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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
Latest updates, tips, and tutorials on building, civil engineering, and construction in World.
Learn, build, and grow with us!

๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

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๐Ÿ‘‰Bricks

๐Ÿ’ซBricks are a type of building material typically made of concrete, sand, lime, or clay. They are generally used to construct walls, pavements, and other types of architecture.

๐ŸšงBricks can be produced in a variety of shapes and types depending on the materials used to make them and the use for which they are intended.

โบIt is because of their sturdiness, strength, and fire resistance, that they continue to be a popular building material.

โญ๏ธDifferent types of bricks

1. Sun-dried bricks
2. Burnt clay bricks

     1) First class bricks
     2) Second class bricks
     3) Third class bricks
     4) Fourth class bricks

3. Fly ash bricks
4. Concrete bricks
5. Engineering bricks
6. Calcium silicate bricks
7. Eco bricks

โ–ถ๏ธBricks can be identified by their size, colour, texture, and sound.

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘16
PHP:- This typically refers to the type of steel used in the rebar. In this context, it denote a specific brand or manufacturer designation for the rebar.

TMT:- This stands for Thermo-Mechanically Treated steel.

TMT bars are produced through a process that involves heating and rapid cooling, which enhances their strength and ductility compared to conventional steel bars.

The TMT process results in a composite structure with a tough outer layer and a softer core, providing better performance under stress.

500:- This number indicates the yield strength of the rebar in megapascals (MPa).

A yield strength of 500 MPa means that the rebar can withstand stresses up to this limit before deforming permanently.

Higher numbers indicate stronger steel, making it suitable for various construction applications where high tensile strength is required.

20:- This figure usually represents the diameter of the rebar in millimeters (mm)

Therefore, โ€œ20โ€ indicates that this particular rebar has a diameter of 20 mm

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘16โค5
Let's talk about Retrofitting work.

Retrofitting is strengthening of existing structures or structural elements to enhance their performance with new technology, features, and components.

Generally retrofitting can be classified in two categories

1. Global retrofitting, and
2. Local retrofitting

๐—š๐—น๐—ผ๐—ฏ๐—ฎ๐—น ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐˜๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—ณ๐—ถ๐˜๐˜๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด:
The global retrofitting technique targets the seismic resistance of the structures. It includes adding of shear structure, adding of steel bracings, adding of infill structure and base isolation.

๐—Ÿ๐—ผ๐—ฐ๐—ฎ๐—น ๐—ฟ๐—ฒ๐˜๐—ฟ๐—ผ๐—ณ๐—ถ๐˜๐˜๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด:
Local retrofitting technique targets the seismic resistance of a member. The local retrofit technique includes the concrete, steel or fibre reinforced polymer
jacketing to the structural members, like beams, columns,foundation, and beam column joint. Concrete jacketing involves adding a new layer of concrete with longitudinal reinforcement and closely spaced ties. The jacket increases both the flexural strength and the shear strength of the beam or the column.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘19
Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
๐Ÿ‘‰ Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK

โ— Concrete Admixtures
โ— Bonding Agents
โ— Waterproofings
โ— Concrete Repair, Grout   
โ— Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
โ— Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
โ— Quartz, Contextra
โ— Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
โ— Floor hardener, Epoxy              
โ— Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐Ÿ‘3
๐Ÿ‘‰The Plate Load Test (PLT) is a field test used in geotechnical engineering to determine the bearing capacity of soil and the modulus of subgrade reaction (k) for foundations.

๐ŸทIt involves applying a load to a steel plate placed at the foundation level and measuring the settlement of the plate under various loads.

๐ŸšงKey Steps of the Plate Load Test:

1. Excavation: A pit is dug at the foundation level, ensuring the bottom is level and undisturbed.

2. Plate Placement: A rigid steel plate (typically circular or square, with diameters ranging from 30 cm to 75 cm) is placed on the soil.

3. Load Application: Load is applied incrementally through a hydraulic jack, often using a reaction system (e.g., anchored beams or a heavy vehicle).

4. Settlement Measurement: Settlements corresponding to each load increment are recorded using dial gauges.

5. Load Increment: The load is increased until failure (significant settlement) or a pre-determined load is reached.

---

โญ๏ธKey Results

1. Bearing Capacity: The ultimate bearing capacity of the soil can be estimated based on the load-settlement curve.

2. Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (k): This is calculated as the ratio of applied pressure to the corresponding settlement.

---

โญ๏ธApplications:

โบDesigning shallow foundations.

โบVerifying design assumptions for bearing capacity.

โบAssessing soil performance for pavements or other load-bearing structures.

---

โ‡๏ธAdvantages:

โบProvides direct data about soil behavior under actual loading.

โบUseful for designing foundations in site-specific conditions.

---

โ‡๏ธDisadvantages:

โบTime-consuming and expensive.

โบLimited to the soil at the depth of the test; may not reflect deeper strata behavior.

โบResults can vary based on plate size and soil conditions.
---

๐Ÿ“œThe Plate Load Test (PLT) is described in several international codes, such as:

1. ASTM D1194: Standard Test Method for Bearing Capacity of Soil for Static Load and Spread Footings.

2. IS 1888:1982: Indian Standard for Method of Load Test on Soils.

3. BS 1377-9:1990: British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes โ€“ In-situ Tests.

Via Eagleng

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘16โค3
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แˆชแˆ แŠฅแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŒก แˆ›แŠฅแ‰€แŽแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แ‹ˆแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ตแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰…แˆ™ แŠญแŠ•แ‹แŠ–แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ซแ‰€แˆ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹จแˆชแˆ แŠฅแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ต แŠ แ‹แ‹ฐ-แˆญแ‹•แ‹ญ แˆŠแŠซแˆ„แ‹ต แАแ‹

๐Ÿทแ‹ญแŠซแˆ„แ‹ณแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ… แŠ แ‹แ‹ฐ-แˆญแ‹•แ‹ญ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ต แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‹จแŒแˆ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆจแ‹แŠ• แˆšแŠ“ แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆจแ‹ณ แ‰ณแˆตแ‰ฆ แˆ˜แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ แŠขแ‰ฒ แˆชแˆ แˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ†แˆ แŠคแŠญแˆตแ– แ‹จแˆชแˆ แˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠจแ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแฃ แŠจแŒˆแ‹ฅแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ แŠจแˆปแŒฎแ‰ฝแฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแŠ•แŒแ‹ฑ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆˆแˆ›แŒˆแŠ“แŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแˆ˜ แ‹แŒแŒ…แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แ‰ฐแАแŒแˆฏแˆแกแก

๐ŸšงแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแŒแˆ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆš แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐแŒˆแแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ• แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆปแˆปแˆ แŠ แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแŒแˆ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแ แŠ แŒ‹แˆญแАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹‹แŒ… แ‰ แ‰แŒฅแˆญ 1076/2018 แˆ›แ…แ‹ตแ‰‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰… แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแˆ… แŠ แ‹แ‹ฐ-แˆซแ‹•แ‹ญ แˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แˆ‹แˆ› แŠ แŒ‹แ‹ฅ แŒแ‰ฅแŠฅแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆ แАแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹แข

๐Ÿ’ซแŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ตแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ต แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐ แ‹แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆฐแ‰ฃแˆตแ‰ แ‹ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แˆแŒ แˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠขแŠ•แ‰จแˆตแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ตแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแˆ˜ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆช แˆ˜แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแ‰ฅแ‰ฅแˆญแŠ• แ‹ญแˆแŒฅแˆซแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽแˆ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆแข

โญ๏ธแ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹Š แˆชแˆ แŠฅแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ต แŠคแŠญแˆตแ– แŠจแŠคแŒแ‹šแ‰ฅแˆฝแŠ‘ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‰ แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆชแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ตแˆญแˆป แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ˜แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆแŒฅแˆญแˆ แ‰ฐแАแŒแˆฏแˆ::

Via แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แˆ›แˆˆแ‹ณ

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘10
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แ‹ถแˆฎ แ‰…แˆญแ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแ‹ แ‹จแ‹“แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ตแˆแ‰ แˆ•แŠ•แƒ

๐Ÿทแ‰ แŠแˆŠแ’แŠ•แˆต แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แ‰ แ‹ถแˆฎ แ‰…แˆญแ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซ แ‹จแ‹“แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ตแˆแ‰ แˆ•แŠ•แƒ แˆˆแˆ†แ‰ดแˆ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ แАแ‹แกแก

๐Ÿ’ซแ‹ญแˆ… แŒแ‹™แ‰ แˆ†แ‰ดแˆ 6 แŽแ‰†แ‰ฝ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แŠจ114 แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ†แŠ– แ‰ แ‹แˆตแŒก 15 แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹™แˆ แ‰ฐแАแŒแˆฏแˆแกแก

๐Ÿšงแ‰ แŠ”แŒแˆฎแˆต แŠฆแŠญแˆฒแ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ณแˆ แ‹ฐแˆดแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แŠซแˆแ‘แˆตแ‰ถแˆƒแŠ• แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ‹แŠ•แ‹ต แˆชแ‹žแˆญแ‰ต แŠฎแˆจแ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ“แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แˆ†แ‰ดแˆ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆ†แ‰ดแˆŽแ‰น แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆตแŠฎแ‰ต แŠ แˆแ‰ฃ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แАแ‹แกแก

โบแˆ†แ‰ดแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‹ถแˆฎ แ‰…แˆญแŒฝ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ตแˆแ‰ แˆ•แŠ•แƒ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ฃแˆแˆ แ‰ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‹ตแŠ•แ‰… แˆ˜แ‹แŒˆแ‰ฅ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญ แ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

โบแ‹จแˆ†แ‰ดแˆ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ณแŠ• แˆฒแŠ“แŒˆแˆญ" แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แˆ•แŠ•แŒป แ‹จแˆฐแˆซแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆบแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒ แˆฉ แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰…แŒ แˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ แ‹˜แˆญ แˆˆแŠ”แŒแˆฎแˆต แˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŒ แ‰€แˆœแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ›แŠญแ‰ แˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแ‹จแ‰ต แАแ‹" แ‰ฅแˆแˆแกแก

โบแ‰ แˆ†แ‰ดแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠแ‰ณ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆˆแŠ แˆซแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠญแแˆ แŠจ80 แ‹จแŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แ‰ แ‰ณแ‰ฝ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฑ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แ‰ƒแ‹ แŠญแแˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž 120 แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แŒˆแ‹ฐแˆ› แ‹ˆแŒช แ‹ญแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆแˆแข

โญ๏ธแŠจแ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แŒŠแ‹œแ‹ซแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹แŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแŒญ แŠฅแ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แค แ‰ แ‹ถแˆฎ แ‰…แˆญแŒฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแ‹แŠ• แŒแ‹™แ แˆ•แŠ•แƒ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆตแแˆซแ‹ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‰€แŠ‘ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆฒแŠคแŠ•แŠคแŠ• แ‹˜แŒแ‰งแˆแกแก

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘12โค3
๐Ÿ‘‰Best Demolition Practices for a Successful Project

๐ŸšงDemolishing a building isnโ€™t a one-size-fits-all task.

โบThe choice of demolition method depends on factors like building size, location, and environmental impact.

๐Ÿ’ซHereโ€™s a look at some of the best methods in the industry:

๐Ÿšง1. Implosion Demolition: This method uses carefully placed explosives to collapse the building inward, making it efficient for large structures in controlled areas.

โบPrecision is key, making it a complex but powerful technique.

๐Ÿšง2. High-Reach Arm: Best for tall buildings in urban environments, high-reach arms can remove sections of the building piece by piece.

โบItโ€™s a safer, quieter option that minimizes dust and debris.

๐Ÿšง3. Selective Demolition: Used for projects where only parts of a structure need removal, selective demolition allows for recycling materials like steel and concrete.

โบItโ€™s sustainable and ideal for projects aiming to preserve specific areas.

๐Ÿšง4. Wrecking Ball: While less common today, the wrecking ball is still effective for smaller structures.

โบThis method requires skill and precision, but itโ€™s cost-effective and can be ideal for low-rise buildings.

๐Ÿšง5. Robotic Demolition: Robots can handle complex jobs in confined spaces, such as demolitions in sensitive locations.

โบThis innovative method reduces risk, protects workers, and improves precision.

๐Ÿ“œChoosing the right demolition method helps ensure efficiency, safety, and sustainability.

โญ๏ธBy evaluating the unique needs of each project, we can make demolition a smoother, safer process.

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘9๐Ÿ‘6โค5
๐Ÿ‘‰The effect of earthquake on building structures can be controlled using one of the three options.

โบ๐—ผ๐—ฝ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป 1: To provide the building with unreasonable high strength(not economical)
โบ๐—ผ๐—ฝ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป 2: To design the building to have a normal strength following damage resistance principles.
โบ๐—ผ๐—ฝ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป 3: To alter the buildings characteristic through external intervention. This options mainly have two methods.
Base isolation and damping.

๐Ÿšง ๐—•๐—ฎ๐˜€๐—ฒ ๐—ถ๐˜€๐—ผ๐—น๐—ฎ๐˜๐—ถ๐—ผ๐—ป

A base isolation system is a popular system implemented in a structure to protect it from the action of seismic forces. This system as base isolation bearings was developed by Dr. Bill Robinson in the 1970s in New Zealand.

๐Ÿšง ๐——๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฝ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด

Dampers are strategically placed in the building structure to control floor vibrations and building displacement, cater for occupancy comfort and mitigate against major seismic events.

The energy generated by floor vibration and building displacement is absorbed by the dampers and dissipated though heat energy.

โญ๏ธ๐—ง๐˜†๐—ฝ๐—ฒ๐˜€ ๐—ผ๐—ณ ๐—ฑ๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฝ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด

Viscous damping.
Coulomb or Dry Friction Damping.
Solid or Structural Damping or Material or Hysteretic Damping.
Slip or Intrefacial damping.
Magnetic Damping.

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๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แˆ™แˆŒแ‰ณ (Concrete Compaction) แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ

1. แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ต แŒฅแˆซแ‰ตแŠ• (Materials Quality)แฆ แ‰ แŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แˆ™แˆŒแ‰ต แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆแˆจแ‰ป แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆˆแŒธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆŸแˆ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹ แˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ (Cement) แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆญแŒฅ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแŠ แˆธแ‹‹ (sand or Fine aggregate) แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ แŒ แˆญ (Coarse Aggregate)แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แˆณแ‹Š แˆแ‹˜แŠ“แŠ• แˆ›แˆŸแˆ‹แ‰ฑแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแˆ›แ‰…แŒ แŠ› แ‹แˆ€ (Water) แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ธแˆฉแŠ• แˆŠแŒŽแ‹ณ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แŠฌแˆšแŠซแˆแŠ“ แ‰†แˆปแˆป แ‹จแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŒ แˆซ แ‹แˆƒ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แŠฌแˆšแŠซแˆ (Admixture) แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆŸแˆ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แˆณแ‹Š แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒแŽ แ‹จแˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ แˆญ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แАแ‹แข

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆจแŒˆแ‹ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฑ (Materials Engineer) แˆˆแˆณแ‹ญแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆ™แŠจแˆซ แŠญแแˆ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆแ‹ซแˆ แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ก แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆ™แŠจแˆซ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แˆฐแŒช แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ› แ‰ แˆ›แˆฐแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒธแ‰ฃแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แŒแ‹ดแ‰ณ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ณแˆแข

2. แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆแŠฌแ‰ต (Batching of materials):- แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆแˆแ‹ต แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแˆ˜แˆจแ‰ตแ‰ แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แˆธแ‹‹แฃ แ‹จแŒ แŒ แˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แˆแŠฌแ‰ต แˆˆแ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ‹แˆˆแŒ  แАแ‹แข

แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต 1แก2แก3 แˆแŒฅแŒฅแŠ•แŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซ แŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠฅแŒ… แˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถแฃ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŒ… แŠ แˆธแ‹‹แฃ แˆฆแˆตแ‰ต แŠฅแŒ… แŒ แŒ แˆญ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰€แˆ‹แ‰€แ‹ซ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ‘ แ‰ฐแ‰†แŒฃแŒฃแˆช (Mixer Operator) แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ• แˆแŒฅแŒฅแŠ• แŒ แ‰ฅแ‰† แŠ แˆแˆซแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆ›แˆแˆจแ‰ต แˆแˆแ‹ต แ‰ธแˆแ‰ฐแŠแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆžแˆ‹แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แ‹ญแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แˆแข

แ‰ฐแ‰†แŒฃแŒฃแˆช แˆ˜แˆแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ แˆแŒฅแŒฅแŠ• (Proportion) แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆจแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆ˜แ‰†แŒฃแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแŒแ‹ต แАแ‹แข

3. แ‹จแˆ›แˆฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆณแˆชแ‹ซ แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต (Equipments Security):- แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ตแ‰ฅแˆแ‰… แˆ›แˆแˆจแ‰ป แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ (mixers) แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒ  แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅแฃ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแŠชแ‹ซ แˆณแŒฅแŠ–แ‰ฝแŠ• (box) แˆญแ‹แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‰ต (L, W, H) แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• (แˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒแฆ 18*40*50)แฃ แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŒ แ‹ แ‰ฅแˆŽแˆ แ‹จแŠซแˆณ แˆ™แŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แˆ›แ‰†แˆ แˆ˜แˆฐแŠ“แŠญแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆแŒ แˆญ แ‹จแˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰‚แ‹ซ แŠ แˆแ‰ฃแˆณแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆŸแˆ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

4. แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แˆ˜แŒ แ‰…แŒ แ‰แŠ•แฆ แ‹จแˆšแˆžแˆ‹แ‹ แŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แˆแˆฐแˆถ (column) แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆแˆฐแˆถ แŒซแˆ› (Footing Pad) แ‰ แŠญแแˆแ‹แ‹ญ แˆ‹แ‹จแˆฎแ‰ฝ  แŠจแ‹แแˆŽ แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹จแˆ‹แ‹จแˆญ แŠญแแˆ แŒซแ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฒแ‹ฐแˆญแˆต แ‰ แŠคแˆŒแŠญแ‰ตแˆชแŠญ แˆ˜แŠ•แ‹˜แˆชแ‹ซ (Vibrator) แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰…แŒ แ‰… แˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

แ‹จแŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰…แŒ แ‰… แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ต แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแŒจ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰€แŒ แАแ‹ แŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ถ แŒ แŒ แˆซแˆ›แ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‰€แˆญ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแ‰ตแŠ›แ‹แˆ แ‹จแˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แŠญแแˆ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แŒฅแŠ•แŠซแˆฌ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–แˆจแ‹ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆแข

5. แ‹จแŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แ‹ตแˆญแ‰€แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŠ–แˆญ แˆ˜แ‰†แŒฃแŒ แˆญแฆ แ‹จแŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แˆ™แˆŒแ‰ต แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆจแ‰ฐ แŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แŠ แˆ‹แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠ แ‹ฐแ‰‚แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆณแ‹ญแˆžแˆ‹ แˆ˜แ‰†แ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแˆแข

แŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แˆณแ‹ญแˆžแˆ‹ แŠจแˆšแŠญแˆฐแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŒˆแˆˆแ‰ แŒ  แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แ‹ญ แŠจแˆ†แА แ‰ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ†แŠ– แˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŒฅแŠ•แŠซแˆฌ (Initial Setting) แˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹ แˆตแˆˆแˆšแŒ€แˆแˆญ แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แˆ™แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ• แŠ แ‹ณแŒ‹แ‰ฝ แŠจแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ธแˆญ แŒฅแŠ•แŠซแˆฌ แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ณแŒ‹แ‰ฝ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

6. แ‹จแ‹ตแŠ…แˆจ แˆ™แˆŒแ‰ต แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญแฆ แŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆžแˆ‹ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‰ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แˆต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒก แ‹จแŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแ‰… แˆ›แˆตแ‹ˆแŒˆแŒƒ แ‰€แŠ“แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• (Formwork Removal time) แŒ แ‰ฅแ‰† แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆญแˆต แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ (แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰€แ‹แ‰ƒแ‹›แˆ› แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹แŠ“แ‰ฃแˆ› แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝ)แฃ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆžแˆ‹แ‹ แŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แ‹แˆƒ แŠฅแ‹จแŒ แŒฃ (curing) แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆ˜แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แŒฅแˆ‰ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆฌแ‰ต แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ธแˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠซแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆžแˆ‹แ‹ แŠ แˆญแˆ›แ‰ณ แ‰ แ‰‚ แŒฅแŠ•แŠซแˆฌ แŠซแŒˆแŠ˜ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แˆฅแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ€แˆแˆญ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆ˜แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแข

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