👉Here are the main types of column failure, along with explanations of what causes them:

1. Buckling:

• Cause: This occurs when a column is subjected to a compressive load that exceeds its buckling capacity. Buckling is essentially a sudden lateral (sideways) deformation of the column, often resulting in a sudden collapse.
• Factors:
  * Slenderness Ratio: The ratio of the column's length to its least radius of gyration. Slender columns are more prone to buckling.
  * Load: High compressive loads increase the risk of buckling.
  * Material Properties: The stiffness and strength of the column material play a role.

2. Crushing:

• Cause: Crushing occurs when the compressive load applied to a column exceeds its compressive strength. The column literally crushes under the weight.
• Factors:
  * Load: High compressive loads increase the risk of crushing.
  * Material Strength: The material's resistance to compression.
  * Cross-Sectional Area: A smaller cross-sectional area makes the column more vulnerable to crushing.

3. Shear Failure:

• Cause: Shear failure happens when the shear stress in the column exceeds its shear strength. This often occurs in columns subjected to lateral loads or eccentric loads.
• Factors:
  * Lateral Loads: Forces applied perpendicular to the column's axis.
  * Eccentric Loads: Loads applied off-center of the column, causing bending.
  * Material Strength: The column's resistance to shear stress.

4. Combined Failure:

• Cause: Columns can fail due to a combination of factors. For example, buckling can lead to increased shear stresses, which then contribute to shear failure.
• Factors:
  * Slenderness Ratio: A slender column is more susceptible to both buckling and shear failure.
  * Load Type: A combination of compressive, lateral, and eccentric loads can lead to a complex failure mode.

5. Fatigue Failure:

• Cause: Fatigue failure occurs due to repeated or cyclic loading. Over time, these repeated stresses can lead to cracks and eventually failure.
• Factors:
  * Load Cycles: The number of times the load is applied and removed.
  * Stress Range: The difference between the maximum and minimum stress levels in each cycle.
  * Material Properties: The fatigue resistance of the column material.

6. Corrosion-Induced Failure:

• Cause: Corrosion can weaken the column material, reducing its strength and load-carrying capacity.
• Factors:
  * Exposure: Exposure to moisture, chemicals, and salt can accelerate corrosion.
  * Material Type: Some materials are more susceptible to corrosion than others.

Prevention and Mitigation:

• Proper Design: Ensure the column is adequately designed to resist the expected loads.
• Material Selection: Choose materials with appropriate strength and durability.
• Corrosion Protection: Use protective coatings or treatments to prevent corrosion.
• Regular Inspection: Monitor the column for signs of damage or deterioration.

In summary, column failures are a serious concern in structural engineering. Understanding the different modes of failure is essential for ensuring the safety and stability of structures.

Via Eagleng

@etconp

👉የኮንስትራክሽን ጨረታ/ Construction Tender

🏷ብዙ ኮንትራክተሮች ከ Technical ግምገማ ውጪ እየሆኑ እናያለን የ ቻናላችን ቤተሰቦች በሰበሰቡት መረጃ መሰረት አንዱ ምክንያት የግዢ አዋጁ ከደነገገው መመሪያ በላይ requirement ስለሚቀመጥ ነው።

💫ለምሣሌ የግንባታ የተሻሻለው መመሪያ ላይ ስለ turnover እንዲህ ያስቀምጣል:-

▶️ለሀገር ውስጥ ተጫራቾች peak annual turn over እንዲያዝ ሲያዝ ለውጪ ተቋራጮች ደግሞ average turnover  እንዲያዝ ያዛል ነገር ግን የሀገር ውስጥ ተቋራጭ average ባለሟሟላቱ ውድቅ ይደረጋል።

⏹turnover amount የሚሰላው የሚገነባው ፕሮጀክት ዋጋ ለሚፈጀው ወራት በማካፈልና በ12 በማብዛት ሲሆን አንድ ፕሮጀክት engineering estimation 100 million ሆና duration 3 አመት ቢሆን መጠየቅ ያለበት peak 33.3 million birr ለሀገር ውስጥ ተቋራጭ እና 100 million ለውጪ ተቋራጭ እንደ ማለት ነው።

🌟ስለዚህ ጨረታ ሲገዙ ይህንን አዋጅ በመጥቀስ clarification እየጠየቁ ቢሞሉ ጨረታውን የማለፍ እድልዎ ከፍ ይላል

📩ተጨማሪ ይጠቅማል የምትሉት መልዕክቶን ለእኛ ለማጋራት👇

❇️ቴሌግራም ላይ በ t.me/ETCONpBOT ሀሳባችሁን ብትልኩልን፣ ይደርሰናል!

📜እኛም ገምግመን መልሰን እናደርሳለን

@etconp

👉What happend when sugar is added to concrete?

💫sugar is a well known retardant of concrete and is often used to help adjust the setting times, especially in emergencies.

⭐️Builders used retardants to slow down the setting of concrete, particularly in warm weather, to make it more plastic  and give them more time to work with material.

🚧There are a number of commercial available chemical that can be used to do this, but common salt and sugars are effective.

🏷In the case of sugar, the setting process is slowed down because it interfers with the chemical reaction that causes cement to set when water is added concrete is made using cement which is a combination of crushed and heated limestone , clay, and gypsums ; aggregate such as gravel, sand and water.

⭐️Adding water causes a chemical reaction called hydration , where hydrogen from the waters combines with calcium, sulphate, aluminum and silicon from the cement .

💫Thus releases heat and depending on the proportion of each of these minerals which hydrate at different rates, however, is composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms which can interfere with the hydration process by binding with the minerals and slow down the reaction.

@etconp

Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
👉 Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Concrete Repair, Grout   
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
● Quartz, Contextra
● Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
● Floor hardener, Epoxy              
● Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

👉ሁሉን በአንድ ቦታ የሚያገኙበት እና ለሁሉም ቅርብ

🔰ምን ይፈልጋሉ?

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

✂️ላሜራ ማስቆራረጥ ማስበሳት ወይንም ማሳጠፍ ከፈለጉ  እንዳያስቡ ሁሉንም ማሽኖች አስገብተናል

🔗ፌሮ (ቶንዲኖ) ጥርስ ማስበጀት ወይንም ማሳጠፍ ካሰቡ ለሱም ማሽኑ በጃችን ነዉ

📐ማንኛዉንም የሞደፊክ ስራዎችን የሚሰሩ ብቁ ባለሙያዎችም አሉን

☎️ይደዉሉልን ያማክሩን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

አድራሻችን፦ ቁ.1 አዉቶብስ ተራ(መሳለሚያ)
                    ቁ.2 መርካቶ
                    ቁ.3 ተክለሀይማኖት

0904040477
0911016833

👉Hydrodemolition

💫Hydrodemolition, or hydro demolition, is a concrete removal technology that employs high-pressure water to remove damaged concrete, as well as asphalt and grout.

⭐️This method creates a great bonding surface for repair and new coating applications.

Via Yonatan

@etconp

👉Foundation underpinning

💫Foundation underpinning* is a construction technique used to strengthen and stabilize the foundation of an existing building or structure.

🚧It is typically performed when the existing foundation is inadequate or unstable, often due to soil subsidence, structural damage, or an increase in the load-bearing capacity required by the building.

🏷There are several methods of foundation underpinning, each suitable for different situations:

1. Mass Concrete Underpinning: This method involves excavating sections of the existing foundation beneath the building and pouring concrete to create new, deeper footings. It's a traditional and widely used method suitable for relatively shallow foundations.

2. Beam and Base Underpinning: In this method, reinforced concrete beams are constructed below the existing foundation, spanning across multiple underpinning pits. These beams provide support for the foundation while excavation and construction work proceed in stages.

3. Pile Underpinning: Pile underpinning involves driving piles (long, slender columns) deep into the ground beneath the existing foundation to provide additional support. The piles can be made of steel, concrete, or timber, depending on the soil conditions and structural requirements.

4. Jet Grouting: Jet grouting involves injecting a high-pressure grout mixture (typically cementitious) into the ground beneath the foundation to create a series of interconnected columns or soilcrete. This method is often used in situations where traditional underpinning methods are impractical due to limited access or challenging soil conditions.

5. Screw Piling: Screw piling involves screwing helical piles into the ground beneath the foundation using specialized equipment. The piles provide support and stability to the foundation, and they can be installed quickly with minimal disruption to the surrounding area.

6. Cantilever Needle Beam: This method involves installing a series of needle beams horizontally through the existing foundation wall. These beams are then supported by new, deeper footings constructed on either side of the wall. It's suitable for situations where excavation beneath the entire foundation is not feasible.

7. Grillage Beam Underpinning: Grillage beams are steel or reinforced concrete beams placed beneath the existing foundation at regular intervals. These beams distribute the load of the structure to the underlying soil, providing additional support and stability.

The choice of underpinning method depends on various factors, including the soil conditions, structural requirements, accessibility, and the extent of the foundation repair needed. It's essential to consult with a structural engineer or foundation specialist to determine the most appropriate method for a specific project.

Via Yonatan

@etconp

👉Laboratory tests for cement

💫Several tests are used for quality and strength of cement, including:

⭐️1. Fineness test: This test is used to determine the particle size of cement.

The fineness of cement affects its rate of hydration and strength development.

⭐️2. Soundness test: This test is used to determine the ability of cement to resist volume change and cracking due to hydration.

This test is important to ensure that the cement does not cause expansion or cracking in concrete.

⭐️3. Setting time test: This test is used to determine the time it takes for cement to set and harden.

This test helps to ensure that the cement has the proper setting time for the intended application.

⭐️4. Compressive strength test: This test is used to determine the strength of cement after it has hardened.

The compressive strength of cement is important to ensure that it can withstand the loads placed on it.

⭐️5. Tensile strength test: This test is used to determine the tensile strength of cement.

This test is important for applications where cement may be subjected to tensile stresses.

⭐️6. Heat of hydration test: This test is used to determine the amount of heat released during the hydration of cement.

This test is important to ensure that the heat generated during the hydration process does not cause cracking or other damage to the concrete.

⭐️7. Chemical analysis: This test is used to determine the chemical composition of cement.

This test is important to ensure that the cement meets the desired chemical specifications and does not contain any harmful materials.

❇️ለማንኛውም አስተያየትዎ  እና ሀሳብዎ ይጻፉልን!

📜ለ ስራ እና ጨረታዎች ምንለቅበት ቻናል ለመቀላቀል👉 @ETCONpWORK

📩ሊጽፉልን ካሰቡ @ETCONpBOT

💫ቲክቶክ:👇

www.tiktok.com/@etconp7

@etconp

@etconp

👉RING SAW USES AND APPLICATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION

🏷Ring saws are handheld, so they are used to cut areas that aren’t accessible by road saws but require deeper cuts than a hand saw can provide.

⏺They are also used for precision cutting to prevent pipes and concrete being overcut and damaged.

💫A ring saw can cut through any hard material including:
– Stone – Granite – Marble – Glass – Acrylic Within construction, ring saws are often used for creating small openings through concrete or brick walls – to create windows, door frames and ventilation.

Via Yonatan

@etconp

👉THE BENEFITS OF RING SAWS

⭐️Take a look at the 4 main benefits of using a ring saw to cut concrete.
 
1. PORTABLE & POWERFUL
They are portable and powerful – a ring saw can create a cut of up to 275mm in depth. A ring saw can allow for precise cuts and can create corners and right angle cuts with ease. Ring saws are useful for cutting in confined space too.

2. CLEAN CUTTING
Ring saws are used with water to keep the blade cool, wet blades don’t create as much dust as other methods and so this is a much cleaner method of cutting.
 
3. SAFE CUTTING
The blade is bumped rather than toothed, the abrasive edge works by creating friction against a hard surface, skin is soft so can bounce harmlessly off the bumps.
 
4. NO VIBRATION
A ring saw operates by the blade spinning in a circle, whereas other concrete cutters vibrate, which can wear out the teeth of the machine quicker and cause chips and abrasions to a more delicate material.

❇️ለማንኛውም አስተያየትዎ  እና ሀሳብዎ ይጻፉልን!

📜ለ ስራ እና ጨረታዎች ምንለቅበት ቻናል ለመቀላቀል👉 @ETCONpWORK

📩ሊጽፉልን ካሰቡ @ETCONpBOT

💫ቲክቶክ:👇

www.tiktok.com/@etconp7

@etconp

👉በአርባ ምንጭ ከተማ ዋና ዋና መንገዶች ላይ የሚሰሩ ህጻዎች ከፍታቸው G+6 እና ከዚያ በላይ እንዲሆን ስታንዳርድ ተቀመጠ።

የከተማ ህንፃ ቀለማት ምርጫም ነጭና ቢጫ ውህድ ፤ አንድ ህንፃ መቀባት ያለበትም ሶስት አይነት ቀለም ብቻ ነው ተብሏል።

" በኮሪደር የሚለሙ ቋሚ አጥር ግንባታ 1.50 ሜትር ፤ በሚካሄዱ ግንባታዎች ጊዜያዊ አጥሮች ከሁለት ሜትር በላይ ከፍታ ያላቸው ሆነው አረንጓዴ ቀለም በኤጋ ቆርቆሮ ማጠር " እንደሚገባ ተገልጿል።

ዝቅተኛ ህንፃዎች ከመንገድ መራቅ ያለባቸው ርቀት (set back) አደባባዮች ዙሪያ 6 ሜትር፣ ለሌች መንገዶችን ተከትሎ 4 ሜትር፣ ከግለሰቦች ወሰን በኩል መሰኮት ከሌለው 2 ሜትር፣ መስኮት ካለው 3 ሜትር ርቀት መኖር አለበት ተብሏክ።

ከዚህ በተጨማሪ ደግሞ በቀንና በማታ ዕይታን የማይረብሽ ውብና ሳቢ መንገድ ዳር መብራት ቀለም የመብራት ቀለም ከ3000K Warm LED በከተማው በሁሉም ዋና መስመሮች በከተማ ውስጥ ያሉ ንግድና ግለሰብ ቤቶች፣ ድርጅቶችና መንግስታዊ እና ሌሎች ተቋማት የማውጣት ግዴታ እንዳለባቸው ስታንዳርድ ተቀምጧል።

አዲስ አበባ የተጀመረው የኮሪደር ልማት ስራ ወደ ክልሎችም የሄደ ሲሆን የኮሪደር ስራ እየተሰራባቸው ካሉ ከተሞች አንዷ አርባ ምንጭ ናት።

Via Tikvah

@etconp

👉Did you know that adequate concrete cover is required to prevent corrosive agents getting access to the reinforcement through cracks and pervious spaces.

🏷However, the thickness of cover helps to maintain clear distance which depends on the severity of the exposure and the quality of concrete.

@etconp

👉COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

🏷In the Construction engineering technical side of view, the term ''composite construction'' refers to the structures in which different materials such as timber, steel, concrete and masonry are used simultaneously for construction works.

🏷Similarly, composite construction occurs when two materials are combined together to act as a single unit.

⏺This creates a stronger structure as both materials work together to support each other.

💫However, composite construction can also be referred to structural system in which the separate structural steel sections and reinforced concrete are combined
The most common type of composite
construction works is the simultaneous use of of steel and concrete to form steel concrete composite structures as shown in the two images below.

⏺Composite construction is widely used in large commercial building projects or dynamic structures such as aircraft, wind turbine,  car parks, retail stores, where house and bridges because of their high strength and low weight.

❇️ለማንኛውም አስተያየትዎ  እና ሀሳብዎ ይጻፉልን!

📜ለ ስራ እና ጨረታዎች ምንለቅበት ቻናል ለመቀላቀል👉 @ETCONpWORK

📩ሊጽፉልን ካሰቡ @ETCONpBOT

💫ቲክቶክ:👇

www.tiktok.com/@etconp7

@etconp

ሁሉን በአንድ ቦታ የሚያገኙበት እና ለሁሉም ቅርብ

ምን ይፈልጋሉ?

፦ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

፦ላሜራ ማስቆራረጥ ማስበሳት ወይንስ ማሳጠፍ ከፈለጉ እንዳያስቡ ሁሉንም ማሽኖች አስገብተናል

፦ፌሮ (ቶንዲኖ) ጥርስ ማስበጀት ወይንም ማሳጠፍ ካሰቡ ለሱም ማሽኑ በጃችን ነዉ

፦ማንኛዉንም የሞደፊክ ስራዎችን የሚሰሩ ብቁ ባለሙያዎችም አሉን

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