👉Building Resilience: Earthquake Safety and Design for a Safer Future

🚧Building a Safer Ethiopia: Comprehensive Earthquake Resilience Through Engineering and Public Safety (October 29,2024) Event Slides by Dr. Mesele Haile

📜1 out of 8 documents provided by Dr. Mesele

#Earthquake #SeismicDesign #BuildingSafety #Ethiopia #Africa

(Courtesy of  ECC - Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation & Ethiopian Association of Civil Engineers)

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

@etconp

👉Self-compacting concrete

💫Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a specialized type of concrete that flows and spreads easily through formwork and around obstructions without the need for mechanical vibration. This is achieved through a careful balance of mix ingredients and the use of superplasticizers.

🏗️When to Use SCC

✔️In complex structures with dense reinforcement where conventional vibration would be difficult.
✔️In areas where noise reduction is important, such as urban locations.
✔️ For elements with intricate shapes or surface textures that could be affected by vibration.
✔️Large construction projects where efficiency and speed are priorities.

🏗️Advantages of SCC

✔️Improved Quality and Finish: Provides a superior surface finish and better filling of forms.
✔️Reduced Labor and Noise: No need for vibration reduces labor costs and construction noise.
✔️Time Efficiency: Faster placement reduces project timelines.
✔️Enhanced Durability: Better compaction leads to improved strength and durability.
✔️Versatility: Suitable for a variety of applications from precast structures to commercial builds.

📜Overall, SCC enhances the construction process in terms of quality, efficiency, and sustainability.

#Selfcompactingconcrete #siteengineer #Civilengineer #concretetechnology

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

@etconp

👉Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures

ACI 224.1R-07


#civilengineering #retrofit #rehabilitation #asce41 #fema356 #Structuralengineering #earthquakeengineering
#steelstructures #concretestructures
#AWS #ISO #ICRI

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

@etconp

Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
👉 Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Concrete Repair, Grout   
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
● Quartz, Contextra
● Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
● Floor hardener, Epoxy              
● Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

✂️ላሜራ መቁረጫ መብሻና  ማጠፊያ ማሽኖች አሉን

🔗ፌሮ (ቶንዲኖ) ጥርስ እናበጃለን እንዲሁም እናጥፋለን

📐ማንኛዉንም የሞደፊክ ስራዎችን እንሰራለን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

አድራሻችን፦ ቁ.1 አዉቶብስ ተራ(መሳለሚያ)
                    ቁ.2 መርካቶ
                    ቁ.3 ተክለሀይማኖት

0904040477
0911016833

👉𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎𝒔 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑰𝒏 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚

🏷Parties may contemplate minor variation in quantity from contract estimate, especially if engineering documents aren't issued “Approved for Construction (AFC)”

💫Even when AFC drawing issued prior to establishing contract price, change may occur, cause deviation from approved design & significantly increase or decrease required quantity to be installed & contractor’s cost

⏺Under unit price contract contractor typically buy material, add overhead, profit markup & agree to perform work for this unit price

▶️If owner’s estimated quantity is higher than actual quantity, contractor may claim for unrecovered overhead cost & profit

⭐️𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠

Owner realize cost saving as result of value engineering, design change, reduce quantity, then request credit from contractor

Contractor might not pass on full saving achieved from owner’s change, potentially cause dispute with owner who expect larger credit

𝐔𝐧𝐛𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠

Contractor take risk with unit price contract tactically apply its overhead & profit % in unbalanced manner to items for which it expects large quantity increases as design matures, thus receiving additional profit layer

Such practice may backfire if “over-priced” items quantities don't increase or decrease as result of value engineering, thus reduce contractor’s overhead & profit recovery

𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐲

-𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 "𝐕𝐄𝐐" 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞
Equitably assign risk of increase or decrease in estimated quantity result from information or conditions not reasonably apparent to parties when they enter into contract to prevent harmful losses

Contract include provision, after given variation % (e.g 15-25 %), there can be adjustment to unit price

Technical specs & drawings describe what work is payable

-𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞

“Differing Site Conditions” clause override “VEQ” clause when:
1)Actual quantities clearly exceed contemplation of parties; &

2)Cost of doing extra work greatly differs from stated unit-price because of factors not foreseen by either party

“Differing Site Conditions” clause may also prevail over use of “VEQ” clause:
1)Owner’s estimate found to be prepared negligently; &

2)Owner fail to disclose “superior knowledge” result quantity overrun

Contractor must maintain record of all cost associated with change or extra work

Advantage of recovery under “Differing Site Conditions” to contractor isn't limited to unit price but can recover actual cost plus reasonable overhead & profit

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭

VEQ clause usually don't specify contractor to notify owner in advance if actual quantity to exceed estimated quantity

The only notice requirement imposed by VEQ clause is related to requests for (EOT)

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

@etconp

👉Construction Claims For Variation

https://t.me/ETCONp

@etconp

👉TYPES OF DRAWINGS USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

🚧Drawings are the most important things we need to start any construction project.

🏷There are different types of drawings for different purposes.

📜In this article, we will discuss different types of construction drawings (also known as working drawing)

⏺Construction drawings provide detail measurements and clear section of every building parts.

⏺After reviewing, the drawings are justified and modified and finally approved for construction.

💫The different types of construction drawings are listed below.

1) ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

⏺This type of drawing provides complete view of a building. It demonstrates the location of the building and all building parts where they will be placed.

⏺There are different types of architectural drawings
with different names such as plan, elevation, section
etc.

2) STRUCTURAL DRAWING

▶️As the name suggests, this type of drawing provides information about structure, like strength of different structural elements, structural materials, grade, size and placement of reinforcement etc.

3) ELECTRICAL DRAWING

⏺This type of drawings provide the details and location of electrical wiring, fixtures, substation etc.

▶️The electrical load calculation is also given in the drawing.

4) PLUMBING AND SANITARY DRAWINGS

⏺These drawings give the location of sanitary, piping
for water supply system, fixture, and the process to
connect every fixture etc.

@etconp

👉በፕሮጀክቶች ላይ ለሚፈጠሩ አለመግባባቶች አማራጭ የግጭት አፈታት አገልግሎትን ያግኙ

“በብዙ የማህበራዊና የተፈጥሮ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች አለመግባባት ተፈጥሮአዊ መሆኑ ተደጋግሞ የተገለፅ እውነታ ነው፡፡

በህግ ወይንም በውል የተገለፁ መብቶች ያለመከበር እና የይገባኛል ጥያቄዎች ለእነዚህ አለመግባባቶች መፈጠር መሰረታዊ ምክንያት ናቸው፡፡

መሰል ይገባኛል ጥያቄዎችን በአግባቡ መፈታት ያልተቻለ እንደሆነ ጉዳዩ ወደ አለመግባባት ደረጃ የማደግ እድሉ ሰፊ ነው፡፡

ስለሆነም ያለመግባባቶች ከፍ ወዳለ ደረጃ ከማደጋቸውና ለፕሮጀክቶች አፈጻጸም እንቅፋት ከመሆናቸው በፊት መታረም መቻላቸው አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡

ፕሮጀክቶች በተያዘላቸው ጊዜ በተያዘላቸው በጀት ለማጠናቀቅ ይቻል ዘንድ የተለያዩ የግጭት አፈታት ዘዴዎችን ተጠቅሞ ያጋጠሙ አለመግባባቶችን መፍታት አሁን አሁን ይበልጥ እየታመነበት የመጣ ጉዳይ ሆኗል፡፡

የግንባታ ዘርፉም ከግጭቶች/ ካለመግባባቶች የፀዳ ባለመሆኑ በተመሳሳይ ዕይታ የሚታይ እና መፈታት ያለበት ጉዳይ ነው፡፡

የግንባታ ሂደት በውስጡ ከሚሳተፉ ባለድርሻዎች፣ ከሚፈስበት መዋዕለ ነዋይ እንዲሁም ከሚወስደው ጊዜ ውስብስብነት ወዘተ አንፃር አለመግባባት መፈጠሩ የሚጠበቅ ነው፡

በግንባታ ሂደቶች ውስጥ የሚያጋጥሙ አለመግባባቶችን መፍታት ፈርጀ ብዙ ጠቀሜታ እንዳለው የዘርፉ ባለሙያዎች በስፋት ይገልጻሉ፡፡

ስለሆነም ግጭቶች/ አለመግባባቶች/ ወደ ፍርድ ቤት ከመሄዳቸው በፊት አማራጭ የግጭት አፈታት ዘዴዎችን በመጠቀም ሊያጋጥሙ የሚችሉ አለመግባባቶችን መፍታት በተከራካሪ ወገኖች መካከል መልካም ግንኙነትን ከማስቀጠል አኳያ፣ ከህግ ሙያ ውጪ ያሉ ሌሎች ባለሙያዎችን ከማሳተፍ በተጨማሪ ጊዜን፣ ወጪን እና በዳኝነት ተቋማት ላይ የሚፈጥረውን ጫና የሚቀንስ በመሆኑ ይህ አሰራር በግንባታ ዙሪያ የሚኖረው ጠቀሜታ የጎላ ነው፡፡

የሚኒስትሮች ምክር ቤት የፌዴራል መንግስት አስፈጻሚ አካላትን ስልጣንና ተግባር ለመወሰን በወጣው አዋጅ 1263/2014 የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን የተቋቋመ እና ስልጣኑንና ተግባሩንም ለመወሰን እንደዚሁ በሚኒስትሮች ምክር ቤት ደንብ ቁጥር 524/2015 መሰረት አድርጎ መቋቋሙ ይታወቃል፡፡

ይህን መነሻ በማድረግ በኢትዮጵያ የዳኝነት እና የዕርቅ አሰራር ስርዓት አዋጅ ቁጥር 1237/2013ን መሠረት በማድረግ እና በደንብ ቁጥር 524/2015 አንቀጽ 5 (16) የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን በመንግስት ኮንስትራክሽን ስራዎች ለሚፈጠሩ የውል አለመግባባቶች በሚዘረጋው አሰራር ስርዓት ፕሮጀክቶች/ ተዋዋዮች በአማራጭ የግጭት መፍቻ ዘዴዎች መፍትሄ እንዲያገኙ የማድረግ ስልጣንና ተግባር ተሰጥቶታል፡፡

በዚህም መነሻነት፣ የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን በመንግስት ኮንስትራክሽን ስራዎች ለሚፈጠሩ የውል አለመግባባቶች በዘረጋው የአሰራር ስርዓት በአማራጭ የግጭት መፍቻ ዘዴዎች መፍትሄ እንዲያገኙ እየሰራ መሆኑን እየገለፅን ማንኛውም የህንጻና የመሠረት-ልማት ፕሮጀክቶችን የሚያስገነቡ እና እያስገነቡ ያሉ የመንግስት አስፈጻሚ ተቋማት እና የሚመለከታቸው የባለድርሻ አካላት በመደበኛ ፍርድ ቤት የሚሰጡ አገልግሎቶች እንደተጠበቀ ሆኖ፤ አለመግባባቶችን በአማራጭ የግጭት አፈታት ዘዴዎች መፍታት የሚፈልጉ የመንግስት ተቋማት ወይም ግጭቶችን በአማራጭ የሙግት መፍቻ ዘዴዎች ለመፍታት የህግ ስልጣን ያላቸው ተቋማት አገልግሎቱን ከባለስልጣን መ/ቤቱ ማግኘት የሚችሉ መሆኑን እናሳውቃለን፡፡

የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ባለስልጣን

@etconp

👉Why Project Managers and Quantity Surveyors Should Work Hand in Hand

🚧In construction, effective collaboration between Project Managers and Quantity Surveyors is crucial to keep projects on track and within budget.

⏺Their combined expertise in managing time and finances ensures project success, especially when facing challenges.

💫Key Reasons for Working Together

1️⃣ Time Directly Impacts Costs:

▶️Delays in construction almost always increase costs, as extended timelines often require additional resources, labor, and equipment.

▶️By working together, Project Managers can keep the schedule in check while Quantity Surveyors monitor the financial impact, balancing both time and cost efficiently.

2️⃣ Managing Delays and Extensions:

▶️In the case of project delays or extensions of time (EOT), Project Managers assess the need for extra time, while Quantity Surveyors calculate the financial implications.

▶️This collaboration enables them to adjust budgets and schedules accurately, minimizing unexpected costs and ensuring a fair adjustment to both parties.

3️⃣ Handling Payment Delays:

▶️Late payments can disrupt cash flow, impacting the availability of materials and labor.

▶️Quantity Surveyors keep track of payment schedules and advise on financial planning, while Project Managers ensure resource availability, helping to prevent costly project interruptions.

4️⃣ Effective Risk Management:

▶️Project Managers and Quantity Surveyors identify and plan for risks in both timelines and costs.

▶️Together, they address financial risks associated with delays, price fluctuations, or changes in project scope, ensuring better control over project risks.

5️⃣ Optimized Resource Allocation:

▶️Project Managers ensure resources are available when needed, while Quantity Surveyors focus on cost-effectiveness.

▶️This combined approach ensures resources are used efficiently and reduces the likelihood of budget overruns.

⭐️For construction projects, time and money are interlinked, making it essential for Project Managers and Quantity Surveyors to work hand in hand.

@etconp

Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
👉 Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Concrete Repair, Grout   
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
● Quartz, Contextra
● Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
● Floor hardener, Epoxy              
● Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall

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                    ቁ.3 ተክለሀይማኖት

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👉𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒐 𝑬𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 & 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑩𝒖𝒅𝒈𝒆𝒕

🚧𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Quantitative assessment of amount likely to be spent to complete project

🚧𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐁𝐮𝐝𝐠𝐞𝐭

Total cost required to complete project tasks & contingency reserve for known risks

Budgeting is process, not project event Budget is developed at project start & later refined as more info becomes available about project & detailed WBS prepared

At project start, Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM) estimate created, with accuracy range -25% to +75%, result in outcomes to get initial budgetary approvals & get project off ground

ROM estimate further refined into preliminary estimates when more information becomes available

After creating detailed WBS, definitive estimates developed with accuracy range -5% to +10%.

💫𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐁𝐮𝐝𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

》Essential to secure funding
》Essential to make good project plan
》Essential to manage project, as budgetary estimates address cost constraints
》Compare actual costs against approved budget to determine variance
》Help improve project profitability

⭐️𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬

𝟏》𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐣𝐮𝐝𝐠𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
Get estimates from expert (consultant/ In-house) with specialized experience understanding project’s domain area

𝟐》𝐓𝐨𝐩-𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Estimates overall project cost, then decompose whole project into smaller components & allocates part of total budget to these components

𝟑》𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Look at historical data from previous similar projects to drive estimate for current project

𝟒》𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Use historical data from previous projects to calculate cost estimate for current project, using mathematical formula & statistical relationship between different variables to estimate complete project cost

𝟓》𝐁𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦-𝐮𝐩 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Estimate WBS smaller components, aggregate them to calculate project budget

𝟔》𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞-𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐄𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Done by taking average of 3 different estimates to calculate expected cost

•Optimistic(O): Best-case scenario
•Pessimistic(P): Worst-case scenario
•Most likely(M): Realistic scenario

⏺Expected cost (E) driven using:

》Triangular Distribution Formula
E= (O+P+M)/3

》Beta Distribution Formula
E= (O+P+4*M)/6

❇️𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐁𝐮𝐝𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐬

》Prepare ROM budget at project start utilising top-down or analogous estimation techniques
》Get initial budget approval
》Create WBS & define work packages
》Decompose work packages into activities
》Estimate each work package cost
》Add contingency reserve
》Create sum total of work package cost estimates
》Add project-level contingency reserves as required
》Refine budget further to reconcile with initial budgetary estimates & constraints
》Get approval on final budget
》Refine budget in case any changes impact project

@etconp

👉What is the main difference between square column and circular column? Which one is more used and why?

■ Here are some thoughts:

Circular columns are symmetric about any centroidal axis. Square columns have only 4 axes of symmetry.
If you compare a square column with a circular column having the same diameter as the side of the square column, circular column has a smaller cross section area (0.785 times the square column) but larger second moment of area (1.178 times the square column). Thus, it is less prone to buckling and may require slightly more reinforcement to carry the same load as a square column.
The minimum number of bars required in a square column is 4, while for circular columns, it is 6.
Form work for square columns is simpler (due to the straight sides) compared to circular columns.
Circular columns are considered aesthetically pleasing compared to square columns .

Which column gives good strength circular or rectangular??

■ Theoretically, circular columns give more strength compared to rectangular columns.

Consider a circular and a rectangular column of side D, D*B. The cross-sectional area of the circular column will be higher when compared to rectangular columns. Also, the moment of interia of the circular columns will be much higher than that of the rectangular/square columns. Thereby, less dangerous towards buckling.

( The reason to prefer a rectangular column is because it fits with the wall and beam properly. And formwork and compaction are easy)

Even in terms of reinforcement,

The minimum number of bars in the rectangular column is 4.

The minimum number of bars in a circular column is 6.

■ The round or circular columns give more strength with respect to rectangular cross section because of its resistance against buckling and torsion. This is due to its uniform cross-section and high moment of inertia.

Within circular columns, the one with helical stirrups provides 5% more strength in comparison to normal circular stirrups as per IS 456 :2000 (Cl. 39.4).

Generally, rectangular columns are used at the site because:

The ease with which their shuttering is available and used at site..
At the corners, circular columns are difficult to hide. Hence, it causes hindrance in aesthetics.
Problem of binding stirrups (in case of helical it is more difficult).

■The following points show the difference between the strength of two different types of columns,

Due to their Slenderness ratios.
Circular cross-section columns are more resistant to buckling as compared to the rectangular cross-section. Furthermore, circular sections will have uniform torsion characteristics.
No weak corners in circular columns and no stress concentration.
Columns having shear reinforcement in the form of spirals gives better confinement than shear reinforcement in the form of ties.
A column is only as strong as its weakest point, and square columns have four lines of weakness – the folds. The circular cross section doesn't have any folds, so they don’t have any points of weakness and can spread the load they’re bearing out evenly across the whole cylinder.
The resistance to bending or deflection of a circular cross section is higher than a rectangular cross section with the same area. In addition, the load required to buckle a column with a circular cross section is the same around its perimeter, but a beam with a rectangular cross section may bend first in either of two axes.

@etconp