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๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
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๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

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๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ขแˆฎแ‹ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠ แˆ›แˆซแŒญ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแˆฐแˆซ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŒˆแˆˆแ€

๐Ÿ’ซแ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ•แŠ“ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ขแˆฎ แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‹•แˆดแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒจแˆแˆฉ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แฃ แŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆšแŠ•แŠ“ แŒ‰แˆแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒฅแ‰ก แ‰ฅแˆŽแˆ แˆแˆญแ‰ณแˆ›แАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ตแŒ‰ แŠ แˆ›แˆซแŒญ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆชแ‹ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆณแ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ•  แˆ˜แŒ‹แ‰ แ‹™แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆŽ แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰กแˆˆแ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แˆ›แˆซแŒญ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแˆแŒˆแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแข

แŠจแАแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‹แˆฐแŒฅ แŠฆแŠฌ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆฐแŠ˜แ‹ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต  แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹ โ€นโ€น แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แŒป แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆชแŠ•แ‰ฒแŠ•แŒ แˆ›แˆฝแŠ• โ€บโ€บ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แŒแˆแŒˆแˆ› แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 12 แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แˆ•แŠ•แƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŒ แˆจ แŒŠแ‹œแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแข

แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒ‹แ‹ญ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ž แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ‰ตแˆฎแŠชแ‹ซ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠจแŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹จแ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‹ญ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ถแ‰ฝ  แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆฉ แ‹จแŠแŠ’แˆฝแŠ•แŒ แค แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆแŠ“ แŒแ‹ตแŒแ‹ณ แŠ•แŒฃแŽแ‰ฝ แ‰€แˆญแ‰ แ‹‹แˆแข

แŒแˆแŒˆแˆ›แ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ•แŠ“ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ขแˆฎ แŠƒแˆ‹แŠ แŠข/แˆญ แŠ แ‹ซแˆแАแˆฝ แˆแ‰ฅแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹ซแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆ‰แ‰ต แŠฅแˆตแŠซแˆแŠ• แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰กแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹แŠ• แ‹˜แˆแˆ›แ‹ณแ‹Š แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแŒ แˆจแŒˆแ‹ต แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒฃแˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŒ แ‰…แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹‹แŒญแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ แŠ•แ‰ถ แ‰ แ‰ขแˆฎแ‹ แ‰ แŠฉแˆ แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ณแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆตแˆญแ€แ‰ต แˆตแˆซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆฐแˆซ แŒ แ‰แˆ˜แ‹‹แˆแข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘12
๐Ÿ‘‰Youtube แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแŠ› แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒ‰ แ‰  @Philemona7 แ‹ญแƒแ‰แˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ’ซSubscribe แŠฅแŠ“ Share แ‰ แˆ›แˆจแŒแˆ แŠ แŒแ‹™แŠ•๐Ÿ‘‡

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction?si=i3B2u9LyWBNjqAAO
๐Ÿ‘5๐Ÿ‘3
๐Ÿ‘‰๐‘ฌ๐’—๐’๐’๐’–๐’•๐’Š๐’๐’ ๐‘ถ๐’‡ ๐‘ช๐’๐’”๐’• ๐‘ช๐’๐’๐’•๐’“๐’๐’ ๐‘บ๐’š๐’”๐’•๐’†๐’Ž

๐Ÿ’ซEvolutionary diagram of cost control system & certain activities involved in cost control process based on IFACโ€™s (1998) framework.

โบChanges in certain activities & tools involved in cost control system, reflect changes in management accounting role in different periods.

๐Ÿท๐“๐š๐ซ๐ ๐ž๐ญ ๐‚๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  (๐“๐‚) is seen to be a shift from traditional control system focusing on standard costs analyzed after production process toward strategic cost control system focusing on cost control in earlier stages of production process. However, through cost control system development stages, recent management accounting techniques have great advantages coming from its close linkages with company profit planning strategy.

โบCost improvement activities linkage with overall strategic planning processes ensure achievement of long-term profit goals without being concerned with meeting standard costs & analyzing variances being used in traditional cost control system.

โบMonden & Hamadah (1991) claim that TC must be closely connected with company profit planning.

โบThey report that a company focused only on costs may be biased against high cost/high profit products, means TC link with company strategic profit planning would put in personnel minds that company ultimate goal is highest profit, not cost reduction.

โบBased on Daihatsu experience presented by Monden & Lee (1993), Kaizen Costing practiced by using actual production costs of previous year as cost base of current year. However, this is functioning in a similar way as a budgetary control system in standard costing process.
Then, cost reductions will be determined from this cost base figure & ratio of cost reduction amount to cost base is called ๐‚๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐‘๐ž๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐‘๐š๐ญ๐ž (๐‚๐‘๐‘).

๐ŸทCRR is established for each element of cost base at each year-end for following year. Hence, total ๐Š๐š๐ข๐ณ๐ž๐ง ๐‚๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฌ would reflect integrated target reduction rates of all cost base elements. Certain changes might happen in mid-year due to design change of model & mixed model production alteration.

โบIn this case, ๐•๐š๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ž ๐„๐ง๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐  (๐•๐„) comes into practice in design stage & TC is also applied in this stage. As VE is cost reduction activity involves functional changes in new product development stage, it differs from ๐•๐š๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ž ๐€๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ (๐•๐€) technique where the last focuses only on cost reduction activities involved in design stages of existing products (Monden & Hamadah, 1991).

โบThis supports active integration between Kaizen Costing & TC to attain company total cost management goal.

๐Ÿท๐“๐จ๐ญ๐š๐ฅ ๐‚๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐Œ๐š๐ง๐š๐ ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ (๐“๐‚๐Œ) role is being severe in product design & development stage & production stage. This contrasts with traditional cost management role limited in production stage for cost control purpose.

@etconl
๐Ÿ‘10โค4
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹แ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹›แˆฌ แˆแˆญแŒฅ แ‰ฒแ‰ถแˆญแ‹ซแˆ แˆฐแˆญแ‰ฐแŠ•แˆ‹แ‰นแ‹‹แˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‰  SAP แˆถแแ‰ตแ‹Œแˆญ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆ˜แŠ• Retaining Wall แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŠ“แˆจแŒ แАแ‹

๐Ÿ™แˆˆ YOUTUBE แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠจแˆ†แŠ‘ SUBSCRIBE แ‰ แˆ›แˆจแŒ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแŠ‘ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆˆแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ…แ‹Ž แ‹ซแŒ‹แˆฉ

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction?si=i3B2u9LyWBNjqAAO

๐Ÿ–ฑHow We Design Retaining Wall Using SAP๐Ÿ‘‡

https://youtu.be/_riE2nK87O4
๐Ÿ‘7๐Ÿ”ฅ2๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰๐‘ณ๐’Š๐’’๐’–๐’Š๐’…๐’‚๐’•๐’†๐’… ๐‘ซ๐’‚๐’Ž๐’‚๐’ˆ๐’†๐’”/๐‘ผ๐’๐’๐’Š๐’’๐’–๐’Š๐’…๐’‚๐’•๐’†๐’… ๐‘ซ๐’‚๐’Ž๐’‚๐’ˆ๐’†๐’”
/๐‘ท๐’†๐’๐’‚๐’๐’•๐’š

๐ŸŒŸLiquidated damages indicate compensation agreed upon by parties entering into contract & is payable by party who breaches contract to a non-breaching party.
Also, it has fixed amount contractually defined as a reasonable estimate of actual damages to recovered by one party in case the other party breaking the contract.

โบIf parties in contract have properly settled number of LDs, sum fixed, measure of damages for violation of contract.
It doesn't matter if actual damages are more than or less than fixed damage amount.
Distinction between a penalty & substantial liquidated damages is complex to apply.

โšก๏ธ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ž๐ช๐ฎ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‹๐ƒ๐ฌ:

โบMain essence of contract is performance.

โ–ถ๏ธParties in contract generally involve their expectation in terms of damage, which is caused by failure of either party to perform its duty.

โ–ถ๏ธLDs specify number of damages to be compensated by breaching party if it fails to perform specified obligations & otherwise in event of certain types of breaches under contract.
Also, amount agreed as liquidated damages describe estimate of parties regarding actual damages suffered by non-breaching party in event of a specified breach of contract by other (breaching) party.
By this, parties can save on a lot of time, money & energy on potential conflicts in Liquidated damages.

๐ŸŽฒ๐ƒ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฆ๐ข๐ฅ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐›๐ž๐ญ๐ฐ๐ž๐ž๐ง ๐‹๐ข๐ช๐ฎ๐ข๐๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ƒ๐š๐ฆ๐š๐ ๐ž๐ฌ & ๐”๐ง๐ฅ๐ข๐ช๐ฎ๐ข๐๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ƒ๐š๐ฆ๐š๐ ๐ž๐ฌ

โบLDs referred to as ascertained damages of which cost has fixed by parties during contract formation.
Wounded party in contract can accumulate compensation upon a specific breach.
It also aids in recovery of amount breached by avoiding necessity of proof of loss.

โบLDs clarify procedure relating to any types of conflicts & may persuade performance of a contract.
LD clause directs right of parties after breach of contract.

โนUnliquidated damages are not a pre-fixed or restricted amount.

โบDamages that claimed for ๐”๐ง๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ž๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ž ๐ƒ๐š๐ฆ๐š๐ ๐ž are known as unliquidated damages.

โบAscertaining exact amount for compensation has a bit difficult in this case since amount is unliquidated.

โบIt's extremely necessary for including a provision for unliquidated damages in a contract.

โบAs it assists parties to recover those losses which aren't possible to estimate.

๐Ÿ“œ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐œ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง:

๐Ÿท๐—Ÿ๐—ถ๐—พ๐˜‚๐—ถ๐—ฑ๐—ฎ๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฑ ๐——๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฎ๐—ด๐—ฒ๐˜€

Damages pre estimated & specified in contract (either % or an amount).

๐Ÿท๐—จ๐—ป๐—น๐—ถ๐—พ๐˜‚๐—ถ๐—ฑ๐—ฎ๐˜๐—ฒ๐—ฑ ๐——๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฎ๐—ด๐—ฒ๐˜€

Damages not specified in contract & shall be determined by court in case of dispute.

โบ๐—ฃ๐—ฒ๐—ป๐—ฎ๐—น๐˜๐˜†

Word penalty considered to be void & null in contracts governed by common law

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘8โค5
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹แ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹›แˆฌ แˆแˆญแŒฅ แ‰ฒแ‰ถแˆญแ‹ซแˆ แˆฐแˆญแ‰ฐแŠ•แˆ‹แ‰นแ‹‹แˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‰  SAP แˆถแแ‰ตแ‹Œแˆญ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆ˜แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ดแ‰ต Retaining Wall แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŠ“แˆจแŒ แАแ‹

๐Ÿ™แˆˆ YOUTUBE แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠจแˆ†แŠ‘ SUBSCRIBE แ‰ แˆ›แˆจแŒ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแˆแŠ‘ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆˆแ‹ˆแ‹ณแŒ…แ‹Ž แ‹ซแŒ‹แˆฉ

๐Ÿ–ฑHow We Design Retaining Wall Using SAP๐Ÿ‘‡

https://youtu.be/_riE2nK87O4
๐Ÿ‘6
แ‹จแŠ .แŠ . แˆ…แŠ•แŒป แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‰แŒฅแˆญ 2๏€ข2010 FINAL.pdf
3.9 MB
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แˆ…แŠ•แƒ แˆ˜แˆแˆญแ‹ซ

@etconp
โค7๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแˆˆแˆš แŠ“แˆฝแŠ“แˆ แˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆตแˆซ แŠจแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ แ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แŠฅแˆตแŠซแˆแŠ• 7 แˆšแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แŠฉแŠ•แ‰ณแˆ แˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แˆˆแŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰กแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แ‰‹แˆแกแก

แ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซแ‹ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ แ‹ซ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆซแˆฝแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆซแˆญแ‰ฆ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆ•แˆ แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแŒ แŠจแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ตแˆญแˆป แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แˆ˜แŠญแˆฏแˆแกแก

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ตแˆ แ‹จแˆˆแˆš แˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซ แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แŠฅแŒฅแˆจแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฅแˆญแŒญแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆตแŠ“ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒ‹แ‰ต แ‰€แ‹ณแˆš แˆšแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ฐ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแกแก

แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แ‰€แŠ• 100 แˆบแˆ… แŠฉแŠ•แ‰ณแˆ แˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•รทแ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ 33 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆธแˆแŠ• แˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ‰ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰แˆŸแˆ

แˆˆแˆš แŠ“แˆฝแŠ“แˆ แˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แ‰ 2017 แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแŒฅแŠ•แŠซแˆฌ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠซแˆณแŠฉ แŠ แ‰ป แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Šแ‹ซแŠ• แˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆธแˆ‹แˆš แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ‰แˆ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆ‹แŠญแ‰ทแˆแกแก

แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ก แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆฅแˆซ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹ แ‹แ‰ฅแˆชแŠซแ‹ แŠจ1 แˆบแˆ… แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆšแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹œแŒŽแ‰ฝ แŒŠแ‹œแ‹ซแ‹Š แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰‹แˆš แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆ แˆ˜แแŒ แˆฉ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰…แˆทแˆแกแก
แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ‹ แˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆฒแˆšแŠ•แ‰ถ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆซแˆฝแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‹แ‹แ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ตแˆญแˆป แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แ‰…แŠ•แŒ…แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆฐแˆซ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แ‰‹แˆแกแก

Via FBC

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘15โค3
๐Ÿ‘‰ INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

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โ— Concrete Repair Mortar
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โ— Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall
๐Ÿ‘4โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰Cost-Plus Vs Lump-Sum Contracts: Which One is Right for Your Next Construction Project?

๐Ÿ’ซIn the world of construction, choosing the right contract type can make all the difference between a smooth project and one riddled with surprises.

๐ŸšงThe two most commonly debated contract types are Cost-Plus and Lump-Sumโ€”but which one fits your project best?

๐Ÿ”„ Cost-Plus Contract
In a cost-plus arrangement, the contractor is reimbursed for actual costs incurred (materials, labor, etc.), plus an agreed fee. This is perfect for projects with uncertain scopes or those prone to changes.

โœ… Why choose Cost-Plus?

โบFlexibility: Ideal for evolving designs.

โบTransparency: Clear breakdowns of real-time costs.

โบAdaptability: Great for unforeseen challenges.


โš ๏ธ Things to watch for:

โบRisk of cost overruns.

โบLess certainty for total expenses.


๐Ÿ’ต Lump-Sum Contract
With a lump-sum contract, the price is fixed from the startโ€”this approach is favored for projects with well-defined scopes and minimal anticipated changes.

โœ… Why choose Lump-Sum?

โบCost certainty: Budget is fixed, protecting against increases.

โบContractor bears more risk: Reduces financial surprises for the client.

โบEfficiency: Well-suited for tightly scoped projects.


โš ๏ธ Things to watch for:

โบLess flexibility for changes.

โบCan lead to disputes if unexpected conditions arise.

๐ŸทHow do you choose?

โบIt comes down to your project's scope, complexity, and flexibility needs. Cost-Plus offers adaptability in uncertain projects, while Lump-Sum delivers predictability when everything is mapped out.

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘16โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแŒแ‹ดแˆซแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แŠ แˆแƒแ€แˆ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒซแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ข แ‹จแ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แˆˆแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒญแฃ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆช แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแ‰ƒ แŒแ‹ฅแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแˆแŒธแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒแ‹ฅแŠ“ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠคแŒ€แŠ•แˆฒ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แŠ“ แ‰ แŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆฐแŠ”/2002 แ‹“แˆ แ‰ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆšแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹จแ€แ‹ฐแ‰€ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆ˜แˆตแŠจแˆจแˆ/2014แ‹“แˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆปแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹แˆ‰ แŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต (5) แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แŒ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แˆฅแˆซ แŒแ‹ฅ แ‹แˆŽแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰แกแก แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แˆ?

๐Ÿท1)  แŠจแˆตแ‹ตแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ถ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (600,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแˆฐแˆ‹แˆณ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (30,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŠณแŠ• แŠ แˆฐแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆแŽ แŠ แˆแŽ แ‰ แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ แŠฅแŒฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฅแˆญ แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แˆšแˆ แˆ›แ‹แˆจแˆป แˆˆแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‰ฐแ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ•แˆ e-GP แ‹จแŠคแˆŒแŠญแ‰ตแˆฎแŠ’แŠญแˆต แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆตแˆแŒธแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰ แ‹จแА แˆ˜แˆจแ‰ก แŒแŠ• แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‹ณแŒ… แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ตแˆญแŒŽ แŠ แˆตแ‰€แˆแŒฆแ‰ณแˆแกแก แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แ‹ซแŠญแˆ แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŒแ‹ฅ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ›แАแ‰ต แŒฅแ‰…แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹แˆ‰แ‰ต แˆˆแŠ แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณแ‹ (International Bid) แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠญแแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ‰แข

๐Ÿท2)  แŠจแŠ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (15,000,000) แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆตแ‹ตแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ถ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (600,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ถ แˆƒแˆแˆณ แˆบ (2,250,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆณ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (30,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹แˆˆแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŒซแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแกแก แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‹ซแŠญแˆ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ›แАแ‰ต แˆˆแŒแˆแŒฝ แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆซแ‹Š แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ (Open National Bid) แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠญแแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ‰แข

๐Ÿท3)  แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (1,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แŠ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (15,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแ‹แˆˆแ‰ณแ‹ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆบ (240,000) แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ถ แˆƒแˆแˆณ แˆบ (2,250,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅ แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŒซแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แค แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‹ซแŠญแˆ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ›แАแ‰ต แˆˆแ‹แˆตแŠ• แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ (Selective Bid) แŠญแแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ‰แกแก

แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠจแŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ™ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆตแˆ˜แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ก แŠจแˆ†แА แ‰ แˆแ‹ฉ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠจแŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต (5) แŠ แˆตแŠจ แˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ต (7) แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฑแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ‹แ‰ แ‹ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆ›แ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆ‹แˆแกแก 

๐Ÿท4) แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (1,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹ซแАแˆฐ แ‹จแ‹แˆˆแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆบ (240,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹ซแАแˆฐ แ‹จแ‹แˆˆแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆณแŠ” แ‰ แˆ›แˆฐแŒ แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ณ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‹ฅ แˆ˜แˆแ€แˆ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆ‹แˆแกแก

๐Ÿท5)แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‹แŒญ แ‰ แˆแ‹ฉ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŒแ‹ฅ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแŒธแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠซแˆแ‰ณแ‹˜แ‹˜ แ‰ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆญ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŒแ‹ฅ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚แАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแŠจแ‰ตแˆ‰ แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แกแก
แˆ˜แˆตแŠจแˆจแˆ 2017 แ‹“.แˆ แ‰ แŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‹ แˆจแ‰‚แ‰… แˆฐแАแ‹ตแคแАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆแŒธแ‹ฐแ‰€แ‹ แ‹จแŒแ‹ดแˆซแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แŠ แˆแƒแ€แˆ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต

๐Ÿšง1) แŠจแˆถแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (3,000,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแ‹˜แŒ แŠ“ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (90,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅ แˆˆแŠ แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ (International Bid) แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠญแแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ‰แข

๐Ÿšง2) แŠจแˆตแˆแˆณ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (60,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆถแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (3,000,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (7,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แ‹˜แŒ แŠ“ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (90,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅ แ‹จแ‹แˆˆแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹แˆ แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŒซแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แกแก แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‹ซแŠญแˆ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ›แАแ‰ต แˆˆแŒแˆแŒฝ แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆซแ‹Š แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ (Open National Bid) แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠญแแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ‰แข

๐Ÿšง3) แŠจแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (2,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆตแˆแˆณ แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (60,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแ‹แˆˆแ‰ณแ‹ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ถ แˆบ (500,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (7,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅ แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŒซแˆซแ‰พแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแˆฉ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แค แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‹ซแŠญแˆ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ›แАแ‰ต แˆˆแ‹แˆตแŠ• แŒจแˆจแ‰ณ (Selective Bid) แŠญแแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ‰แกแก แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŠจแŠ แˆแŠ• แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ™ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆตแˆ˜แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ก แŠจแˆ†แА แ‰ แˆแ‹ฉ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠจแŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต (5) แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ต (7) แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฑแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ‹แ‰ แ‹ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆ›แ‹ˆแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆ‹แˆแกแก 

๐Ÿšง4) แŠจแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• (2,000,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹ซแАแˆฐ แ‹จแ‹แˆˆแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆบ (500,000) แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹ซแАแˆฐ แ‹จแ‹แˆˆแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒแ‹ฅ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ˆแŒก แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆšแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ต แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆณแŠ” แ‰ แˆ›แˆฐแŒ แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ณ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‹ฅ แˆ˜แˆแ€แˆ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆ‹แˆแกแก

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘11โค5
๐Ÿ‘‰๐‘ช๐’๐’๐’”๐’•๐’“๐’–๐’„๐’•๐’Š๐’๐’ ๐‘ช๐’๐’๐’•๐’“๐’‚๐’„๐’• ๐‘ซ๐’๐’„๐’–๐’Ž๐’†๐’๐’•๐’”

๐Ÿ“œBy referring to "Contract" you technically refer to entire document group form agreement comprise numerous documents cumulatively define Scope, Cost, Schedule, Quality, Work Conditions & Responsibilities

1ใ€‹Agreement

Depending on chosen financial strategy, agreement form will adapt forming basis from which all subsequent project details Lays down foundation to govern entire process Signed agreement will reference other documents & addendums that all parties bound to by signing

This document with "dotted line" parties to agreement sign include

-Parties(Authorized Signatory)
-Value/Currency
-Time for Completion
-Governing Law/Language
-Appendix(Documents Identification)
-Site Provision
-Valuation(Work/Material)
-Variation Procedure
-Retention
-Arbitration Rule(If Any)
-Exceptions

2ใ€‹General Conditions

Common contract addendum act as project execution & management rulebook
Encompass terms dictate fundamental procedural guideline, establish right & obligation include

+General Provisions
โ€ขPreamble/Recitals
โ€ขDefinitions
โ€ขCommunication(Reporting/Statement)
โ€ขDocument Priority
โ€ขStatutory Obligation

+Owner/Contractor Responsibility
โ€ขRight to access
โ€ขOn-site Condition(Security/safety Measure)
โ€ขExecution
โ€ขApproval

+Representatives

+Design
โ€ขSubmittal guideline
โ€ขAccountability
โ€ขResponsibility

+Programme
โ€ขExecution
โ€ขTime of Completion
โ€ขDelay/EOT

+Taking Over

+Remedy

+Variation & Claim

+Payment
โ€ขFrequency
โ€ขMilestone
โ€ขRetention
โ€ขCurrency
โ€ขDelay

+Default

+Risk & Responsibility
โ€ขCare of Work
โ€ขForce Majeure

+Insurance & Bond

+Conflict Resolution

+Project Termination

3ใ€‹Particular Condition

Appended to General Condition, provide tailored approach to project specifics, describe custom fit elements cater to project's unique aspects
-Environmental sustainability feature
-Specific site & safety protocol

4ใ€‹Scope of Work

Detailed narrative define work, project's requirements, outline tasks broken down using WBS, specify material, standard, equipment & other operational detail including performance criteria & quality

5ใ€‹Construction Drawings

Project visual representation, offer essential details & dimensions of desired end result

6ใ€‹Specifications

Project's technical data, material requirement, construction methods, quality standard complementing construction drawings in describing detailed project attribute, often organized according to Master Format(CSI Divisions)

7ใ€‹Programme (Schedule)

Outline timeline detailed activities & milestones sequence guiding project's progression

8ใ€‹Schedule of Values

Itemized work segment list with corresponding value, contractor prepare to show % each work item complete to category expenditures, pivotal to payment process

9ใ€‹Bill of Quantities(BOQ)

Predictive tool, provide itemized materials/labor cost forecast, allow contractor prepare accurate bid & facilitate client efficient bid evaluation

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘16โค8
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๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แˆแŠ“แ‹Š แŠ•แ‹ตแ

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ แˆ˜แŒ‹แ‰ขแ‰ต 1 แ‰€แŠ• 2011 แ‹“แˆ แŠจแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠ“แ‹ญแˆฎแ‰ข แˆฒแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ตแАแ‰ฑ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แ‰ แˆจแˆซ แ‰แŒฅแˆฉ ET 302 แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แ‰ฆแ‹ญแŠ•แŒ 737 MAX 8 แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹  แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆฐแŠจแˆฐแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆˆแˆžแ‰ฑแ‰ต 157 แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แˆ แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆแ‹ฐแˆจแ‰ฆแ‰น  แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ณแˆฐแ‰ฅแ‹ซ แŠ•แ‹ตแ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆญ แŠ แˆธแŠ•แˆแ‹ แŠ•แ‹ตแ‰แˆ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ถ แ‰ แ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แŠฅแˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹ แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐ แ‰ 6 แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆญแ‰‹แˆแข

๐Ÿทแ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ณแˆฐแ‰ฅแ‹ซแ‹แŠ• แŠจแŠแˆ แ‰ฐแŠ•แ‰€แˆณแ‰ƒแˆฝ แˆแˆตแˆ แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ญแ‹Ÿแˆแข

Via Ethiopian Architecture

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๐Ÿ‘14โค8
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โ™ง แˆแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

โ™ง แ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹แˆ‰แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ›แŠญแˆฉแŠ•

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โค3๐Ÿ‘2๐Ÿ‘1
แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แˆˆแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฑ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆตแА แˆ•แŠ•แŒป -แŠ•แ‹ตแ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆˆแŒธ

แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฑ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แŒป แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแŒ แ‰ แ‰… แŠจแŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹จแˆตแА แˆ•แŠ•แŒป -แŠ•แ‹ตแ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แˆฅแˆซ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆแ‰ƒแ‹ต แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แ‰‹แˆแกแก

แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ‘ แˆแŠญแ‰ตแˆ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆฌแŠญแ‰ฐแˆญ แŠ แ‰ถ แŒˆแ‹›แˆ…แŠ แ‹ฐแˆฒแˆณแค แˆจแ‹˜แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ• แŒŠแ‹œแŠ• แ‰ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰†แ‹จแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆฎ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแˆแŒ แˆญ แ‰ตแ‹แ‹แ‰…แค แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠญแแ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆแŒ แˆญ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ แ‰ แŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆตแА แˆ•แŠ•แŒป -แŠ•แ‹ตแ แˆ™แ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ แˆˆแŠ แˆแ‹ฑ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แˆแŠญแ‰ตแˆ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆฌแŠญแ‰ฐแˆฉ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแŠ• แˆ•แŠ•แŒป แŠจแแ‰ณแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆ•แŠ•แŒปแ‹ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ฑ แŠจแŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ• แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แŠ แŠญแˆˆแ‹แˆ "แŠจแˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ต แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แˆˆแŠ แˆŠแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแ‰ƒแ‹ต แ‰ แ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฑแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แŒป แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแŠจแŠ“แ‹แŠ‘ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ" แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆแ‰€แ‹ฐแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแА แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แŒป แŠ แ‹‹แŒ… แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ‘ แ‰ แˆšแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแАแ‹ แ‹จแ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŠญแแ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแАแˆณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแŒˆแˆˆแŒนแˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แค แŠจแŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹แŒช แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ฑ แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ณแŠ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแŠ‘แ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆฐแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆปแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ฑ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆžแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฎแŠ•แ‰ตแˆซแŠญแ‰ฐแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚ แŠฅแ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ‘ แˆแŠญแ‰ตแˆ แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆฌแŠญแ‰ฐแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉแ‰ตแค แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แˆฐแ‹“แ‰ต แˆจแ‹˜แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆ แŒŠแ‹œแŠ• แ‰ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแˆˆแ แ‰ แŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ แ‰ แˆตแА แˆ•แŠ•แŒป -แŠ•แ‹ตแ แˆ™แ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆšแˆแŒ แˆญ แ‰ตแ‹แ‹แ‰… แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ตแค แ‰ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠญแแ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆแŒ แˆญ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแˆ†แА แˆแˆแŠจแ‰ณ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแА แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแกแก

แŠ แŠญแˆˆแ‹แˆ แ‰ แŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแแ‰ƒแ‹ต แ‹แŒช แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹แАแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‰ แ‰ แŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แ‰…แŒฃแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แˆตแА แˆ•แŠ•แŒป -แŠ•แ‹ตแ แˆ™แ‹ซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แแ‰ƒแ‹ต แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆต แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฐ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ แˆˆแŠ แˆแ‹ฑ แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แŠ แ‰ถ แŒˆแ‹›แˆ•แŠ แŒฅแ‹แ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ†แАแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ™ แŠ แˆแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 6 แˆšแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆต แ‰…แŒฃแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒฃแˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แˆฐแ‹แค แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ 2016 แ‹“.แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ตแŒแ‰ แˆซ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‹ แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แŒป แŠ แ‹‹แŒ… แˆ›แˆปแˆปแ‹ซ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 65 แˆšแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰…แŒฃแ‰ต แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แŒฃแˆ‰ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แ‰€แ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แ‹ˆแˆญ แŠจ100 แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ‘ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฑ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰…แˆฌแ‰ณ แ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแŒˆแˆˆแŒนแˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แค แ‰ แˆšแ‹ˆแˆฐแ‹ฑ แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰…แˆฌแ‰ณ แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แˆƒแ‹›แ‹Š แ‰แŒฅแˆญ แˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ‰แˆ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

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๐Ÿ‘‰๐‘ฌ๐’‚๐’“๐’๐’†๐’… ๐‘ฝ๐’‚๐’๐’–๐’† ๐‘ด๐’‚๐’๐’‚๐’ˆ๐’†๐’Ž๐’†๐’๐’• (๐‘ฌ๐‘ฝ๐‘ด)

๐Ÿ’ซEvery project require method to control & manage project execution & delivery.

๐ŸทPM follow different project monitoring methods

โบEarned Value Analysis (EVA) allow PM to measure amount of work actually performed on project beyond basic review of cost & schedule reports

โ–ถ๏ธ"EVM is systematic approach to cost integration & measurement, schedule & scope accomplishment on project or task" USA Department of Energy

๐Ÿšง๐–๐ก๐ฒ ๐”๐ฌ๐ž ๐„๐•๐Œ?

โบEV helps determine if project is on schedule & within budget by assessing project on basis of cost & schedule as compared to what has been accomplished

๐Ÿšง๐๐ž๐ซ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐„๐•๐Œ ๐€๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ

โบTo determine current project performance & forecast future project performance based on 3 data points:

-๐๐ฅ๐š๐ง๐ง๐ž๐ ๐•๐š๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ž [Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS)]

PV can be looked at in 2 ways:
-Current: approved budget for activities scheduled to be performed during given period (days, weeks, months,etc.)
-Cumulative: sum of approved budget for activities scheduled to be performed to date

-๐€๐œ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐‚๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ [Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP)]

Actual expenditures incurred to execute work on project
AC can be looked at in terms of
-Current
-Cumulative

-๐„๐š๐ซ๐ง๐ž๐ ๐•๐š๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ž [Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP)]

Work Quantification โ€œworthโ€ done to date
EV can be presented in
-Current
-Cumulative

๐Œ๐ž๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐ฌ & ๐๐ž๐ซ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐Œ๐ž๐š๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ
EV performance measurement look at project cost & schedule performance by analyzing cost & schedule variance along with cost & schedule efficiency

๐Ÿšง๐•๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐€๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ:

-๐’๐œ๐ก๐ž๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ž ๐•๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž (๐’๐•)=EVโ€“PV
If result is +ve: On Schedule
If result is -ve: Behind Schedule

or SV% = SV/PV % Schedule varies from planned to date

-๐‚๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐•๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž (๐‚๐•)=EVโ€“AC
If result is +ve: Underrun
If result is -ve: Overrun

or CV%= CV/EV %Cost varies from planned to date

๐๐ž๐ซ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐ˆ๐๐ข๐œ๐š๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ:

-๐’๐œ๐ก๐ž๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ž ๐๐ž๐ซ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐ˆ๐ง๐๐ž๐ฑ (๐’๐๐ˆ): Schedule Efficiency measure
SPI=EV/PV
If result > 1.0, project is AHEAD of schedule
If result < 1.0, project is BEHIND schedule

๐‚๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐๐ž๐ซ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐ˆ๐ง๐๐ž๐ฑ (๐‚๐๐ˆ):
Cost Efficiency measure
CPI=EV/AC
If result > 1.0, cost is < budget.
If result < 1.0, cost is > budget.

๐„๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐š๐ญ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง (๐„๐€๐‚)

Objective to provide accurate projection of cost at project completion

EAC= AC+ETC

๐„๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐“๐จ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž๐ญ๐ž (๐„๐“๐‚)
Cost to complete authorized remaining work
EAC = AC+ETC

๐๐ฎ๐๐ ๐ž๐ญ ๐€๐ญ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง (๐๐€๐‚)

All budgets sum allocated to
project scope, BAC must always equal Project total PV, If they aren't equal, EV calculation & analysis will be inaccurate

๐Ÿšง๐•๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐€๐ญ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง (๐•๐€๐‚)

VAC =BACโ€“EAC
If result is +ve, project is projecting an Underrun
If result is -ve, project is projecting an Overrun

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