŒแˆญ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠ แˆแŠ• แŒแŠ• แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แ‹จแˆญ แˆตแˆซแ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ แ‰ฅแˆแˆแข

แ‰ แˆ˜แŒซแˆจแˆปแˆ แ‹จแŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แˆˆแŒแˆชแŠ• แ“แˆญแŠญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• 700 แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แŠซแ‹ˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‰†แˆ™ 54 แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แˆณแ‹ญแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ แ‰€แˆญแ‰ทแˆแฃ แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แˆ˜แ‹˜แŒแ‹จแ‰ต แˆแŒฅแˆฏแˆ แ‰ฅแˆแˆแข

แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‹œแŠ“แฃ แŠ–แˆ… แˆชแˆ แŠฅแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แ‹จแŠขแˆตแ‰ต แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ฌแŠ•แˆฝแŠ• แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ถแ‰นแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแˆตแˆจแŠญแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰‹แˆแข

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแŠ–แˆ… แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠซแˆˆแ‹ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แแˆชแŠซ แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ฌแŠ•แˆฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒŽแˆซแ‰ฃแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ 192 แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹˜ แˆ…แŠ•แŒป แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰‹แˆแกแก

แˆ…แŠ•แŒปแ‹ แŒแŠ• แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆ˜แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ตแˆญ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ตแˆญแˆป แˆˆแ‹ซแ‹˜แ‰ แ‰ต แˆˆแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แแˆชแŠซ แŠคแŒแ‹šแ‰ขแˆฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ฌแŠ•แˆฝแŠ• แˆดแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆญ แˆ›แˆตแ‹แŠแ‹ซแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ†แ‰ดแˆ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฐแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ˆแˆฐแŠ‘ แˆ˜แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แˆ…แŠ•แŒปแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแˆตแˆจแŠญแ‰ฅ แŠ–แˆ…แŠ• แˆ›แ‹˜แ‹™ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰‹แˆแกแก

แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆŽแˆ แŠ–แˆ… แ‰ แˆ…แŠ•แŒปแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ แŠžแ‰นแŠ• แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แˆญแ‰€แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ฑ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ…แŠ•แŒปแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹˜แ‹‹แ‹ˆแˆจ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ณแ‹แ‰‹แˆแข

Via Meseret Media

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘14โค1๐ŸŽ‰1
๐Ÿ‘‰Roof types in building

๐Ÿ’ซRoof In Building construction play a critical role in aesthetics, functionality, and durability. Here are some common types of roofs, along with descriptions of their characteristics and advantages:

### 1. Gable Roof
   - Description: Characterized by two sloping sides that meet at a ridge, forming a triangular shape.
   - Advantages:
     - Simple design and easy to construct.
     - Excellent for water drainage and ventilation.
     - Allows for additional attic space or vaulted ceilings.

### 2. Hip Roof
   - Description: A roof with slopes on all four sides that converge at a top, forming a ridge.
   - Advantages:
     - Stronger against high winds compared to gable roofs.
     - Offers better stability and longevity.
     - Provides more ventilation options.

### 3. Flat Roof
   - Description: A horizontally level roof with a slight pitch for drainage.
   - Advantages:
     - Easily accessible for maintenance and equipment installations.
     - Suitable for rooftop gardens and recreational areas.
     - Cost-effective construction.

### 4. Mansard Roof
   - Description: A four-sided roof with two slopes on each side, the lower slope being steeper than the upper slope.
   - Advantages:
     - Maximizes living space in the attic.
     - Aesthetic appeal with a distinctive profile.
     - Can create extra room for living space.

### 5. Gambrel Roof
   - Description: Similar to a mansard but typically used in barns, with two slopes on each side and a horizontal gable.
   - Advantages:
     - Provides maximum headroom in the attic.
     - Offers good drainage.
     - Classic appearance, particularly in rural settings.

### 6. Shed Roof
   - Description: A single, sloping roof surface, often used for modern or minimalist designs.
   - Advantages:
     - Simple design, easy to construct, and cost-effective.
     - Good for rainwater drainage.
     - Aesthetic versatility, allowing for creative use of space.

### 7. Butterfly Roof
   - Description: An inverted gable roof that forms a V shape, with two roof surfaces that slope inward.
   - Advantages:
     - Allows for rainwater collection in the middle.
     - Creates a modern aesthetic.
     - Maximizes natural light with large windows.

### 8. Skillion Roof
   - Description: A single-pitched roof that is typically tilted at a steep angle.
   - Advantages:
     - Excellent for drainage and snow runoff.
     - Provides a contemporary and unique look.
     - Allows for large windows and natural daylight.

### 9. Dome Roof
   - Description: A rounded roof structure that can be hemispherical or pointed.
   - Advantages:
     - Strong and durable, providing excellent wind resistance.
     - Allows for natural ventilation.
     - Unique architectural style.

### 10. Tapered Roof
   - Description: A roof that has a slope but may switch slopes; commonly seen in commercial buildings.
   - Advantages:
     - Provides adequate drainage for flat areas.
     - Can be designed for specific aesthetic or functional needs.
     - Often used with lightweight materials for ease of installation.

### 11. Green Roof
   - Description: A roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium.
   - Advantages:
     - Enhances insulation and reduces heating/cooling costs.
     - Improves air quality and biodiversity.
     - Reduces stormwater runoff.

### 12. Thatched Roof
   - Description: A traditional style made from dry vegetation, such as straw, reeds, or palm branches.
   - Advantages:
     - Excellent insulator, keeping interiors cool in summer and warm in winter.
     - Environmentally friendly and sustainable.
     - Unique, aesthetically pleasing appearance.

Each type of roof has its own unique characteristics, advantages, and considerations for design, materials, and construction processes. The choice of roof type often depends on factors such as climate, architectural style, cost, and functional requirements.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘12โค8๐ŸŽ‰1
๐Ÿšง ๐—ฆ๐˜๐—ฟ๐˜‚๐—ด๐—ด๐—น๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด ๐˜„๐—ถ๐˜๐—ต ๐—ฐ๐—ผ๐˜€๐˜ ๐—ผ๐˜ƒ๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฟ๐˜‚๐—ป๐˜€ ๐—ผ๐—ฟ ๐—บ๐—ถ๐˜€๐˜€๐—ฒ๐—ฑ ๐—ฑ๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐—ฑ๐—น๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ฒ๐˜€? It might be time to sharpen your understanding of the key project management terms that top professionals use to keep their projects on track. Whether you're managing a small-scale build or a large, multi-phase project, mastering the right terminology can drastically improve your ability to control costs, forecast outcomes, and streamline decision-making. These five essential terms will help you better manage resources, mitigate risks, and ensure your projects deliver valueโ€”without breaking the bank. Ready to level up your project management skills? Keep reading to find out how these terms can transform the way you manage projects!

๐—›๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ ๐˜๐—ต๐—ฒ ๐Ÿฑ ๐—ธ๐—ฒ๐˜† ๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—บ๐˜€ ๐˜†๐—ผ๐˜‚ ๐—ป๐—ฒ๐—ฒ๐—ฑ ๐˜๐—ผ ๐—ธ๐—ป๐—ผ๐˜„:

โœ…๐—–๐—ผ๐˜€๐˜ ๐—˜๐˜€๐˜๐—ถ๐—บ๐—ฎ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป โ€“ Predict the financial resources required for your projects. Tip: Always involve key stakeholders during the estimation process to ensure accurate and realistic projections.

โœ…๐—•๐˜‚๐—ฑ๐—ด๐—ฒ๐˜ ๐—•๐—ฎ๐˜€๐—ฒ๐—น๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ฒ โ€“ Set the approved version of your project's budget and measure progress.
Tip: Once the baseline is set, continuously monitor it against actual performance to catch variances early.

โœ…๐—˜๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ป๐—ฒ๐—ฑ ๐—ฉ๐—ฎ๐—น๐˜‚๐—ฒ ๐— ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฎ๐—ด๐—ฒ๐—บ๐—ฒ๐—ป๐˜ (๐—˜๐—ฉ๐— ) โ€“ Track your project performance and costs efficiently.
Tip: Use EVM regularly throughout your project, not just during major milestones, to detect any deviations and course-correct quickly.

โœ…๐—–๐—ผ๐˜€๐˜ ๐—ฉ๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ถ๐—ฎ๐—ป๐—ฐ๐—ฒ โ€“ Understand the difference between planned and actual spending.
Tip: Track cost variance at key intervals and adjust your budget or scope immediately if the variance exceeds a threshold.

โœ…๐—–๐—ผ๐˜€๐˜ ๐—•๐—ฒ๐—ป๐—ฒ๐—ณ๐—ถ๐˜ ๐—”๐—ป๐—ฎ๐—น๐˜†๐˜€๐—ถ๐˜€ โ€“ Weigh the costs and benefits of different project options to make informed decisions.
Tip: Donโ€™t just consider financial returnsโ€”evaluate intangible benefits such as improved team morale or long-term sustainability.


๐—ช๐—ต๐˜† ๐—ง๐—ต๐—ฒ๐˜€๐—ฒ ๐—ง๐—ฒ๐—ฟ๐—บ๐˜€ ๐— ๐—ฎ๐˜๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฟ ๐˜๐—ผ ๐—ฌ๐—ผ๐˜‚:

Mastering these five key project management concepts can be the difference between a successful, on-time, and on-budget project, and one that spirals out of control. By integrating them into your daily practice, youโ€™ll not only improve financial management but also boost team efficiency and project outcomes. Whether youโ€™re managing construction projects or complex multi-disciplinary teams, these terms will empower you to make data-driven decisions and minimize risk.
@etconp
๐Ÿ‘21
๐Ÿ‘‰BIM -Digital transformation

๐ŸšงBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) is a process that involves the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places.

BIM is used in construction and infrastructure projects and facilitates collaboration among architects, engineers, and other stakeholders by providing a shared digital environment.

BIM Level of Development (LOD) 300

LOD refers to the level of detail or development in the BIM model. LOD 300 indicates that a BIM modelโ€™s elements are sufficiently defined for coordination and design purposes. Specifically:

โ€ข At LOD 300, model elements are represented as accurate in terms of size, shape, location, and quantity.
โ€ข Elements can be used to generate traditional construction documents, and coordination between disciplines is possible.
โ€ข The model is often suitable for extracting dimensions, schedules, and other data needed for fabrication or installation.

3D, 4D, and Beyond in BIM

BIM is often described in terms of various โ€œdimensionsโ€ that represent different types of information incorporated into the model:

1. 3D BIM: The basic 3D geometrical representation of a building or infrastructure project. This includes physical elements like walls, floors, windows, etc.
2. 4D BIM: Adds time-related information to the 3D model, enabling project scheduling and construction sequencing. This helps visualize the construction process over time.
3. 5D BIM: Incorporates cost-related information into the model, allowing for cost estimation and tracking in conjunction with the time and materials data.
4. 6D BIM: Involves lifecycle management data, including sustainability and energy performance analysis.
5. 7D BIM: Focuses on facilities management, enabling efficient operation and maintenance of the building after construction.

Each dimension adds more depth and detail to the BIM model, enhancing project management and decision-making.

Via Eagleng

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘13๐Ÿ‘2
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๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แ‹แ‹ญแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆจ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆชแ‰ต/Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)
 
๐ŸทแŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰…แŠ•แฃแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹แ‹ญแ‰ แˆญแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆชแ‰ต แ‹ตแ‰ฅแˆแ‰… แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ แˆ›แŠซแ‰ฐแ‰ต แŒฅแŠ•แŠซแˆฌแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แŒŽแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ปแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹˜แ‹ด แАแ‹แข

โบแŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ตแฃ แˆ˜แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ–แˆŠแˆ˜แˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰ แ‰แˆถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆฉ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹แ‹ญแ‰ แˆญแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถแ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰ แ‰ณแ‰ตแАแ‹ แŒฅแŠ•แŠซแˆฌแŠ• แ‹ญแˆฐแŒฃแˆ‰แข

โ–ถ๏ธแ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ FRC แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ 5.7% แŒญแˆ›แˆช แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŠ–แˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ฐแАแ‰ฅแ‹ซแˆ‰แข

โบแ‹จแ‹šแˆ… แ‹˜แ‹ด แ‰แˆแ แˆšแŠ“แ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‹แŠ• แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆชแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆญแฃ แˆตแŠ•แŒฅแ‰…/crack แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แ‰ฝแˆŽแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ณ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ‘แŠ•/lifespan แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแˆ˜แˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹แข

โบFRC แ‰ แˆฝแˆชแŠ•แŠฌแŒ… แฃ แ‰ แˆ™แ‰€แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹‹แ‹ˆแŒฅ/Tโฐ fluctuation แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‹แŒซแ‹Š แŒแŠแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแАแˆฑ แˆตแŠ•แŒฅแ‰†แ‰ฝแŠ•/Cracks แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃ แ‹ญแ‰€แŠ•แˆณแˆแข

๐ŸšงFiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC):- incorporates small, discrete fibers into the mix, enhancing its strength and durability.

โ–ถ๏ธThese fibers, crafted from materials like steel, glass, or polymers, disperse throughout the concrete, bolstering its performance.

โบRecent research forecasts a 5.7% surge in FRC demand.

โบIts key role lies in fortifying conventional concrete, augmenting its crack resistance and lifespan.

๐Ÿ“œFRC effectively mitigates cracks arising from shrinkage, temperature fluctuations, or external pressures.

@etconp
โค3๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แ‰ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆช แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแ‹ฐแˆณแ‰ฝ แˆŠแ‹ซแŒˆแŠŸแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แˆแŒ แˆซ แ…แŠ•แˆฐ-แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ†

โญ๏ธ1. แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ˜แแ‰ตแˆ„แ‹Žแ‰ฝ

แ‹ญแˆ… แŒฝแŠ•แˆฐ-แˆแˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‰ฐแ…แŠฅแŠ– แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แŠ•แˆฑ แ‹จแˆตแА-แˆแˆ…แ‹ณแˆญ แ‰แˆณแ‰แˆถแ‰ฝแŠ•, แŠ•แ‹ตแŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ’แŠฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ แˆญแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆ.  แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แˆจแŠ•แŒ“แ‹ด แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแฃ แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แ‰†แŒฃแ‰ข แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹แˆญแŒ‹แ‰ณ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆฐแˆต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

โญ๏ธ2. แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚

แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แŒ…แˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆปแˆปแˆ แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ณแ‰ แˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠฉแˆซแˆ‰แฃ แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแก-

* แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆžแ‹ดแˆŠแŠ•แŒ (BIM)
* แˆแŠ“แ‰ฃแ‹Š แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆปแˆˆ แŠฅแ‹แАแ‰ณ
* แ‹จแАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹ญแАแˆ˜แˆจแ‰ฅ (แŠ แ‹ญแŠฆแ‰ฒ) แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ณแˆณแˆฝ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ
* แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฃแ‹ญแˆ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ แˆชแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแ‰ฅแ‰ฅแˆญ

โญ๏ธ3. แˆžแŒแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŒฃแŒฃแˆš แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ

แ‹ญแˆ… แŒฝแŠ•แˆฐ-แˆแˆณแ‰ฅ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แ‰ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆŠแŒˆแŒฃแŒ แˆ™ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แˆžแŒแˆ แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŒฃแŒฃแˆš แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŠ•แ‹ฐแ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆแข

แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆžแŒแˆ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแฃ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŒฃแŒฃแˆš แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จแˆ›แˆแˆจแ‰ป แ‰ดแŠญแŠ’แŠฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ตแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆฐแˆต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

โญ๏ธ4. แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ

แ‹ญแˆ… แŒฝแŠ•แˆฐ-แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎแŠ แˆ แˆˆแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฉแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแ‹ฉ แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆแก-

* แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŠฅแ‰…แ‹ต แˆ›แ‹แŒฃแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ›แ‰€แ‹ต
* แ‹ˆแŒช แŒแˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ
* แ‹จแŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ
* แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰…แАแˆณ

โญ๏ธ5. แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แƒ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆžแ‹ดแˆ (BIM) แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ

BIM แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ•แฃ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆ แˆซแˆญ แˆˆแˆ›แˆปแˆปแˆ แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆญ แ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แˆžแ‹ดแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆแข

แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ BIM แˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญแฃ แˆžแ‹ดแˆŠแŠ•แŒ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆฐแˆต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

โญ๏ธ6. แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰†แˆปแˆป แŠ แ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแŠ“ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ›แ‹‹แˆ

แ‹ญแˆ… แŒฝแŠ•แˆฐ-แˆแˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰†แˆปแˆปแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆตแฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแŠ“ แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แˆ˜แแ‰ตแˆ„แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆแข

แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰†แˆปแˆป แŠ แ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹แฃ แ‰ แ‹ตแŒ‹แˆš แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹แˆ‰ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แ‰แˆถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆฐแˆต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

โญ๏ธ7. แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆ˜แแ‰ตแˆ„แ‹Žแ‰ฝ

แ‹ญแˆ… แŒฝแŠ•แˆฐ-แˆแˆณแ‰ฅ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แŠ•, แ‹จแŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แ‰†แŒฃแ‰ขแАแ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹‹แˆ…แ‹ฑ แ‰ฅแˆแˆ… แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆแข

แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ•แฃ แ‰  IT แ‹แˆ…แ‹ฐแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆฐแˆต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

โญ๏ธ8. แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“

แ‹ญแˆ… แŒฝแŠ•แˆฐ-แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แˆˆแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠญแˆ…แˆŽแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‰  แŠฆแŠ•แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจ แ‰  แŠ แŠซแˆ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแŠฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆแข

แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠข-แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“ แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹ŽแˆญแŠญแˆพแ–แ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆฐแˆต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

โญ๏ธ9. แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠชแˆซแ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แŒ‹แˆซแ‰ต

แ‹ญแˆ… แŒฝแŠ•แˆฐ-แˆแˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆณแˆชแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆซแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ‹แˆซแ‰ตแฃ แ‹ˆแŒชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฉแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰…แˆแŒฅแแŠ“แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒจแˆ˜แˆญ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแŠฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆแข

แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆณแˆชแ‹ซ แŠชแˆซแ‹ญแฃ แ‰ แŒ‹แˆซ แŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆŽแŒ‚แˆตแ‰ฒแŠญแˆต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆฐแˆต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

โญ๏ธ10. แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แˆ˜แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แŒˆแŒˆแˆšแ‹ซ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ

แ‹ญแˆ… แŒฝแŠ•แˆฐ-แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฎ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแŒˆแŒแˆ™ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆญแ‹ณแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แˆ˜แแ‰ตแˆ„แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆแก-

* แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แŒŠแ‹œ แˆแˆ‹แˆฝ แŠฅแ‰…แ‹ต แˆ›แ‹แŒฃแ‰ต
* แ‹จแŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แŒแˆแŒˆแˆ› แŠฅแŠ“ แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“
* แ‹จแˆ˜แˆแˆถ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆแˆถ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ

๐Ÿ’ซแŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแŠขแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆญแ•แˆจแАแˆญแˆบแ• แ…แŠ•แˆฐ-แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ตแˆชแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆแŒ แˆซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแŒฅแˆฉ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‰ฐแ…แŠฅแŠ– แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแˆฐแŒฃแˆ‰แข

Via FILA

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘17๐Ÿ™3
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ‘‰แˆแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ

๐Ÿ”ฐแˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ‰?

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ›แˆตแ‰†แˆซแˆจแŒฅ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แˆณแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠจแˆแˆˆแŒ‰  แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ก แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแŠ“แˆ

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แˆ›แˆตแ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆ›แˆณแŒ แ แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก แˆˆแˆฑแˆ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ‘ แ‰ แŒƒแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹‰

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

โ˜Ž๏ธแ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹‰แˆ‰แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ›แŠญแˆฉแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ 1. แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                   แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŒคแŠ“
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

0904040477
0911016833
๐Ÿ‘2โค1๐Ÿฅฐ1๐Ÿ’ฏ1
๐Ÿ‘‰The Great Wall of China is not a single continuous wall, but rather a series of walls, fortifications, and natural barriers that stretch over 13,000 miles. Built over several dynasties to protect China from invasions, the wall crosses various landscapes, including mountains, deserts, and plains.

โญ๏ธIt stands as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history and a symbol of China's strength and perseverance.

@etconp
โค5๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต (Site Setting Out) แˆแ‹จแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแ‰†แŒฃแŒฃแˆช แˆ˜แˆแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฑ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ

๐Ÿšงแ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซ แŠจแ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒฅแˆจแŒ แ‰€แŒฅแˆŽ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆซแ‹ แˆฅแˆซ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• (Axis) แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ‹แ‹Š แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• (Center of structures/column) แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿทแ‹ญแˆ… แˆฅแˆซ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แˆ˜แˆแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฑ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแฆ

1) แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แฆ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต (Site Setting Out) แŠจแˆ˜แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แˆฒแ‰ฃแŒŽ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒ แˆฉแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฝแŠซแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŒ‚แ’แŠคแˆต (GPS) แˆ˜แˆณแˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆˆแŠญแ‰ตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠจแแ‰ณ (Elevation of setting out strings) แ‰ แ‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰… แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฏแ‹Š แ‹จแˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แŠญแแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แŠญแแ‰ณ (Top Surface /Elevation/ of Original Ground Level) แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹จ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แˆตแˆ‹แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แŒ แˆจแŒ‹ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแА แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฏแ‹Š แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ›แ‹ แŠญแแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

2) แˆ˜แˆช แŠ•แ‹ตแ  (site plan) แˆ˜แŠ–แˆฉแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแА แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ•แฆ แˆ˜แˆแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฑ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ•แŠ•แŒป แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆญแแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ต (Axis & Center) แˆแ‹จแ‰ณ แ‰ แˆšแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แˆ•แŒ‹แ‹Š แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆ˜แˆช แ‹จแ‰ฆแ‰ณ แŠ•แ‹ตแ (site plan) แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

3) แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“ แแˆญแŒแˆญแŒ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆฎแ‰ฝ (main grid/Axis/ lines)แฆ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹ แˆแˆˆแ‰ตแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (X-axis and Y-axis) แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ“แŠ™แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆˆแŠญแ‰ฑ แแˆญแŒแˆญแŒ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ•แฃ แŠจแแ‰ณ แˆแ‹ฉแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆฉแŠ• (water level) แˆ›แˆจแŒˆแŒแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแˆญแˆต แ‰ แŠฅแˆญแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ“แŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แŒแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แŠจแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ‹แ‹Š แˆญแ‰€แ‰ต (centerline dimensions) แ‰ แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ธแˆซแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŠ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ˜แŒฅ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ‘ (Structural foundation layout) แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ แˆแŠฌแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠฌแ‰ต แŠญแแ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆŒแˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

4) แ‹จแˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ› (Location of Structural Elements):- แ‰ แ‹‹แŠ“แАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹จแˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ธแˆฉ แˆแˆฐแˆถแ‹Žแ‰ฝ/แ‰‹แˆš แŠ แˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ‹แ‹Š แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ(Columns centerline)แฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ธแˆฉ แˆแˆฐแˆถแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆญแ‰แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ต (Coordinate points)แฃ แ‹จแˆแˆฐแˆถ แŒซแˆ› แˆตแ‹แ‰ต (Footings coverage area) แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆˆแŠญแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

5) แ‹จแŠ แŒฅแˆญ แˆฅแˆซ (fencing or barbed)แฆ แ‰ แˆšแ‰†แˆแˆจแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แŠญแแˆ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ›แ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆณแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แฃ แˆ•แŒปแŠ“แ‰ตแฃ แ‰ แŒจแˆˆแˆ› แ‹จแˆšแŒ“แ‹™ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ฐแŠžแ‰ฝแฃ แŠฅแŠ•แˆตแˆณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‹ตแ‰แŠ“ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‹Š แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆญแˆตแค แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆชแˆ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹ แŠญแˆแˆ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆšแˆตแˆ›แˆญแฃ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ตแฃ แŠฅแŠ•แŒจแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แ‹แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแˆตแŠจแ‰ตแˆ‰แฃ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ถแ‰ฝแฃ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝแฃ แŠฅแ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‹˜แˆจแ‰ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ณแŒ แˆจ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆˆแˆˆ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅแˆ แ‹จแŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆ แˆ˜แˆแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฑ แˆฅแˆซ แАแ‹แข

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๐Ÿ‘‰แŠจแ‰…แŠ•แŒก แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแˆ‹แˆฝ แˆŠแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉ

๐Ÿšงแ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆแ‰ƒแ‹ตแŠ“ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ก แ‰ฃแˆตแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆˆแˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ตแค 15 แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแ‹‹แˆตแŠ—แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹แ‰…แ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แ‰ขแ‹ซแŠ•แˆต 500 แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แŠซแˆฌ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹ แ‹ฐแŠ•แŒแŒ“แˆแข

โบแ‹แˆณแŠ”แ‹แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆŽ แŠ แˆแ‹ฑ แ‹ซแАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ "แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แˆแˆ‹แˆฝ แˆŠแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ" แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ‰แข

แ‹จแˆแŒฃแŠ” แˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹ แ‹ถ/แˆญ แŠ แŒฅแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ™แค แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆšแ‹ซ แˆŠแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆ‰ แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆ แ‹จแˆแŒ แˆฉ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แแˆจแˆตแฃ แ‰ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ก แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‰‹แˆจแŒฅ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ฑ แ‹จแŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ•แˆ แˆฒแˆ‰แˆ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

แŠ แŠญแˆˆแ‹แˆ "แŠ แˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ› แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ• แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆฅแˆซ แˆแŒฅแˆจแ‹ แŠฅแˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆˆแ‹แŒกแฃ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆ˜แ‹ แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แŠ แ‰…แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแŒฅแˆฉ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‰…แŠ•แŒก แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‹ฌ แŠ แˆ‹แˆแŠ•แˆ" แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ…แŒ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰ แŒแˆแŒธ แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแАแŒˆแˆจแˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹ถ/แˆญ แŠ แŒฅแˆ‹แ‹แค "แ‰ขแŒˆแˆˆแŒฝแˆ แŠจแŒ€แˆญแ‰ฃแ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŠแ‰ต แˆˆแŠแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญแŒฃแŒฃแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ" แˆฒแˆ‰ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

"แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แˆฝ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ขแˆแŒ แˆฉ แˆˆแ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แกแก แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆตแŠ•แŠจแˆˆแŠญแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆแˆญแ‹ฐแŠ• แАแ‹แกแก แ‹ญแˆ… แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ญ แŠ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแŠแˆ" แˆฒแˆ‰แˆ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแАแ‰ต แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แŠฅแŒ… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ˆแŒฃ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠจแˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰…แ‹ฐแˆ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ฅแˆซแˆฉแ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆแŒฃแŠ” แˆแ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹ แŠ แ‰ถ แˆ˜แ‰†แ‹ซ แŠจแ‰ แ‹ฐ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠซแˆแ‰ปแˆ‰แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แŠฅแŒ… แŠฅแŠ•แˆตแŠซแˆˆ แ‹ตแˆจแˆตแค แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ˜แŒฃแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰… แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹ แˆˆแŠ แˆแ‹ฑ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

"แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠฎแˆชแ‹ฐแˆญ แˆแˆ›แ‰ฑ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแˆแˆจแˆฐ แАแ‹" แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹แค แ‹จแŠ•แŒแ‹ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆดแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ก แˆ•แŠ•แŒปแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแข

"แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹‹แˆ" แ‹ซแˆ‰ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แค แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ข แˆแŠ•แŒฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŠจแˆแŠจแˆ แŠฅแˆซแˆฑ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒŽแ‹ณ แАแ‹ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆจแŒก แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แค แ‹ญแˆ„แˆ แŠจแŒŠแ‹œแŠ“ แŠจแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แŠ แŠ•แƒแˆญ แˆˆแŠชแˆณแˆซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ณแˆญแŒ แŠ แˆแ‹ฑ แ‹ซแАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

โ‡๏ธแˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ตแ‹Ž  แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅแ‹Ž แ‹ญแŒปแ‰แˆแŠ•!

๐Ÿ“œแˆˆ แˆตแˆซ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแŠ•แˆˆแ‰…แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แˆ‹แ‰€แˆ๐Ÿ‘‰ @ETCONpWORK

๐Ÿ“ฉแˆŠแŒฝแ‰แˆแŠ• แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก @ETCONpBOT

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ฒแŠญแ‰ถแŠญ:๐Ÿ‘‡

www.tiktok.com/@etconp7

@etconp

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘28โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹›แˆฌ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒก แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จ แˆตแˆซ แ‰…แŒฅแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แˆŒแˆ‹แŠ›แ‹ แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแ‰€แˆ‹แ‰€แˆ‰

๐ŸทNEW VACANCY

แ‹จแˆตแˆซแ‹ แˆ˜แŒ แˆชแ‹ซ: Architect / Interior designer

แ‹จแˆตแˆซแ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต: แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰กแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆซ - แ‰‹แˆš

แ‹จแˆตแˆซแ‹ แ‹˜แˆญแ: #แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ_แŠฅแŠ“_แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›_แ•แˆ‹แŠ•

แ‹จแˆตแˆซแ‹ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ: แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ, แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ

แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ: แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹ฒแŒแˆช

แ‹จแˆแˆแ‹ต แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ: แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆˆแŠ›

แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแˆ‹แŒŠ แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต: 2

แ‹จแŠ แˆ˜แˆแŠซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แŒพแ‰ณ: แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต

แ‹ฐแˆžแ‹/แŠญแแ‹ซ: แ‹ˆแˆญแˆƒแ‹Š

แ‹จแˆ›แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ป แˆ›แ‰ฅแ‰‚แ‹ซ แ‰€แŠ•: October 12th, 2024

แ‹จแˆตแˆซแ‹ แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆญ:

The Interior Designer will be responsible for conceptualizing, designing, and overseeing the implementation of projects. This role requires a combination of creativity, technical skills, and a strong understanding of design principles.

Responsibilities

โ—  Develop design concepts based on client preferences, project requirements, and industry trends

โ— Prepare working and Presentation drawings, and material specifications

โ— Design or Select furniture, fixtures, and finishes that align with the overall design aesthetic

โ— Coordinate with contractors, suppliers, and other professionals involved in the project

โ— Oversee the implementation of the design, ensuring that it meets budget and timeline constraints

โ— Stay up-to-date with the latest interior design trends and technologies

Qualifications

โ— Bachelor's degree in Architecture
โ— 2+ years of experience in interior and furniture design
โ— Strong portfolio of design projects
โ— Proficiency in design software (e.g., AutoCAD, Revit, SketchUp)
โ— Excellent communication and interpersonal skills
โ— Ability to work independently and as part of a team
โ— Strong attention to detail

Note: Applicants must attach your Resume and Portfolio on subi.finishing@gmail.com

_
_

Subi Finishing

@ETCONpWORK
๐Ÿ‘8โค3๐Ÿ™2
๐Ÿ‘‰Doha, Qatar, has indeed implemented blue roads as a unique solution to combat heat. These specially designed roads reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat compared to traditional asphalt. By doing so, they can lower surface temperatures by 15 to 20ยฐC, helping to create a cooler urban environment and reducing the heat island effect.

๐ŸšงThis innovative approach is part of broader efforts to enhance sustainability and livability in hot climates.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘12
๐‘ช๐’๐’๐’•๐’“๐’‚๐’„๐’• ๐‘น๐’†๐’—๐’Š๐’†๐’˜

โ€ข๐–๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ ๐‘๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐ž๐ฐ?

Contract review is a contractual process used to identify & analyse key provisions within an agreement.

A legal professional read each contract thoroughly to understand T&Cs, highlight risks or relevant information.
โ€
When presented with a new contract or agreement, parties are allowed & most of the time expected to check & potentially rework the T&Cs, ensuring contract works for both parties.

Reviewing a contract before signing clarifies each party's obligations, protects their interests and ensures that all parties are treated fairly.
โ€
Both sides may want to suggest contractual changes, leading to further negotiations & compromise before signing a final contract.
โ€
โ€ข๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ ๐‘๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐ž๐ฐ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ

Starts with preparation in pre-review stage & includes:
-Clarifying contract-related facts -Measuring contract feasibility & forecasting contractual risks.
-Reviewing payment terms & triggers -Commercial terms & duration periods.

Team need to be sure that deal is on record, deep-dive interrogation into contract's finer points to ensure that no terms are missing.

If the contract review occurs pre-signature, then there will also be a negation period.

Any changes will need to be marked up & new version shared with the other party.

This will likely lead to some back & forth to finalise an agreement that works for everyone at the end of contract review process.

โ€ข๐‡๐จ๐ฐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐‘๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐ž๐ฐ ๐š ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ


๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ ๐‘๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐ž๐ฐ ๐‚๐ก๐ž๐œ๐ค๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ is a detailed list that contains every part of a contract that needs to be checked during review & negotiation process.

Contracts can vary significantly depending on agreement type, But there are some common elements that every contract should include.

Key points to include in your contract review checklist:

-Does the contract accurately describe the negotiated agreement?
-Are parties involved properly identified?
-Is contract duration clear, including any expiration dates & break clauses?
-What are payment terms & triggers? -What are payment dates & are they accurate?
-Are there any terms that could be open to interpretation?
-Are both parties' obligations accurately described?
-Are there terms in place for termination & contract renewal?
-Is there an agreed mechanism in place for any disputes resolution?

โ€ข๐–๐ก๐ฒ ๐€๐ซ๐ž ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ ๐‘๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐ž๐ฐ๐ฌ ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐ญ?

It reduces any agreement's legal & financial risk, provides both parties with a chance to fully understand T&Cs they are agreeing to before signature.

Post-signature, a contract review allows business to check clauses & provisions to ensure they still cover company needs & relevant regulations.
@etconp
โค12๐Ÿ‘8
EOT Request Course p01.pdf
5.8 MB
๐Ÿ‘‰Extension of Time In Construction

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘8๐Ÿ‘2
Ethio Construction Engineering
EOT Request Course p01.pdf
๐Ÿ‘‰EXNTENSION OF TIME IN CONSTRUCTION (EOT)

๐ŸšงWhat is extension of time in construction (EOT) ?

โบAn extension of time (EOT) in construction is a formal request from the contractor to the client for additional time to complete the project.

This can be due to unforeseen circumstances such as bad weather, delays in receiving materials, or other unexpected events. An EOT can be granted by the client and will typically include an adjustment to the project's completion date, with no additional costs to the client. It's also used as a means of recording delays that are beyond the control of the contractor or the employer, and which may affect the completion date of the project.

๐Ÿ’ซWhat are the procedure submitting EOT according to FIDIC red book 1999 ?

1.Notify the Engineer
2.Submit a written claim
3.Provide supporting documents
4.Allow the Engineer to investigate
5.Wait for the Engineer's decision
6.Appeal the decision

โ–ถ๏ธIt's important to note that the contractor must follow the specific procedures outlined in the contract for submitting an EOT claim, including the time frame for submitting the claim and providing supporting documentation.

๐ŸšงIt's also important for the contractor

๐ŸทHow a request for an Extension of time to be assessed ?

- The event should be one for which an EOT is permitted under the contract.
- Timely notice has been given by the contractor.
- The event is likely to cause delay and the effective items of work are on critical path.
- Contractor made all his efforts to mitigate the effects of delay.

๐Ÿ”ฐWhat is the benefit to contractor by getting EOT ?

- The benefit to the contractor of EOT is only to relieve the contractor of liability for damages for delay (adjusting the completion data).

โญ๏ธWhat is the benefit to employer by approving EOT ?

- The benefit to the employer is that it establishes a new contract completion date and prevent time for completion of the works becoming โ€˜at largeโ€™.

๐Ÿ“œWhat are the type of of extension of time in construction ?

In construction, there are several types of extension of time (EOT) that can be requested by a contractor during following events :

1.Compensable delay.
2.Concurrent delay.
3.Non-compensable delay.
4.Force majeure delay.
5.Excusable delay.

๐Ÿ”ฐWhat are the causes of extension of time in fidic red book 1999 ?

โบThe FIDIC Red Book 1999 outlines several causes of extension of time (EOT) that can be claimed by a contractor. These include:

1.Delays caused by the client.
2.Delays caused by factors beyond the contractor's control.
3.Delays caused by the Engineer.
4.Delays caused by other contractors
5.Delays caused by force majeure

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘19๐Ÿ‘3โค2๐ŸŽ‰2
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ˜แ‰แˆจแŒซ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆปแŠ“  แˆ›แŒ แŠแ‹ซ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ แŒƒแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠฅแŠ“แŒฅแ‹แˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆฐแˆซแˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ(แˆ˜แˆณแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซ)
                    แ‰.2 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

0904040477
0911016833
๐Ÿ‘5โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰The purpose of spacers between tiles serves several important functions:

1. Uniform Grout Lines: Spacers help maintain consistent gaps between tiles, ensuring even grout lines for a professional finish.

2. Tile Alignment: They assist in keeping tiles aligned and level during installation, reducing the risk of uneven surfaces.

3. Expansion and Contraction: Spacers allow for slight movement due to temperature changes, helping to prevent cracking or shifting of tiles.

4. Aesthetic Appeal: Consistent spacing contributes to the overall look of the tiled surface, enhancing its visual appeal.

5. Easier Grouting: The uniform gaps make it easier to apply grout, ensuring that it fills the spaces evenly and adheres properly.

Using spacers is essential for achieving a high-quality tile installation.

@etconp
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๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠจแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แ‹แŒช แ‹ซแˆˆ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฑ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Š แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ:

๐Ÿšง1. แˆแŠฌแ‰ฑ แŠจแŠ•แ‹ตแ‰ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆ›แˆ›แ‰ฑ/Size as per drawing/

โบ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแ‹ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ‹จแˆšแˆธแแАแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŠญแˆแˆ แ‰ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ธแˆซแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ธแˆซแˆ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ‘ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฑแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ“แ‹ณแŠ แ‹ˆแˆแˆ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต (Respective floor area) แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒฃแŒฃแˆ˜ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ•แข

๐Ÿšง2. แ‹จแ‰€แŒคแАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŒแ‹ณแˆ›แ‹Š แŠ แŠ•แŒแˆ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰แŠ• (Horizontal and Vertical angles as required)

โบแ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆ•แŠ•แŒปแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ณ แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‹ณแˆ›แ‹Š แŒˆแŠ•แ‹ดแˆ‹ (beam) แ‹จแ‰ณแŒ แˆฉ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆ‰แข

โ–ถ๏ธแŠจแ‰ขแˆ แ‹แŒช แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŠ•แŒ แˆแŒฃแ‹ญ แ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆฆแˆตแ‰ต แŒŽแŠ•แฃ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŒแˆ›แˆฝ แŠญแ‰ฅแฃ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰…แˆญแŒฝ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆŽแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉแ‰ แ‰ต แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ›แ‹แŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แŠ แŠ•แŒแˆ แˆ˜แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆแข แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ‹แˆƒแˆแŠญ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰…แฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแ‹ถแˆแฃ แ‰ตแˆซแ’แ‹žแ‹ญแ‹ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆฆแˆตแ‰ต แŒŽแŠ• แ‰…แˆญแŒฝ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆแŠฌแ‰ต แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแŒˆแˆฑ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰…แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆแข

๐Ÿšง3. แ‹จแŒ แ‰ แ‰€ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ•/rigidity/

โบแ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแ‹ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆธแŠซแˆšแ‹แŠ• แŒฅแ‰ฅแ‰…แАแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ปแ‹ญแАแ‰ต (scaffolding rigidity and material capability)แฃ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แŒฅแ‰ฅแ‰…แАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆธแŠจแˆ แŠ แ‰…แˆ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต (Formwork rigidity and appropriateness of materials) แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฅแ‰ตแข

โบแŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แ‹ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แˆฒแˆฐแˆซ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แŠญแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แŠญแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠญแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแˆ›แˆฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠญแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแŠ•แ‹แˆต แŒซแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฑแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แŒแŠแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ข แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿšง4. แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠฉแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ฑ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แˆ˜แ‰€แˆ˜แŒกแŠ• (Spacer)

โบแ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แˆ™แˆŒแ‰ต แŠจแˆ˜แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต /แŒแˆฎ/ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ›แ‹แŠ“ แ‰ แŒŽแŠ•แ‹ฎแˆฝ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ŽแˆญแŠญ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ (between reinforcement and formworks panels) แ‰ แ‹จแ‰ตแŠ›แ‹แˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ขแ‹ซแŠ•แˆต 2.5แˆด.แˆœ แ‹จแˆ†แА แŠญแแ‰ฐแ‰ต (space) แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

โบแ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแˆšแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ แ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ถแ‰ฝ (spacers) แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แˆญแ‰€แ‰ต (appropriately and in reasonable distance) แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒก แ‰ฅแ‰ป แАแ‹แข etconp

๐Ÿšง5. แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ›แАแ‰ต (Formwork panels compatibility)

โบแˆˆแŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแŠ•แŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠจแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹ซแˆแŒฃแŒฃแˆ˜แฃ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆตแˆ›แˆ› แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

โบแ‰ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒ แˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ“แŠ”แˆŽแ‰น แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆ™แฃ แŠ แ‰ฃแŒฃ แŒŽแ‰ฃแŒฃ แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แŠ‘แฃ แ‰ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ‘ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฃ แŠซแˆแˆ†แА แ‰ แ‰€แˆญ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แŠจแˆŒแˆ‹แ‹ แ‹จแŠจแแ‰ณ แˆแ‹ฉแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แข

๐Ÿšง6. แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ (expansion joint)

โบแ‰ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆชแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠแАแ‰ฑ แˆตแŠ•แŒฅแ‰†แ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŒˆแŒฃแŒ แˆšแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข etconp

โบแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆชแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแˆฐแˆฐ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‰ แˆตแŠ•แŒฅแ‰… แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ‹แˆˆแŒฅ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ‹แˆˆแŒ  แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆซแˆ แ‰ แ‹šแ‹ซแŠ• แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹จแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ™แ‰€แ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆตแ‹แ‹แ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŒˆแŒฃแŒ แˆšแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒก แŠจแˆ†แА แ‹จแŠฅแАแˆญแˆฑแŠ• แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ› แ‰ฆแ‰ณแฃ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ›แАแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแ‰ต แŒแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿšง7. แ‹จแ‹˜แ‹ญแ‰ต แ‰…แ‰ฅแŠฅ แˆฅแˆซ (Oiling of shuttering)

โบแ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ฑ แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แ‹จแ‹แˆตแŒ แŠ›แ‹ แŠญแแˆ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแˆแ‹ถ แŠฆแˆŠแ‹ฎ (Olio) แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ฑ แŠจแŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠฉ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแŒ แˆจแ‹ แŒ แŠ•แŠซแˆซ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŠ–แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ (preventing bonding contact of concrete with formwork surface) แ‹˜แ‹ญแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰€แ‰ฃแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แŠ•แข

โ‡๏ธแˆˆแˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ตแ‹Ž  แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅแ‹Ž แ‹ญแŒปแ‰แˆแŠ•!

๐Ÿ“œแˆˆ แˆตแˆซ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแŠ•แˆˆแ‰…แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แˆ‹แ‰€แˆ๐Ÿ‘‰ @ETCONpWORK

๐Ÿ“ฉแˆŠแŒฝแ‰แˆแŠ• แŠซแˆฐแ‰ก @ETCONpBOT

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ฒแŠญแ‰ถแŠญ:๐Ÿ‘‡

www.tiktok.com/@etconp7

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘9๐Ÿ™3โค2๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰  แˆ˜แ‰แˆˆ แ‰ 9 แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ 8 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ณแ‰…แ‹ทแˆ

แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰แˆˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แ‰ 9 แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ 8 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ›แ‰€แ‹ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แข

แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แ‰ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แˆŠแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ แ‰ณแ‰€แ‹ฑ แ‹จแˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แŠจแАแ‹‹แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แŠจแˆšแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แˆ˜แŠญแˆฏแˆแกแก

แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃ แ‹ญแ‰ตแ‰ฃแˆจแŠญ แŠ แˆแˆ€ แ‰ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แ‰ 9 แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ 8 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ›แŠซแˆ„แ‹ต แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰€แ‹ฑแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒคแŠ“ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แˆ›แˆตแ‹แ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แŒฅแŒˆแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแŒ แ‰ฑแŠ• แŒ แ‰แˆ˜แ‹รทแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆแ‹ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ€แˆแˆจแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŠฅแ‰…แ‹ฑ แŠ แŠซแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰€แˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠขแ‹œแŠ  แ‹˜แŒแ‰งแˆแกแก

@etconp
โค3๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰Standard sizes for various components in a building are as follows

๐Ÿšง1. Door

- Standard interior door size is approximately 2 meters in height and 0.7-0.8 meters in width. etconp
- Standard exterior door size is approximately 2 meters in height and 0.9 meters in width.

๐Ÿšง2. Window

- Standard window sizes vary depending on the type of window, but they typically range from 0.6 to 1.8 meters in width and 0.9 to 1.8 meters in height.

๐Ÿšง3. Toilet

- Standard toilet dimensions are approximately 0.76 meters in width and 0.74 meters in depth. The height of a toilet is usually between 0.35-0.45 meters.

๐Ÿšง4. Bathroom

- A standard bathroom size is around 1.5 meters by 2.4 meters or 1.8 meters by 2.7 meters, which provides enough space for a toilet, sink, and shower or bathtub.

๐Ÿšง5. Dining Room

- A standard dining room size is around 3 meters by 3.7 meters or 3.7 meters by 4.3 meters, which can comfortably accommodate a dining table and chairs. etconp

๐Ÿšง6. Bedroom

- A standard bedroom size is around 3 meters by 3.7 meters or 3.7 meters by 4.3 meters, which allows enough space for a bed, nightstands, and dressers.

๐Ÿšง7. Kitchen

- A standard kitchen size is around 3 meters by 3.7 meters or 3.7 meters by 4.3 meters, which provides space for cabinets, countertops, appliances, and a dining table.

๐Ÿšง8. Store Room

- A standard store room size is typically around 1.8 meters by 1.8 meters or 2.4 meters by 3 meters, providing enough space for storing household items, tools, or equipment.

๐Ÿ“œThese are general guidelines and actual sizes may vary depending on the specific requirements and layout of the building.

๐ŸทIt is always recommended to consult with a professional architect or designer to determine the best sizes for your building project.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘23๐Ÿ‘4โค3