👉የ አክሱም ሀወልቶች የ ግንባታ ታሪክ

የአክሱም ሀውልቶች ስቴልስ በመባልም የሚታወቁት በጥንታዊቷ የአክሱም ከተማ በአሁኑ ጊዜ ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የሚገኙ የግራናይት ቅርፆች ናቸው።

እነዚህ ሐውልቶች ለጥንታዊው የአክሱም መንግሥት የመቃብር፣ የመታሰቢያ ሐውልት፣ የሀይል እና የሃይማኖት እምነት ምልክቶች ሆነው ያገለገሉ ጉልህ ታሪካዊ እና አርኪኦሎጂያዊ ቅርሶች ናቸው።

የአክሱም ሀውልቶች ግንባታ ታሪክ በቅድመ ክርስትና ዘመን የተጀመረ ሲሆን የመጀመሪያዎቹ ስቴሎች በ 4ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከክርስቶስ ልደት በፊት እንደተገነቡ ይታመናል።

እነዚህ ከፍ ያለ ሕንጻዎች የተቀረጹት ከግራናይት ነጠላ ብሎኮች ሲሆን ብዙውን ጊዜ ውስብስብ በሆኑ ጽሑፎች፣ ምልክቶች እና የጂኦሜትሪክ ንድፎች ያጌጡ ነበሩ።

ሐውልቶቹ የተገነቡት የሞቱትን ገዥዎች፣ መኳንንት እና ሌሎች አስፈላጊ ሰዎችን ለማስታወስ እንዲሁም ጠቃሚ ክንውኖችንና ድሎችን ለመዘከር ነው። 

እንዲሁም የመንግሥቱን ኃይልና ክብር እንዲሁም የአክሱማዊውን የአማልክት ጓዳ ለማክበር ምልክት ሆነው ያገለግላሉ ተብሎ ይታመን ነበር።

ታላቁ ስቲል በመባል የሚታወቁት የአክሱም ሀውልቶች ረጅሙ ከ 33 ሜትር (108 ጫማ) በላይ ነው

ቁመታቸው በ4ኛው መቶ ክፍለ ዘመን ከመፍረሱ በፊት ነበር።

ሌላው ታዋቂው ሀውልት የአክሱም ሀውልት በ1930ዎቹ በጣሊያን ጦር ተወስዶ ወደ ኢትዮጵያ ተመልሶ በ2008 እንደገና ተተከለ።

የአክሱም ሀውልቶች ግንባታ የላቀ የምህንድስና እና የስነ-ህንፃ ክህሎት እንዲሁም ከፍተኛ የሰው ሃይል እና ግብአቶችን የሚጠይቅ ነበር።

የአክሱም ሐውልቶች ክብደት ይለያያሉ ትልቁ ሀውልት ታላቁ ስቴል ወይም የአክሱም ሀውልት ተብሎ የሚጠራው 160 ቶን (160,000 ኪሎ ግራም) ይመዝናል።


የእነዚህ ግዙፍ የድንጋይ ህንጻዎች ማጓጓዝ እና መገንባቱ የአክሱማውያን ስልጣኔ የቴክኖሎጂ ብቃቱን እና ድርጅታዊ አቅሙን የሚያሳዩ በጥንት ጊዜ የሚደነቅ ተግባር ነበር።

በአጠቃላይ የአክሱም ሀውልቶች ግንባታ ታሪክ የጥንታዊው የአክሱም መንግስት የበለፀጉ የባህል እና የስነ-ህንፃ ቅርሶች ምሳሌ ሲሆን የእነዚህን ሀውልት ህንጻዎች ዘላቂ ፋይዳ ከቀደምት ጋር የሚዳስሱ ግኑኝነቶች መሆናቸውን አጉልቶ ያሳያል።

#ConstructionHistory

መልካም በዓል❤🙏

Via FILA

@etconp

Intercon Construction Chemicals 
    
👉 Authorized agent of MC (Conmix), Weber and SIMENTEK

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Concrete Repair, Grout   
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat, Rush Coat
● Quartz, Contextra
● Specialized paints (Thermal and Insulation Paints, Street and Playground Paints)
● Floor hardener, Epoxy              
● Geotextiles, Geo-membranes and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555 or 0961955559
Address: Signal, around signal mall

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

👉ከ አባይ ግድብ እስከ ኮሪደር ልማት

ከግለሰብ ቤቶች እስከ ተቋማት እና

መጋዘኖች በሁሉም የኢትዮጽያ ክፍል

አሻራችንን አሳርፈናል

🔰ምን ይፈልጋሉ?

✂️ላሜራ መቁረጫ ÷ ማጠፊያ እና መብሻ ማሽኖች አሉን

🔗ፌሮ (ቶንዲኖ) ጥርስ ማስበጀት ወይንም ማሳጠፍ ካሰቡ ለሱም ማሽኑ በጃችን ነዉ

📐ማንኛዉንም የሞደፊክ ስራዎችን የሚሰሩ ብቁ ባለሙያዎችም አሉን

☎️ይደዉሉልን ያማክሩን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

አድራሻችን፦
                    ቁ.1 መርካቶ
                    ቁ.2 ተክለሀይማኖት
                     ቁ.3 አየር ጤና

0904040477
0911016833

👉ከባለፈው የቀጠለ

💫General Knowledge On Construction

61. Lintel beams are provided above openings in walls.

62. The depth of a foundation depends on soil conditions and load requirements. 

63. Pile foundations are used when soil conditions are poo r at shallow depths.

64. A raft foundation spreads the load over a large area.

65. The minimum width of a staircase tread is 250mm.

66. The maximum riser height in a staircase is 190mm.

67. Handrails should be provided on both sides of stairs.

68. The minimum headroom in a staircase is 2.1m.

69. Fire-resistance rating of materials is crucial in building design.

70. The minimum ceiling height for habitable rooms is 2.4m

71. The minimum slope for a drainage pipe is 1%.

72. Manholes provide access to underground utilities for maintenance.

73. Concrete mix design determines the proportions of cement, water, and aggregates.

74. Admixtures can improve concrete properties such as workability and strength.

75. Waterproofing is essential in structures exposed to moisture.

76. Retaining walls support soil laterally.

77. Gabion walls are made of wire cages filled with stones.

78. The coefficient of friction between concrete and soil is approximately 0.6.

79. The bearing capacity of rock is higher than that of soil.

80. A diaphragm wall is a type of deep foundation wall.

@etconp

👉Road cracks

🚧Road cracks are a common problem in pavement and road infrastructure, caused by various factors such as traffic loads, weather conditions, and poor construction practices. Here are the common types of road cracks and methods to prevent them:

🏷1. Longitudinal Cracks

⏺Description:

Cracks parallel to the centerline of the road.

⏺Causes:

Weak longitudinal joints.

Poor compaction during construction.

Traffic loading and thermal stresses.

⏺Prevention:

Ensure proper compaction at joints during construction.

Use quality materials and follow proper paving techniques.

Minimize differential thermal stresses through appropriate mix design.

🏷2. Transverse Cracks

⏺Description:

Cracks perpendicular to the road’s centerline.

⏺Causes:

Shrinkage of asphalt due to temperature changes.

Poor resistance to thermal stresses.

⏺Prevention:

Use temperature-resistant asphalt mixes.

Apply crack-sealing techniques promptly to prevent water infiltration.

🏷3. Fatigue or Alligator Cracking

⏺Description:

A series of interconnected cracks resembling an alligator’s skin.

⏺Causes:

Repeated traffic loads.

Weak base or subgrade layers.

Insufficient pavement thickness.

⏺Prevention:

Design the pavement to withstand expected traffic loads.

Improve the strength of the base and subgrade layers.

Conduct timely maintenance to prevent minor cracks from expanding.

🏷4. Block Cracks

⏺Description:

Cracks that form rectangular patterns, typically due to aging.

⏺Causes:

Asphalt binder hardening over time.

Shrinkage due to temperature fluctuations.

⏺Prevention:

Use high-quality asphalt binders with proper additives.

Perform regular seal coating to extend the pavement's lifespan.

🏷5. Edge Cracks

⏺Description:

Cracks along the edge of the road.

⏺Causes:

Poor drainage.

Weak support at the road edges.

Heavy traffic near the edge.

⏺Prevention:

Improve road edge support with proper shoulder design.

Ensure effective drainage to avoid water accumulation.

Control vegetation growth along road edges.

🏷6. Reflection Cracks

⏺Description:

Cracks that reflect through overlays from underlying pavement.

⏺Causes:

Movement or cracking of the underlying pavement.

Poor bonding between the layers.

⏺Prevention:

Use geotextiles or crack relief layers during resurfacing.

Apply proper bonding techniques between layers.

🏷7. Slippage Cracks

⏺Description:

Crescent-shaped cracks caused by slippage between layers.

⏺Causes:

Poor bond between pavement layers.

Traffic braking and acceleration forces.

⏺Prevention:

Apply a tack coat for better bonding during construction.

Use quality materials for base and top layers.

🏷8. Potholes

⏺Description:

Depressions or holes in the pavement caused by material failure.

⏺Causes:

Water infiltration.

Traffic loads and freeze-thaw cycles.

⏺Prevention:

Ensure proper drainage design.

Repair minor cracks promptly to avoid water penetration.

Use durable materials and apply regular maintenance.

💫General Maintenance Tips:

1. Conduct regular inspections to detect early signs of distress.

2. Seal cracks as soon as they appear to prevent them from worsening.

3. Use appropriate construction and maintenance practices suited to the local climate and traffic conditions.

4. Ensure proper training of construction personnel to minimize workmanship errors.

@etconp

👉ይህ የ40/60 ህንፃ ቦሌ አያት 2 ብሎክ 38 ይባላል

ዕጣ ከወጣበት ሁለት አመት ሊሞላው ሲሆን ባለ 13 ፎቁ "ህንፃ" በሚያሳፍር እና አደገኛ በሆነ ሁኔታ ተሰርቶ ቆሟል።

እስካሁን ከ 8ኛ ወለል በላይ ያለው የውስጥ ለውስጥ partition የሌለው፣ መወጣጫ ደረጃው ያላለቀ፣ የውስጥ ልስን የሌለው እና ጣራው ያልተመታ ነው።

ህዝብ ግን የንግድ ባንክ ክፍያውን ቤት አገኝ ብሎ እየከፈለ ነው።

ህንፃው ውስጥ ሰው ገብቶ አስከፊ አደጋ ሳያደርስ በፍጥነት መፍትሄ ያስፈልገዋል።

@etconp

#ADVERTISEMENT

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ቴሌግራም:
@antearb
@antearb

👉How to check the final inspection of the asphalt concrete layer?

🚧The final inspection of asphalt concrete works is critical to ensure that the pavement meets project specifications, quality standards, and performance requirements.

🏷Below is a checklist of key aspects to inspect during and after the completion of asphalt concrete paving:

⭐️1. Surface Quality

Smoothness: Check for surface irregularities such as bumps, dips, or depressions using a straightedge or a profilometer.

Evenness: Ensure the surface is uniform with no visible segregation, streaking, or surface tearing.

Texture: Verify the pavement has a consistent surface texture suitable for skid resistance.

⭐️2. Thickness

Core Samples: Take core samples to measure the actual thickness of the asphalt layers and compare them to the design specifications.

Depth Verification: Confirm that each lift of asphalt meets the required compacted thickness.

⭐️3. Density and Compaction

Compaction Testing: Use a nuclear density gauge or other approved methods to verify that the asphalt has been compacted to the required density (usually 92-96% of maximum theoretical density).

Joint Density: Pay special attention to longitudinal and transverse joints, ensuring proper compaction to prevent future cracking or separation.

⭐️4. Gradation and Mix Compliance

Asphalt Mix: Verify that the asphalt mix used matches the approved mix design.

Aggregate Gradation: Confirm the size and distribution of aggregates are within the specified tolerances.

Binder Content: Check that the asphalt binder content meets the project requirements.

⭐️5. Temperature Control

Paving Temperature: Ensure the asphalt was placed within the specified temperature range (typically 275–300°F for hot mix asphalt). etconp

Compaction Temperature: Confirm compaction was completed before the asphalt cooled below the recommended temperature for proper bonding.

⭐️6. Joints

Alignment: Check that joints are straight and aligned properly with adjacent lanes.

Bonding: Inspect the bonding at longitudinal and transverse joints for gaps or loose edges.

Sealing (if required): Verify that joints have been sealed with the appropriate material to prevent water infiltration.

⭐️7. Drainage

Grade and Slope: Ensure the pavement is graded to allow for proper drainage, avoiding areas where water could pond.

Catch Basins and Inlets: Verify that drainage structures are clean, properly aligned, and free of obstructions.

⭐️8. Edges and Shoulders

Edge Alignment: Inspect the edges for straightness and uniformity. etconp

Shoulder Material: Ensure shoulders are compacted and smoothly transition to the asphalt pavement.

⭐️9. Markings and Signage

Pavement Markings: Confirm that lane markings, crosswalks, and other painted symbols are applied according to specifications and are properly aligned.

Reflectivity: Check that reflective beads are embedded in markings, where required, for nighttime visibility

⭐️10. Documentation

Test Records: Review all quality control and quality assurance test results, including compaction, density, and asphalt mix compliance.

Inspection Reports: Ensure all stages of work have been inspected and approved.

Punch List: Address any outstanding issues or deficiencies noted during the inspection etconp

❇️11. Final Approval

Walkthrough Inspection: Conduct a final walkthrough with project stakeholders (contractor, inspector, and owner) to confirm all work meets contractual requirements.

Acceptance Certificate: Obtain written approval or a certificate of acceptance from the relevant authority.

📜By systematically inspecting these aspects, you ensure the asphalt pavement is constructed to high standards and will perform effectively over its design life.

@etconp

👉የተማሪዎች ፕሮጀክት

💫የወልቂጤ ዩኒቨርስቲ አራተኛ አመት የኪነህንጻ ተማሪዎች የንድፍ ትምህርት ፕሮጀክት።

@etconp