💫One-Way Slab(L/B > 2)

💫Two-Way Slab (L/B ≤ 2)

🔰One-Way Slab
Load Transfer: Loads are transferred primarily in one direction (along the shorter span) to the supports.
Support Condition: Supported on two opposite sides (beams or walls).
Reinforcement: Main reinforcement is provided in one direction (shorter span) and distribution reinforcement in the other direction.
Span Ratio: Used when the longer span (L) to shorter span (B) ratio is greater than 2 (L/B > 2).
Thickness: Typically thinner compared to two-way slabs for the same spans.
Applications: Walkways, corridors, narrow rooms, or slabs supported by two parallel beams.

🔰Two-Way Slab
Load Transfer: Loads are transferred in both directions (shorter and longer spans) to the supports.
Support Condition: Supported on all four sides (beams or walls).
Reinforcement: Main reinforcement is provided in both directions (shorter and longer spans).
Span Ratio: Used when the longer span (L) to shorter span (B) ratio is less than or equal to 2 (L/B ≤ 2).
Thickness: Typically thicker than one-way slabs for the same spans.

🔰Applications: Floors in multistorey buildings, parking structures, and flat slabs with supports on all sides.
Key Differences
Aspect One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
Load Transfer In one direction In two directions
Supports Two opposite sides All four sides
Reinforcement One direction Both directions
Span Ratio (L/B) > 2 ≤ 2
Typical Use Narrow spans Wider spans
The choice between the two depends on the structural requirements, support conditions, and span dimensions.

@etconp

👉Calculating Bitumen Asphalt Quantity for Pavement

🏷Understanding the Components Before we delve into the calculations, let's clarify the key components involved in asphalt pavement:

* Bitumen: This is the binder that holds the aggregate (rocks and sand) together. It's a sticky, black substance derived from petroleum.
* Aggregate: This is the granular material that provides the structural strength and stability to the asphalt pavement. It's typically a mixture of crushed stone, gravel, and sand.

🏷Factors Affecting Bitumen Quantity

💫The amount of bitumen required for a pavement project depends on several factors:

* Type of Pavement: Different pavement types (e.g., asphalt concrete, bituminous macadam) have varying bitumen content.
* Traffic Load: Heavier traffic loads necessitate a higher bitumen content to ensure durability.
* Climate: Extreme temperatures and weather conditions can affect the performance of asphalt, influencing the bitumen content.
* Aggregate Type and Grading: The type and size distribution of the aggregate affect how much bitumen is needed to bind it together.

🚧Calculation Steps

* Determine the Volume of Asphalt:
* Calculate the area of the pavement surface: Area = Length × Width
* Multiply the area by the desired thickness of the asphalt layer: Volume = Area × Thickness
* Calculate the Bitumen Content:
* The bitumen content is typically expressed as a percentage of the total asphalt mixture.
* This percentage is determined based on the factors mentioned earlier and is often specified in the project's design specifications.
* Calculate the Quantity of Bitumen:
* Multiply the volume of asphalt by the bitumen content percentage: Bitumen Quantity = Volume × Bitumen Content (%)
* Convert to Metric Tons (Optional):
* If you need the bitumen quantity in metric tons, multiply the volume of bitumen by its density (typically around 1.05 tonnes per cubic meter): Bitumen Quantity (tonnes) = Bitumen Volume (cubic meters) × 1.05 tonnes/cubic meter
Example
Let's assume we have a 100-meter-long road that is 7 meters wide. We want to lay a 5-centimeter-thick asphalt layer, and the bitumen content is specified as 5%.
* Calculate the volume of asphalt:
* Area = 100 meters × 7 meters = 700 square meters
* Volume = 700 square meters × 0.05 meters = 35 cubic meters
* Calculate the bitumen quantity:
* Bitumen Quantity = 35 cubic meters × 0.05 = 1.75 cubic meters
* Convert to metric tons:
* Bitumen Quantity (tonnes) = 1.75 cubic meters × 1.05 tonnes/cubic meter = 1.84 tonnes

⏺Therefore, for this specific example, we would need approximately 1.75 cubic meters or 1.84 metric tons of bitumen.

⭐️Note: This is a simplified calculation. In real-world projects, engineers and contractors use more sophisticated methods and consider various factors to accurately determine the bitumen quantity.

🚧Additional Considerations:

* Waste and Losses: Account for potential waste and losses during transportation, storage, and application.
* Quality Control: Regular testing and quality control measures are essential to ensure the asphalt mixture meets the desired specifications.
* Environmental Regulations: Adhere to local environmental regulations regarding bitumen handling and disposal.
By following these steps and considering the relevant factors, you can effectively calculate the quantity of bitumen asphalt required for your pavement project.

@etconp

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👉አዲስ አበባ " ድሮና ዘንድሮ"

🚧የቦሌ - መገናኛ የኮሪደር ልማት እውነታዎች

• መንገዱ የ68 ሜትር ስፋት ያለው ሰፊ መንገድ ነው
• በሁለቱም አቅጣጫ በአንዴ 10 መኪኖችን ማስተናገድ ይችላል
• 5 ሜትር የሚሆን በኮንክሪት የተሠራ የእግረኛ መንገድ አካቷል
• 3 ሜትር ስፋት ያለው የብስክሌት መንገድ በሁለቱም አቅጣጫ ይዟል
• ለመንገዱ ውብት ከመጨመር ባሻገር በቴክኖሎጂ የተደገፈ ካሜራ፣ ስክሪኖችን እና የመኪና ቻርጅ ያሟላ ነው
• ለ450 ለሚሆኑ ዜጎች የሥራ ዕድል መፍጠር ችሏል
• አጠቃላይ ፕሮጀክቱ 4 ነጥብ 3 ኪሎሜትር ይረዝማል

@etconp

👉Who is the planning engineer, scheduling engineer and cost control engineer?

🏷The division will be based on the roles, responsibilities and management to which it belongs?

💫1. Planning Engineer

⏺Roles and Responsibilities:

🔰Development of the master project plan (Project Master Plan) to determine the scope of the project, and this differs from the Project management plan may be part of it, but the Project Master Plan is a brief document with details about the project, its vision, objectives, scope of work and outline of the time range for each network, and I am one of the people who were wrong in this title when we present something like this abbreviated is the Master Plan I call it the Project management plan
Create a workflow structure (WBS) to break down the project into manageable parts.
Identify the activities necessary to complete the project with the identification and sequencing of their relationships.

⏺Estimate the time required for each activity and establish a logical chronology.

⏺Prepare a time plan based on resource and potential constraints.

⏺Coordination with different departments such as design, implementation, and procurement to ensure the compatibility of the plan.

🏷Tools used:

Planning programs such as: Primavera P6, Microsoft Project: for planning and project management, Excel .....

⏺Subsidiary Management:
Planning Department, Project Management or Technical Department

💫3. Scheduling Engineer

⏺Role and Responsibilities:
Create a schedule: Create a detailed schedule of activities and tasks, and identify the relationships between them and the chronology of their implementation.

⏺Update schedule: Update the schedule regularly to reflect changes that occur in the project.

⏺Critical Path Analysis: Identify critical paths in the schedule that must be focused on to ensure that the project is completed on time.

⏺Performance Appraisal: Evaluate the actual performance of the project against the planned schedule.

💫3. Cost Engineer

⏺Roles and Responsibilities:
Prepare detailed cost estimates for the project based on the planned activities.

⏺Developing the overall budget of the project and monitoring compliance with it.

⏺Track actual costs and identify differences between them and budget.

⏺Cost variance management due to risks or changes in the scope of the project.

⏺Prepare monthly cost reports that include: Current spending,Estimated cost at completion (EAC) and Overall financial performance.

🚧Tools used:

⏺Cost management tools such as:

⏺Excel: Analyze data and reports.

⏺SAP or Oracle ERP: To track costs and manage budgets.

@etconp

👉የሁሉም የግንባታ ፈቃድ ቅጽ/ማመልከቻ(form all construction permit) word- in Addis Ababa

@etconp

👉የብሔራዊ ስታዲየም ግንባታ በአፋጣኝ እንዲጠናቀቅ አቅጣጫ ተሰጠ

የብሔራዊ ስታዲየም ግንባታ ከተያዘለት ጊዜ በፊት እንዲጠናቀቅ የጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ጽሕፈት ቤት አስታወቀ።

የጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ጽሕፈት ቤት ኃላፊና የካቢኔ ጉዳዮች ሚኒስትር ዓለምፀሐይ ጳውሎስ፣ የባህልና ስፖርት ሚኒስትር ሸዊት ሻንካ፣ የባህልና ስፖርት ሚኒስትር ዴኤታ  መኪዩ መሀመድና  የግንባታው ተቋራጭ የሥራ ኃላፊዎች በተገኙበት የብሔራዊ ስታዲዮም የግንባታ ሂደት አፈፃፀም ሪፖርት ግምገማ ዛሬ ተካሄዷል።

በግምገማው አጠቃላይ የፕሮጀክቱ አፈጻጸም ሪፖርት ቀርቦ ውይይት የተደረገበት ሲሆን በስታዲየሙን አሁናዊ ግንባታ ሁኔታም ምልከታ ተደርጓል።

የጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ጽሕፈት ቤት ኃላፊና የካቢኔ ጉዳዮች ሚኒስትር ዓለምፀሐይ ጳውሎስ  ብሔራዊ ስታዲየሙ ከተያዘለት ጊዜ በፊት መጠናቀቅ እንዳለበት አቅጣጫ ሰጥተዋል።

ተቋራጩ በበኩሉ ለስታዲየሙ ቀሪ ሥራዎች የሚሆኑ ግብዓቶችን በማስገባት ላይ እንደሆነ ገልጾ፣ የፕሮጀክቱ አፈጻጸም ለማፋጠን እንደሚሠራ መግለጹን የተገኘው መረጃ ያመለክታል።

@etconp

👉የኢትዮጵያ የህንጻ አዋጅ

🏷በስራ ላይ ~ ሰናይ ቀን 🤚

https://t.me/ETCONp

ቻናሉን አጋሩ

@etconp

አገራችንን በውድድር ያስጠሩ 3 ወጣት ህንጻ ነዳፊዎች

በፍልስጤም  ሀገር ለሚገነባ ተንቀሳቃሽ ትምህርት ቤት በተዘጋጀ አለም አቀፍ የአርክቴክቸራል ዲዛይን ውድድር ላይ ቢኒያም በውቀቱ፣ ዳንኤል ዋጁ እና ፍሬዘር አብርሃ የተባሉ ሶስት ወጣት ኢትዮጵያውያን ህንጻ ነዳፊዎች ከ 231 ተወዳዳሪ ነዳፊዎች መካከል "ጣልያንን" በመከተል የ 2ኛ ደረጃ በመያዝ ከአፍሪካ ብቸኛ የደረጃ ተወዳዳሪ ሆነው አጠናቀዋል። በውድድሩም ጣልያን 1ኛ፤ ኢትዮጵያ 2ኛ እንዲሁም ቻይና 3ኛ ሆነው ጨርሰዋል። ከዚህ በፊት እኚህ ወጣት ህንፃ ነዳፊዎች ለተከታታይ 5 ጊዜያት የተለያዩ አለም አቀፍ ውድድሮችን ለሶስት አመት ያክል የሞከሩ ሲሆን በነሱም የተለያዩ ውጤቶችን ማስመዝገብ ችለው ነበር። ከሶስት አመት ሙከራ በኋላ ለዚህ ከፍተኛ ስኬት መብቃት ችለዋል። በውድድሩ ላይ  በኪነህንጻ  ሙያ  የታወቁ  እንደ አሌሃንድሮ አራቬና (ሎሬትና የ 2016 እኤአ ፕሪትዝከር ሽልማት አሸናፊ)፣ ሌስሊ ሎኮ ( የRIBA ወርቅ ሜዳልያ አሸናፊ) እንዲሁም እጅግ ስመ ጥር አለም አቀፍ አርክቴክቶች(ህንፃ ነዳፊዎች እና ፕሮፌሰሮች)  በዳኝነት ተሳትፈዋል። በስተመጨረሻም ከዚህ አለማቀፍ ውድድር 2ኛ በመሆን የ2000 ዩሮ እና የእውቅና ሰርተፍኬት ተሸላሚ ሆነው የሃገራችንን ስም ከፍ አድርገው አስጠርተዋል።  ይህም በሃገራችን ኢትዮጵያም ብሎም በአፍሪካ ብዙ እምቅ ችሎታ ያለቸው ወጣቶች አንዳሉ ማሳያ ነው።

የንድፋቸው መነሻ ሃሳብ በቦታው ከሚኖሩ የቤዶይን ጎሳ የአኗኗር ዘይቤ ፣ ባህላዊ እልፍኝ እና የተለያዩ ሃገር በቀል የግንባታ ቁሳቁስ የተነሳ ሲሆን፤ ጦርነት ባለበት አካባቢ በቀላሉ ተታጣፊ እና ተነቃቃይ እንዲሆን ታስቦ የተሰራ ነው::

ፎቶ ከግራ ወደ ቀኝ ( ቢኒያም በውቀቱ፣ ዳንኤል ዋጁ፣ ፍሬዘር አብርሃ)

@etconp

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Address: Signal, around signal mall

👉ኢስት አፍሪካን ሆልዲንግ እና የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ሥራዎች ኮርፖሬሽን በጋራ ለመስራት ተስማሙ

🚧ኢስት አፍሪካን ሆልዲንግ እና የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ሥራዎች ኮርፖሬሽን በግንባታ ግብዓት አቅርቦት እና በሌሎች መስኮች በጋራ ለመስራት ተስማምተዋል፡፡

ስምምነቱን የኢስት አፍሪካን ሆልዲንግ ዋና ሥራ አስፈጻሚ አቶ ብሩ ወልዴ እና የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ሥራዎች ኮርፖሬሽን ዋና ሥራ አስፈጻሚ ኢንጂነር ዮናስ አያሌው ተፈራርመውታል፡፡

የሆልዲንጉ ዋና ሥራ አስፈጻሚ አቶ ብሩ ወልዴ እንደተናገሩት የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ሥራዎች ኮርፖሬሽን ግዙፍ የኮንስትራክሽን ተቋም እንደመሆኑ የትብብር ስምምነቱ ኢስት አፍሪካን ሆልዲንግ ለኮርፖሬሽኑ የግንባታ ግብዓትን በተለይም የናሽናል እና የለሚ ሲሚንቶ ምርቶችን በበቂ ሆኔታ የሚያቀርብለት ይሆናል ብለዋል፡፡

ኢ.ኮ.ሥ.ኮ በምህንድስና ዘርፍ፣ በፕሮጀክት ማኔጅመንት እና በኮንስትራክሽን ማኑፋክቸሪንግ ጠቃሚ ልምድ ያለው ተቋም ነው ያሉት አቶ ብሩ ፤ ኢስት አፍሪካን ሆልዲንግ ከትብብሩ ከፍተኛ ተጠቃሚ እንደሚሆን ሙሉ እምነት አለኝ ብለዋል፡፡

ኢንጂነር ዮናስ አያሌው በበኩላቸው ኮርፖሬሽኑ ከዚህ በፊትም ሆልዲንጉ የሚያመርተውን ናሽናል ሲሚንቶ ይጠቀም እንደነበር ገልጸው  በቅርቡ  በሃገሪቱ  ግዙፍ የሆነውን የለሚ ሲሚንቶ ፋብሪካን ገንብቶ ወደ ሥራ ማስገባቱ  የኮንክሪት መንገዶችን  በሲሚንቶ ለመስራት የሚያጋጥምን የሲሚንቶ ችግር በእጅጉ እንደሚያቃልለው ጠቁመዋል፡፡

@etconp

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👉The key difference between Bitumen grades 60/70, 80/100, and others lies in their penetration value.

* Penetration Value: This measures how far a standard needle penetrates the bitumen under specific conditions. A higher penetration value indicates softer bitumen.
Here's a breakdown:

🏷Bitumen 60/70:

   * Penetration: 60-70 dmm (decimetres per minute)
   * Characteristics: Harder, more viscous, better for hot climates and high-traffic areas. Offers greater resistance to deformation.

🏷Bitumen 80/100:

   * Penetration: 80-100 dmm
   * Characteristics: Softer, more flexible, suitable for colder climates. More prone to deformation under high temperatures.

📜In Summary:

* Higher Grade (e.g., 80/100): Softer, more flexible, better in cold climates.
* Lower Grade (e.g., 60/70): Harder, more durable, better in hot climates and high-traffic areas.

⭐️Note: The specific application of each grade depends on various factors, including climate, traffic volume, and desired pavement performance.

⏺Disclaimer: This information is for general knowledge and should not be considered professional engineering advice.

▶️Always consult with qualified engineers and relevant standards for specific project requirements.

@etconp

👉How to evaluate project delays and their impact on schedule

》𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐃𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

•Non excusable
•Excusable
-Compensable
-Non compensable

》𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐃𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐬

•Experienced on construction project when 2 or more separate delay events occur during the same time period

•Multiple causes to a critical path delay with both contract parties involved the same critical path delay involved.
In the absence of one party’s cause, the other party’s cause will govern

•Schedule has more than 1 critical path with a separate delay affecting each at the same time (very rare)

-𝐃𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝐌𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

•Contractor has an implied obligation to accelerate to mitigate delays, when possible

•Further/additional acceleration might be possible, but might also have a price tag

•Further or additional mitigation cost needs to be evaluated against time extension cost.

-𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 & 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐬:

•Requesting a Recovery Proposal to recover from an Owner-caused delay limits Contractor’s right to the added Float in non critical paths created by owner-caused delay

•Unrealistic Recovery Schedules can be used to hide delay Contractor delays & delay concurrency.

𝐃𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲

•Total_Time Schedule Approach
•Adjusted As-Planned Schedule Approach
•Adjusted As-Built Schedule Approach
•Contemporaneous Time Frame Analysis

𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

•Calls for contemporaneous approach •Fragnet Requests supporting elements:
-Baseline schedule
-weekly & schedule updates monthly •Baseline & monthly schedule submittals reviewed/accepted for quality

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐃𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐬

•Are delays or delay portions that extend into the future
•They are time estimates
•They affect Critical path
•Specifications calls for approval of projected delays (Fragnets) before they can be incorporated into schedule

𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

•Based on owner’s unjustified refusal to grant a EOT or FAILURE TO ACT

•Requires that:
–Cause exists that would justify EOT
–Proper request for a time extension
–Denial of that request
–Demand (Express/Implied) that performance be completed on time
–Actual acceleration

𝐁𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐏𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞

•Enforce contract requirement for
-good baseline schedule & schedule updates with narrative for each as required
-Formal notice announce potential delay
-Fragnet showing Critical Path impact -Timely submittal of all the above

•Do not waive contract by your act or failure to act.

•Use “Notice of Event” tool to establish a track record of communication on potential delays
This will reduce surprises at project end

•When scope is added to Critical Path, shift risk to contractor as soon as possible

•Analyze & negotiate delays on monthly basis

•Demonstrate good faith even if Contractor is not cooperating

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

@etconp

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👉𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒏𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒆?

🏷You would think that with the progress made in software & communication, construction projects would have become more efficient.

However, delay & cost overruns affecting more than 90% of the world’s infrastructure projects.

These delays & cost overruns ultimately lead to disputes between contractor & client.

For any delay analyst, starting point in deciding which methodology to use to assess any delay & its impact, is determined by reference to criteria extracted from the Society of Construction Law Protocol (2nd Edition 2017) (“Protocol”) :

•to review relevant contract conditions
•nature of causative events
•nature of project
•to ensure a proportionate approach, value of project or dispute
•time available
•nature, extent & quality of records available
•nature, extent & quality of programme information available; & forum in which assessment is being made

Protocol classifies way in which critical path is determined & has sub-divided into 3 types:

-Prospectively
-Contemporaneously
-Retrospectively

Why Protocol deems critical path as important, is that it's only delays which lie on critical path that can delay completion & thus qualify for EOT

Protocol (Guidance Part B: Core Principle 11; para 11.4 (d))defines as follows:

1)Impacted As-Planned Analysis:

Prospective in its methodology, predicts effect of certain delay, by inserting event on a model of original baseline programme to determine impact of those activities

2)Time Impact Analysis:

Contemporaneous method, takes into account progress & timing of delay events impacting the works, requires reliable records, including as‐built data to update the programme, including an up-to-date & reliable baseline programme being integral for its function

3)Time Slice Window Analysis:

Contemporaneous method also known as time slice analysis, relies on analysis of contemporaneous progress information is considered to be dynamic as it considers dynamic nature of critical path, breaks construction period into separate time slices & examines effects of delay as it occur

4)As-Planned vs. As-Built:

Contemporaneous method, most basic method of delay analysis & is quick & easy to use and prepare.

No changes are made to the programme as it is a straightforward comparison between planned vs. actual work

5)Longest Path Analysis:

Retrospective method to determine as-built critical path. Delay analyst must develop detailed as-built programme then trace longest continuous path backwards from actual completion date to determine as-built critical path.

6)Collapsed As-Built (CAB) (or But For):

Retrospective method known as But For method, carried out on a single-base as-built programme, relying on a simulation of a “what if” scenario based not on contractors’ intentions, but rather contractor’s actual sequences & durations.

Via Yonatan Tadesse PMP

@etconp