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BS8110-1-1997 Reinforced concrete.pdf
2.3 MB
๐Ÿ‘‰BS 8110 is a British Standard that provides guidelines for the structural use of concrete. Here's a simplified breakdown:

โญ๏ธPurpose:

โนIt sets out rules and recommendations for designing and constructing reinforced concrete structures.

โนIts goal is to ensure that concrete structures are safe, durable, and perform as intended.

๐Ÿ’ซKey Concepts:

โ–ถ๏ธLimit State Design: BS 8110 uses the limit state design approach, which considers various potential failure modes (limit states) and ensures that the structure can withstand them.

๐Ÿ“œThis includes:

โบUltimate Limit State: Preventing collapse.

โบServiceability Limit State: Controlling things like deflection and cracking.

โบMinimum and maximum reinforcement requirements.
     
โบRules for bar spacing and concrete cover.

โบDesign of reinforcement for different structural elements (beams, columns, slabs, etc.).


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๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‹ซแ‰€แˆจแ‰ก แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒ‹แ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แАแŒ แ‰ƒแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉ

แ‰ แˆˆแˆš แŠฉแˆซ แŠญแแˆˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‹จแ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‹ซแ‰€แˆจแ‰ก แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒ‹แ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแŠซแˆซ แ‰†แˆฌ แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ณแˆ› แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆฐแŒ แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉแข

แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แˆšแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆฐแŒก แ‰ฃแˆˆแŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‰ แŠฆแˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แŠซแ‰€แˆจแ‰กแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠญแแ‹ซ แ‰ แ‰ดแˆŒ แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠจแแˆ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‹จแŠฆแˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ฑ แˆ˜แ‰‹แˆจแŒกแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆฐแАแ‹ณแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแˆŸแˆ‹แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แŠฆแˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แˆ˜แˆแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข 

แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ฑ แˆˆแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆจแŒ แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แ‹จแ‰… แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠญแแˆˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹ แ‰ฃแ‰€แŠ‘แ‰ แ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแŠซแˆซ แ‰†แˆฌ แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ณแˆ› แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆฐแŒ แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆƒแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แˆ˜แŒˆแˆˆแŒนแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆฐแˆ™ แŠ แˆตแˆจแ‹ตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแข

"แˆ˜แแ‰ตแˆ„ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒ แŠ• แŠ แŠซแˆ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ" แ‹จแˆšแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแŠญแแˆˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹ แ‹จแ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒ‹แ‹ฎแ‰ฝ "แˆˆแ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แˆˆแแ‰ฐแŠ• แ‹จแˆฐแˆซแАแ‹แŠ• แ‰คแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แˆˆแŠซแˆซ แ‰†แˆฌ แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ณแˆ› แ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฅแ‰ทแˆ แˆ˜แ‰ฃแˆ‰แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‰€แ‰ แˆแˆ" แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแข

Via Meseret Media

@etconp
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แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โœ‚๏ธแˆ‹แˆœแˆซ แˆ˜แ‰แˆจแŒซ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆปแŠ“  แˆ›แŒ แŠแ‹ซ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แŠ•

๐Ÿ”—แŒแˆฎ (แ‰ถแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–) แŒฅแˆญแˆต แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ แŒƒแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠฅแŠ“แŒฅแ‹แˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แˆฐแˆซแˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแ‰ฝแŠ•แฆ แ‰.1 แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแ‰ฅแˆต แ‰ฐแˆซ(แˆ˜แˆณแˆˆแˆšแ‹ซ)
                    แ‰.2 แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                    แ‰.3 แ‰ฐแŠญแˆˆแˆ€แ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ต

0904040477
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๐Ÿ‘‰ INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

โ— Concrete Admixtures
โ— Bonding Agents
โ— Waterproofings
โ— Wall Putty, Prime Coat
โ— Concrete Repair Mortar
โ— Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ— Grout, Self-level mortar
โ— Quartz paint, Contextra
โ— Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
โ— Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall
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๐Ÿ‘‰In construction, Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) are essential for ensuring safety, durability, and compliance.

โบWithout a strong QA/QC system, projects risk structural failures, cost overruns,and legal issues.

๐Ÿ“œLet's explore why QA/QC is crucial!

๐Ÿ’ซ1. Ensures Structural Safety

QA/QC prevents defects by ensuring materials and construction processes meet safety standards, reducing risks of failures orcollapses.

๐Ÿ’ซ2. Maintains Compliance

Construction must adhere to building codes and industry regulations QA Or QC ensures compliance, avoiding legal penalties and project delays.

๐Ÿ’ซ3. Improves Workmanship & Quality

A strong QA/QC framework guarantees high construction standards,leading to better finishes, durability, and long-term reliability.

๐Ÿ’ซ4. Reduces Cost Overruns

Detecting errors early through QC inspections prevents rework,material wastage, and budget overruns, saving time and money.

๐Ÿ’ซ5. Enhances Client Satisfaction

Delivering a high-quality project builds trust and reputation, leading to repeat business and strong client relationships.

๐Ÿ’ซ6. Boosts Project Efficiency

A well-implemented QA/QC system ensures smooth execution,minimizing delays, disputes, and last-minute fixes.

โšก๏ธRemember, Quality is never an accident; it is always the result of intelligent effort.

@etconp
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Eurocode 0 - prEN 1990 (ENG).pdf
330 KB
๐Ÿ’ซBasics of Design step of buildings (Structures) using europian standard or ethiopian new building code of standards. Can be found here here inside Eurocode 0 or EN 1990.

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Eurocode 1 Part 1,1 - prEN 1991-1-1-2001.pdf
145.6 KB
๐Ÿ’ซAction over a structure (Live load and Dead load) and unit weights of materials used for construction are supposed to be taken from this Eurocode 1 or EN 1991.

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

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Eurocode_2_Design_of_Concrete_Structures_Part_1_Eurocodigo_EC_2.pdf
1.7 MB
๐Ÿ’ซAfter having the dead and live loads from Eurocode 1 or EN 1991 then we proceed to refer concrete structures design part of the code which is Eurocode 2 or EN 1992.

๐Ÿ“œThis code contains

๐Ÿ‘‰Different concrete specification
๐Ÿ‘‰Different rebar specifications
๐Ÿ‘‰Rebar overlap specifications
๐Ÿ‘‰Rebar curtailment specifications
๐Ÿ‘‰Flexural reinforcement specifications
๐Ÿ‘‰Torsional reinforcement specifications
๐Ÿ‘‰Shear reinforcement specifications

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp
Eurocode 7 Part 1 - prEN 1997-1-2001 (bizarre).pdf
802.3 KB
๐Ÿ’ซFor the geotechnical investigation and foundation related design we are supposed to refer Eurocode 7 or EN 1997.

๐Ÿ“œThis code is used to refer the partial safety factors for different soil factors like angle of internal friction cohesion and etc.

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp
EuroCode 8-1-Final.pdf
3.2 MB
๐Ÿ’ซFor the seismic part design of a building you are supposed to refer this Eurocode 8 or EN 1998.

๐Ÿ“œThis code will help to refer

๐Ÿ‘‰ Ground earth acceleration
๐Ÿ‘‰ Soil factor
๐Ÿ‘‰ Behaviour factor (ductility class)
๐Ÿ‘‰ Mode of analysis to be used

A) Lateral Force analysis
B) Modal analysis

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘11๐Ÿ‘5โค2
In a leveling survey, the height of the instrument (HI) is calculated as:
HI = Benchmark Elevation + Backsight Reading
If the benchmark elevation is 100.50 m and the backsight reading is 1.25 m, what is the height of the instrument?
Anonymous Quiz
16%
A. 101.25 m
6%
B. 101.50 m 
75%
C. 101.75 m 
3%
D. 102.00 m 
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๐Ÿ‘‰แАแŒป แ‹จแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ตแˆ

โญ๏ธแˆˆ แˆ˜แˆ€แŠ•แ‹ฒแˆถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ

๐Ÿ“œแ‹แˆญแ‹แˆฉแŠ• แŠจแˆฐแˆŒแ‹ณแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฑ

๐Ÿ’ซแˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆโค๏ธ

@etconp
๐ŸŽ‰11โค5๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰Key Factors for Ensuring Smooth Vertical Progress in High-Rise Building Construction.

๐Ÿ’ซThe vertical progress of a high-rise building construction project depends on well-structured planning, effective coordination, and an experienced project execution team. Ensuring smooth execution requires the following key considerations:

๐Ÿšง1. Well-Planned Project Scheduling

Develop a detailed construction schedule with clear milestones while ensuring proper sequencing of activities, such as excavation, foundation, structural framework, MEP services, and finishing work.Identify and mitigate potential bottlenecks in vertical progress.

๐Ÿšง2. Experienced Project Executive Lead

A knowledgeable Project Executive Lead plays a vital role in decision-making and troubleshooting.

๐Ÿšง3. Skilled and Sufficient Manpower

Deploy trained manpower for each stage, including shuttering, reinforcement, and concrete work.

๐Ÿšง4. Efficient Material Management

Ensure timely procurement and proper storage of materials to prevent shortages.
Maintain a JIT (Just-In-Time) inventory system for major construction materials.

๐Ÿšง5. Quality Control & Safety Compliance

Conduct regular inspections and material testing to maintain structural integrity.

๐Ÿšง6. Advanced Construction Techniques

Use jump formwork, slip formwork, and self-climbing formwork to speed up vertical construction.Implement high-strength concrete and modular construction for efficiency.Utilize Building Information Modeling (BIM) for better coordination and visualization.

๐Ÿšง7. Effective Coordination & Communication

Maintain clear communication between site engineers, supervisors, subcontractors, and consultants.

Yonatan Tadesse (PMP)ยฎ

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘20โค5๐Ÿ”ฅ1
Ethio Construction Engineering
Photo
๐Ÿ‘‰Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity(UPV) Test

๐Ÿ’ซNon-Destructive Tests (NDT) as the name implies, involves testing structural elements without literally destroying it. It is a test carried out in-situ, used to assess the structural integrity and properties of materials like Concrete.

โบIt detects voids and cracks inside these materials.

โบUsing the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity tester utilizes ultrasonic pulses to measure the velocity of sound waves as they travel through a concrete specimen, providing valuable information about the material's uniformity, homogeneity, and potential presence of defects.

โญ๏ธ1. In calibrating the UPV, we apply a couplant(grease) on the face of the two transducers, before placing them at both ends of a reference bar.

โญ๏ธ2. Then the transducers are placed on the concrete member to determine the time of flight of the pulse, from which the velocity is calculated.

โญ๏ธ3. Similar to the Schmidt hammer test, multiple readings are collected before calculating the average.

โญ๏ธ4. The average value is used to determine its strength with the help of a chart.

โ–ถ๏ธIn using the UPV test, a higher velocity indicates better quality, higher strength and lower porosity.

โ‡๏ธThe UPV test is more advantageous because

๐ŸŽฒ1. It has a higher accuracy ( most especially for old structural members)

๐ŸŽฒ2. It has a deeper penetration. One transducer sends pulse across the whole length, while the other receives the reflected signal.

๐Ÿ“œNote that there are many types of testers with numerous variants but the system uses the same technique.

Via Yonatan Tadesse (PMP)ยฎ

@etconp
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๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จ แ‰ตแ‰ฅแ‰ฅแˆญ แŒฅแˆช

แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒƒแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰  แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‹จ PHD Degree แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ˜แˆญแ‰…แ‹ซ แ…แˆแ‰ แ‹ญแˆจแ‹ณแ‹ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แŠฎแˆฝแАแˆช แ‰ แˆžแˆ™แˆ‹แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“แŒแ‹˜แ‹ ๐Ÿ‘‡

https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/J3eoZH1V

@etconp
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๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰น แ‰ แˆ…แŒˆแ‹ˆแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹žแˆฉ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ

แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‰ขแˆฎ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ…แŒˆแ‹ˆแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹žแˆฉ แ‰ แˆญ แŠฅแ‹จแŠจแˆแ‰ฐ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แ‰‹แˆแข

แ‹จแŠ แŠจแˆซแ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŠจแˆซแ‹ญ แ‹แˆ แˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰แŠ“ แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‹แˆ แˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ฉแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆซแŒ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ™ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‰‹แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒซแŠ• แŠญแแ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแˆแŒ แˆจ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‰ขแˆฎแ‹‰ แŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแข

แˆˆแŠซแ’แ‰ณแˆ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‹‰ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆ‹แŠญแ‰ฐแ‹‰ แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจ150 แˆบแˆ… แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญแ‹ซแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ•แŒแ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‰‹แ‰ต แˆ›แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแ‰ปแˆˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹แˆตแŒฅ 93 แˆบแˆ… 350 แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹ญแ‹žแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซ แŠซแˆญแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰แˆŸแˆแข

แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ™ แ‹จ 6 แ‹ˆแˆญ แˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹จแ‹‰ แŠฅแˆตแŠจแŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แŒŠแ‹œ แŠจ 495 แˆบแˆ… 745 แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแŠ แŠจแˆซแ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŠจแˆซแ‹ญ แ‹แˆ แˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹‰แŠ—แˆแข

Via Capital News

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โค6๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰"แˆตแˆˆแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ•แŒˆ แ‹ˆแŒฅ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแАแ‰ก แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹ญแแˆจแˆฑแˆ" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแˆณแ‰ค แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰€แ‰ แˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆธแŒˆแˆญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€

๐Ÿทแ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹ แŠจ1 แˆบแˆ• แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‹ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆ


แ‹จแˆธแŒˆแˆญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แˆตแˆญ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ต แˆฒแŒˆแАแ‰ก แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉ แˆ•แŒˆ-แ‹ˆแŒฅ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแค แˆˆแ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แแˆจแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ข แАแ‹ แˆฒแˆ แˆˆแŠ แˆแ‹ฑ แŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแกแก

'แ‹แˆƒ แŠฅแ‹จแŠจแˆแˆแŠฉ แАแ‰ แˆญ' 'แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ต แˆตแŠจแแˆ แ‰€แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆˆแˆ' แ‰ แˆšแˆ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹•แ‹ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆŒแˆˆแŠ“ 'แˆˆแ‹› แˆแ‰ตแŠญ แ‹ญแˆฐแŒ แŠ' แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แŠจแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒ‹แˆญ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎ แ‹จแˆšแˆ„แ‹ต แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ•แค แ‰ แŠฆแˆฎแˆšแ‹ซ แŠญแˆแˆ‹แ‹Š แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแŠญแ‰ตแˆ แ•แˆฌแ‹แ‹ณแŠ•แ‰ต แˆ›แ‹•แˆจแŒ แ‹จแˆธแŒˆแˆญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃ แ‰ฐแˆพแˆ˜ แŠ แ‹ฑแŠ› (แ‹ถ/แˆญ) แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแ‹‹แˆแกแก

"แ‰ฃแ‹ฐแŒ‰แ‰ต แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฐแˆžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต แАแ‹ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆ" แ‹จแˆšแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹ถ/แˆญ แ‰ฐแˆพแˆ˜แค แˆ•แŒ‹แ‹Š แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ต แˆฒแŠ–แˆญแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ•แŒ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆฒแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แˆ•แŒ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฒแˆแ€แˆ แ‰ฅแ‰ป  แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŠ แŠญแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹‹แ‹แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแˆแˆˆแŒแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆ•แŒˆ-แ‹ˆแŒฅ แŠ แŠซแˆ„แ‹ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแŒˆแˆฑ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃแ‹ แˆˆแŠ แˆแ‹ฑ แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹ซแˆตแ‰†แŒ แˆจแ‹ แ‹จแˆธแŒˆแˆญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ˜ แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแˆแŒนแ‰ต แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃแ‹แค แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แˆ แˆซแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠฅแŠ“ แАแ‹‹แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰คแ‰ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ›แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แŠ แАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆตแˆแŠ•แ‰ต แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แŠญแแˆˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆžแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ›แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŒจแˆแˆจแ‹ แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแข

แŠ แˆแ‹ฑแˆ "แ‰ แˆธแŒˆแˆญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แˆตแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰คแ‰ต แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แŒแ‰ฅแˆญ แˆฒแŠจแแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ต แˆฒแŠจแแˆ‰ แ‹จแŠ–แˆฉ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŒฃ แˆแŠ•แ‰ณ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ?" แˆฒแˆ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃแ‹แŠ• แŒ แ‹ญแ‰‹แˆแกแก

แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆฉ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃ แ‰ฐแˆพแˆ˜ แŠ แ‹ฑแŠ› (แ‹ถ/แˆญ) แ‰ แˆแˆ‹แˆปแ‰ธแ‹แค "แˆ˜แ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ต แˆฒแŠจแˆˆแŠจแˆแˆ แˆ†แА แ‹แˆƒ แˆฒแŠจแˆแˆ แ‹จแ‰†แ‹จ แАแ‹‹แˆช แ‰ แˆ•แŒˆ-แ‹ˆแŒฅ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹ญแ‰€แŒฅแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แŠ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰…แˆ" แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแกแก

"แ‰ แˆ•แŒˆ-แ‹ˆแŒฅ แ‰คแ‰ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆ›แˆฉ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆˆแŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆšแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒกแ‰ต แŒ แ‰€แˆœแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆˆแˆ" แ‹จแˆšแˆ‰แ‰ต แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃแ‹แค แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰แ‰ต แŠ แˆตแˆญ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆจแŒˆแ‹ต แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แˆ˜แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แŠจ4 แˆบแˆ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆบแˆ• แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฐแˆแ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‹ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃแ‹ แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆจแˆซแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆฅแˆซ แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉแˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แค แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆ•แŒˆ-แ‹ˆแŒฅ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ตแˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒ แˆ˜แ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฑแŠ•แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ฑแˆ แˆˆแˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆแŽ แˆ˜แˆฐแŒ แ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แ‰€แ‹‹แˆแข

"แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆแ‰€แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰€แˆซแˆ˜แ‰ตแˆ แˆ†แА แˆ˜แ‹แˆจแˆญ แ‰ แแแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆแˆ" แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ต แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃแ‹แค แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒˆแˆ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‹แŒช แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ตแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ แ‰ แŠฆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‹ญแА แˆ˜แˆจแ‰ฅ แˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠฅแˆตแŠซแˆแŠ• 500 แŠ แˆ˜แˆแŠซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆ˜แ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แˆˆแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแŒ แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฅแˆแˆน แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แˆแ‰€แ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ แˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒ แˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแ‹ฑแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆแค แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแŒ แˆญ แŒแŒญแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆฉแŠ• แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃแ‹ แŒจแˆแˆจแ‹ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แŠ แŠญแˆˆแ‹แˆ แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แˆธแŒˆแˆญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰€แŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆแŒ…แ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแกแก

"แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆƒแ‰ฅแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ 'แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆฐแŒ แŠ' แ‰ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆ แ•แˆ‹แŠ• แ‰ แ‹˜แˆแ‰€แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แŠจแˆ˜แˆฐแŒ แ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแŠฅแˆญแˆป แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒญแˆแˆญ แ‰ แŠขแŠ•แ‰จแˆตแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แˆฅแˆ แ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฅแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ" แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แ‰ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ แˆฐแˆซแ‹ แˆฅแˆซ แ‹ซแˆˆ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แŠจ10 แŠฅแŠ“ 15 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แŠ แŒฅแˆจแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒก แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒญแˆแˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‹แˆจแˆต แˆฅแˆซ แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

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