👉PART 3 ከባለፈው የቀጠለ ጥያቄ?

🤚ሰናይ ቀን ! ለጓደኞቻችሁ' ያጋሩ!

Q16. What is allowable moisture content in Fine aggregate for the concrete mix?

answers:- We won’t use the aggregate if its moisture content is more than 5%.

Q17. What do you mean by segregation?

answer:-  Segregation is a separation of cement, sand from aggregate. This is caused due to Water cement ratio and when concrete is poured about
more than 1.5m

Q18. What is Seepage?

answers:- Slow percolation of water through soil is called Seepage.

Q19. What is the Compressive Strength of brick?

answers:-
Second class brick-70kg/cm2
First class brick-105kg/cm2
Fire brick-125kg/cm2

Q20. How do you check the quality of cement on the site?

answers:-
1. Date of Mfg: Cement strength decreases with its age.
2. Color: Colour should be grey with light greenish shade and it should be uniform. Color gives an indication of excess lime or clay.
3. Float test: A good cement won’t float if you throw a cement in water.
4. When you put your hand in cement bag you should feel cool.

📩እናመስግናለን! እያበረታታችሁን ላላችሁ🙏

🏷ሀሳብ፣ አስተያየታቸውን አድርሱን
ተጨማሪ ይጠቅማል የምትሉትን ላኩልን 💫

@etconp

👉7 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒀𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑩𝒖𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒕

"Rising costs are common in construction industry, 9 out of 10 projects experience overrun"–International Journal of Innovation, Management & Technology

🚧𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐮𝐧 𝐈𝐧 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭?

Any unexpected incurred cost cause project to exceed overall budget terms agreed to with client

▶️𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐮𝐧?

1》𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞

Rework has become a common trope in construction industry, as high as 70% design inconsistencies or errors rework incidents

-Construction errors(Improper installation)
-Omissions/errors made in design process
-Mistake made in fabrication
-Customer requested revisions

2》𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬’ 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠

Contractor, who receive payment after completing part of project face a financing challenge balancing multiple projects & budgets

They have to be able to certify sufficient funds are available to undertake projects & make payroll

3》𝐏𝐚𝐲𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲

With small cash reserve on hand, it's a challenge to pay subcontractors, failure to timely pay for completed work makes it difficult for contractor to meet project objective/timeline

4》𝐋𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬’ 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞

Projects become more complicated & require more time & expertise to complete.

Lack of experience result expensive rework as a risk.

5》𝐏𝐨𝐨𝐫 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Estimators determine resources expenditure to complete project based on plan & specs, a process involves collecting & analyzing large amounts of independent, but related, cost & non-cost data

As projects carry high degree of uncertainty & much is unknown until projects break ground

As a result, cost estimates might be inaccurate & lead to a cost overrun due to following causes

-Cost estimator is overly optimistic
-Use unreliable estimate data
-Absence of a national database to base prices on
-Estimator lack experience & honest mistakes

6》𝐏𝐨𝐨𝐫 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 (𝐁𝐈𝐃) 𝐃𝐨𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬

-Miscommunication between contractor & designer
-Insufficient details in working drawings & lack of coordination between parties
-Lack of human resources in design firm
-Designer lack knowledge of available material & equipment
-Use incomplete shop drawings & specs

7》𝐏𝐨𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭

Not knowing what you have on hand or planning can result in time spent waiting for materials to arrive result cost overrun in lost productivity Impacting
-Labor
-Admin & management
-Reduced material budget
-Lengthen timeline
-Degraded reputation

🏷𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐮𝐧 𝐈𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬?

-Construction Project Forecast
-Seek Financial Support
-Hire Right Team
-Employ Productivity & Collaboration Tools

Via Yonatan tadesse PMP

@etconp

👉in construction projects, Design and Build and Turnkey contracts are two common project delivery methods that assign responsibilities differently between the contractor and the client. Here's a comparison between the two:

🏷1. Design and Build:

⏺Definition: In a Design and Build contract, the contractor is responsible for both the design and the construction of the project.
The client typically provides a set of project requirements or specifications, and the contractor designs and builds accordingly.

⏺Scope of Responsibility: The contractor is responsible for:
Creating the design. Executing the construction according to the approved design.

⏺Client Involvement: The client has more involvement in the design process, as they need to approve the design before construction begins.

⏺Risk Allocation: The contractor assumes the risk for both design errors and construction issues, but the client may share the risk if they approve designs that lead to issues later on.

⏺Cost Control: There may be more flexibility for price adjustments since design changes can occur during the project.

💫Advantages

▶️ Faster project delivery, as design and construction can overlap.
▶️Single point of responsibility for both design and construction.

💫Disadvantages

⏹ Limited client control over the design once the contract is awarded.
⏹Higher potential for disputes if the design isn't aligned with the client's expectations.

🏷2. Turnkey

⏺Definition: In a Turnkey contract, the contractor takes complete responsibility for the design, construction, and final delivery of a fully operational project. The term "turnkey" refers to the idea that the client can "turn the key" to a fully functional facility upon completion, without needing to handle any design or construction aspects.

⏺Scope of Responsibility: The contractor is responsible for:
Both design and construction, similar to Design and Build.
Delivering a complete and operational project that meets the client’s specifications.

⏺Client Involvement: Minimal client involvement once the contract is signed. The contractor handles everything from start to finish.

⏺Risk Allocation: The contractor assumes the full risk for delivering the project. The client transfers both design and construction risks to the contractor.

⏺Cost Control: Turnkey contracts often have a fixed price, reducing the client’s exposure to cost overruns. However, any changes requested by the client during the project could result in additional costs.

💫Advantages

▶️Less involvement required from the client during the project.
▶️The client receives a fully operational facility upon completion.
▶️Fewer potential for design and construction disputes since the contractor handles everything.

💫Disadvantages

⏹The client has very little control over the design and construction process.
⏹Any changes or additional requirements requested after contract signing can be costly.

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

@etconp

👉የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ማስታወቂያ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏

📜የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ቁጥር:-SSNT-T-500

💫የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ GC/BC-4 እና ከዚያ በላይ የሆኑ ኮንትራክተሮችን በግልጽ ጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ አወዳድሮ በአዲስ አበባ ቦሌ አለም አቀፍ አውሮፕላን ማረፊያ የካርጎ አገልግሎት ግቢ ውስጥ የኮንፈረንስ፣ የመቀየሪያ ክፍል፣ የሴፕቲክ ታንክ እና የስፖርት ሜዳ ግንባታ ማሰራት ይፈልጋል።

🚧ስለሆነም ለስራው ብቁ የሆኑ ተጫራቾች የ ዒም የታደሰ ህጋዊ የንግድ ፈቃድ ያላቸውጭ የተጨማሪ እሴት ታክስ (ላ) ተመዝጋቢ የሆኑ የዘመኑን ግብር የከፈሉ እና ከግብር እዳ ነጻ ስለመሆናቸው እንዲሁም የመንግስት መስሪያ ቤቶች የሚያወጡት ጨረቃ ላይ ለመሳተፍ ጊዜው ያላለፈበት ፈቃድ ማቅረብ የሚችሉ መሆን ይኖርባቸዋል፡፡

🏷ተጫራቾች የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ሰነዱን ይህ የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ማስታወቂያ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ከወጣበት ቀን ጀምሮ ባሉት የስራ ቀናት በአቅራቢያቸው ከሚገኝ የኢትዮጵያ ንግድ ባንክ ቅርንጫፍ የማይመለስ 100.00 ብር (አንድ መቶ ብር) በሂሳብ ቁጥር 1000006958277 (E-99) ለኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ቁጥር SSNT-T-500 በሚል ገቢ በማድረግና የከፈሉበትን የ ደረሰኝ ቅጅ (Deposit slip Copy) ከታች በተጠቀሰው የኢ-ሜይል አድራሻ በመላክ የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ሰነዱን ከኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ ስትራቴጂክ ሶርስን ነን ቴክኒካል ክፍል በኢሜይል ማግኘት ይችላሉ፡፡

ተጫራቾች ለጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ማስከበሪያ ብር 200,000 /ሁለት መቶ/ ሺህ ብር በባንክ የተረጋገጠ ሲፒኦ/ ባንክ ጋራንቲ ማስያዝ ይኖርባቸዋል፡፡

ከማንኛውም ኢንሹራንስ እና ከባንክ የሚቀርብ ሁኔታዊ ዋስትና ተቀባይነት አይኖረውም፡፡

አሸናፊው ከተለየ በኋላ በጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ው ለተሸነፉት ተጫራቾች ያስያዙት የጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ ማስከበሪያ ወዲያውኑ ተመላሽ ይሆናል፡፤

ተጫራቾች በጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ው ደንብ መሠረት የመጫረቻ ሠነዳቸውን በታሸገ ኤንቨሎፕ ለኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ ስትራቴጂክ ሶርሲንግ ክፍል እስከ ህዳር 19 ቀን 2017 ዓ.ም ከቀኑ 9 ሰዓት‍‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍ ድረስ ማቅረብ አለባቸው፡፡

ጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ው ተጫራቾች ወይም ህጋዊ ወኪሎቻቸው በተገኙበት በቦሌ የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንግድ ግሩፕ ዋና መሥሪያ ግቢ ውስጥ በተመሳሳይ ቀን ከቀኑ በ 9፡15 ሰዓት ይከፈታል፡፡

ለተጨማሪ ማብራሪያ - የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ ቦሌ አለም አቀፍ አየር ማረፊያ⬇️⬇️

ስትራቴጂክ ሶርሲንግ ነን ቴክኒካል ክፍል
ወ/ሮ ሰላማዊት አባተ
ስሰክ ቁጥር፡- 011-5-17-42-58
ኢ-ሜይል፡- selamawita@ethiopianairlines.com

አየር መንገዱ የተሻለ መንገዴ ካገኘ ጨረታ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‏ውን በከፊለም ሆነ በሙሉ የመሠረዝ መብቱ የተጠበቀ ነው!

@etconp

⭐️TODAY TIP

👉ድርጅትዎ ትርፋማና ስኬታማ እንዲሆን ይፈለጋሉ

💫ትርፋማና ስኬታማ የንግድ ድርጅቶች እና ኩባንያዎች ግባቸውን ለማሳካት እና እድገታቸውን ለማስቀጠል ብዙ ጊዜ ተመሳሳይ የጋራ ስትራቴጂዎችን ይጠቀማሉ።

📜በውጤማነታቸው በሰፊው የሚታወቁ አምስት ቁልፍ የንግድ ስልቶች ከዚህ በታች ይገኛሉ፡፡

🏷1. ደንበኛ ተኮር አቀራረብ፦

የደንበኞችን ምርጫና የትኩረታቸውን ማእከል ለማግኘት እንደየደረጃው የዳሰሳ ጥናት ማድረግ፣

የደንበኞችን ፍላጎት ለማሟላት ምርትን አገልግሎትንና የግብይት መልእክቶችን ማበጀት፦

🏷2. ጠንካራ የኩባንያውን የምርት ወይም የአገልግሎት መለያ መፍጠር

ወጥ የሆነ የምርት ስም አርማ እና የድርጅቱን ምስላዊ ማንነት መፍጠር፣

የምርት ስም ታማኝነትን መጠበቅ፣

በተደጋጋሚ ንግድን ለማበረታታት ከደንበኞች ጋር መልካም ግንኙነትን መፍጠር ማለትም ደንበኞች ለድርጅቱ አስፈላጊ እና ጠቃሚ የመሆን ስሜት እንዲሰማቸው ማድረግ፣

🏷3. በድህረ ገፆችና በማኀበራዊ ሚዲያ መድረኮች ጠንካራ የመስመር ላይ ግንኙነቶችን ማቋቋም

የመስመር ላይ ግብይት ሰፊ የገበያ ምህዳርን ለመፍጠርና ምቾትን ለማሻሻል የመስመር ላይ ቻናሎችን መጠቀም፣

🏷4. በመረጃ የተደገፈ ውሳኔ

የንግድ ሂደቱን ውሳኔ ለማወቅ እና አፈጻጸምን ለመለካት የመረጃ ትንታኔ ማድረግ፣

ወደ ግባችን የሚያደርሱንን መሻሻሎችን ለመከታተል ቁልፍ የአፈጻጸም አመልካቾችን (KPI) መጠቀም፣

🏷5. ቀጣይነት ያለው መሻሻል

የግብረ መልስ ምልከታ፦ መሻሻል ያለባቸውን ቦታዎች ለመለየት ከደንበኞችና ሠራተኞች ጋር በየጊዜው ግብረ መልስ መጠየቅ፣

በገበያ ለውጦችና አዳዲስ በመታየት ላይ ባሉ አዝማሚያዎች ላይ ተመስርተው ስትራቴጂዎችን ለማስተካከል ራስን ማዘጋጀት ይጠበቃል።

Via Ethio Business Cast

@etconp

👉የግንባታ ቦታን ማስረከብ

💫የግንባታ ባለቤት (Client) ለግንባታ ሥራ መሰናክል ከሆኑ ነገሮች (ለምሳሌ፦ የካሳ ጥያቄ ከሚያነሱ ሰዎች ቁጥጥር፣ ከመብራት፣ ከውሃ፣ ከቴሌ ግንባታዎችና መሣሪያዎች) በማጽዳት ወይም ነጻ በማድረግ ዝግጁ የሆነ የግንባታ ቦታን ለሥራ ተቋራጩ (Contractor) የማስረከብ ሕጋዊ ኃላፊነት አለበት።

🚧ባለቤቱ የግንባታ ቦታውን ምክንያታዊ በሆነ ጊዜ ውስጥ ለሥራ ተቋራጩ ካላስረከበ የግንባታ ማስረከቢያ ጊዜ መራዘም/መዘግየት/ ላይ ለሚያስከትለው ኪሳራ ወይም ወጪ ኃላፊነቱን እንደሚወስድ የሕንጻ ግንባታ ደንቦች (Standard Building Contract with quantities) በአንቀጽ 2.4 እና 2.24 ስር የሰፈረ ድንጋጌ ነው።

@etconp

👉Soil Pressures During Seismic Events

🚧Essential Insights for Structural & Geotechnical Engineers

⏺As structural engineers, we often concentrate on forces from above, such as gravity loads, wind, and seismic forces. But what about the soil pressures acting on our structures during earthquakes and throughout a building's life? It's vital to understand how soil interacts with structures, especially when dealing with retaining walls and basements connected to the main building.

In this post, we'll look at the different types of earth pressures (at-rest, active, and passive) and explain Mononobe-Okabe method for calculating seismic soil forces on flexible walls. We'll also discuss whether this method works for so-called "stiff" walls.

Understanding Earth Pressures

• At-Rest: This happens when a structure retains soil and is stiff enough to prevent soil from moving. The pressure increases with depth, reaching its maximum at the base of the wall.

• Active: Occurs when a wall moves away from the soil, which reduces the pressure on the wall. The pressure still increases with depth, forming a triangular shape.

• Passive: Occurs when a wall moves into the soil, significantly increasing pressure. This is important for soil-structure interaction and often requires advanced analysis using nonlinear soil springs that consider the soil's different behaviour depending on load direction.

⭐️Seismic Forces due to Soil: Flexible vs. Stiff Walls

During earthquakes, soil pressures on retaining structures can increase significantly. The design approach varies depending on the wall's flexibility:

• Flexible Walls (Drift ≥ 0.4%): For walls that can move more, we assume active earth pressures behind the wall. The Mononobe-Okabe (M-O) equations expand classical earth pressure theories to include seismic forces using KₐE.

• Stiff Walls (Drift < 0.4%): For stiff walls, seismic pressures are higher than those calculated by the M-O equations. Research by Wood and Elms in the 90s shows that as wall deflection increases up to 0.4%, the earthquake pressure decreases linearly to the M-O value. The pressure distribution shifts from uniform to triangular (maximum at the base) during this range of movement.

🏷Practical Tips for Engineers

• Always consider seismic soil pressures in your load combinations during seismic design. Ignoring them can lead to underestimating loads and potential structural issues.

• How the soil and structure interact can greatly affect the forces experienced during earthquakes.

For those looking to learn more, I recommend "Seismic Design of Bridge Abutments and Retaining Walls" by Wood and Elms (1990).

Stay tuned for a future post on soil-structure interaction, where we'll cover how the relationship between soil and structure affects seismic performance.

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP®

@etconp

Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
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👉ሁሉን በአንድ ቦታ የሚያገኙበት እና ለሁሉም ቅርብ

🔰ምን ይፈልጋሉ?

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

✂️ላሜራ ማስቆራረጥ ማስበሳት ወይንም ማሳጠፍ ከፈለጉ  እንዳያስቡ ሁሉንም ማሽኖች አስገብተናል

🔗ፌሮ (ቶንዲኖ) ጥርስ ማስበጀት ወይንም ማሳጠፍ ካሰቡ ለሱም ማሽኑ በጃችን ነዉ

📐ማንኛዉንም የሞደፊክ ስራዎችን የሚሰሩ ብቁ ባለሙያዎችም አሉን

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