💫PART 2

🏷Procedure for Sieve Analysis

1. Prepare Sample: Take a 500g – 1000g representative dry sample.

2. Arrange Sieves: Stack sieves in descending order, from largest to smallest, with a pan at the bottom.

3. Weigh Initial Sample: Record the total weight before sieving.

4. Sieve the Material: Shake for 10-15 minutes manually or mechanically.

5. Weigh Retained Material: Weigh the material retained on each sieve.

6. Calculate Percentage Retained:

Cumulative % retained = Sum of % retained on all previous sieves.

% Passing = 100 - Cumulative % Retained.

Interpretation & Acceptance Criteria

The particle size distribution should fall within the specified range as per IS 383 (for concrete aggregates) or ASTM C33.

⭐️Grading Zones (IS 383:2016):

Zone I: Coarse sand.

Zone II: Moderately coarse sand (most suitable for concrete).

Zone III: Moderately fine sand (used for plastering).

Zone IV: Fine sand (used for masonry and plastering).

📜Conclusion

⏺Understanding the details of sand aggregate sieve analysis is crucial for ensuring that the aggregates used in construction meet the required specifications.

⏺This analysis not only informs the quality control process but also guides adjustments in mix design, ultimately contributing to the performance and longevity of the constructed structure.

@etconp

👉In road construction surveying, "As-Built" surveys and "Blue Top" surveys serve different purposes at different stages of the project.

💫Here’s the key difference:

🏷1. As-Built Survey

- Purpose: Documents the final constructed conditions of the road, verifying that the work matches the design plans. 
- When Performed: After construction is completed. 
- Details Recorded: 
  - Final elevations, alignments, and locations of road features (pavement, utilities, drainage, etc.). 
  - Any deviations from the original design. 
- Use: For legal records, future maintenance, and compliance verification. 

🏷2. Blue Top Survey

- Purpose: Provides precise grade control just before paving to ensure the final surface meets design elevations. 
- When Performed: After subgrade preparation but before placing the final pavement layer. 
- Details Marked: 
  - Surveyors set "blue tops" (stakes or marks with blue paint) indicating the exact elevation for the top of the upcoming pavement (usually asphalt or concrete). 
- Use: Guides contractors in achieving the correct road profile and smoothness. 

❇️Key Difference:

- Blue Top is a pre-paving control survey to guide construction. 
- As-Built is a post-construction verification survey to confirm accuracy. 

🎲Both are critical for quality control but serve different phases of road construction.

@etconp

👉የ ፒኤችዲ ጥናት መጽሀፍ

⏺ተመራቂ:-ብሩክ ተክለሐይማኖት ኃይለስላሴ
⏺ፒኤችዲ ሰጪ ተቋም:-ዴልፍት ዩኒቨርስቲ ኦፍ ቴክኖሎጂ

🏷Title

⏺Reconstructing Dwelling: Social and spatial features of housing practices in Addis Ababa

💫የ ማህበረዊ ትስስር ገፆቻችን ይወዳጁ

⭐️YOUTUBE

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction?si=i3B2u9LyWBNjqAAO

⭐️የቴግራም ቻናላችን፦ t.me/ETCONpWORK

💫የ FACEBOOK ገፃችንም ይወዳጁ👇

https://www.facebook.com/ethioconp

📩 ሊጽፉልን ካሰቡ፦ t.me/ETCONpBOT


@etconp

👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን


0904040477
0911016833

👉የኮንስትራክሽን ኢንዱስትሪው ቀጥተኛ መልስ የታጣላቸው ውስብስብ ችግሮች እያጋጠሙት መሆኑ ተነገረ::

ተቋሙ ጥናት የሚያደርገውና የሚያቀርበው ገለልተኛ ሆኖ ነው ያሉት አቶ ዘውዱ፣ የፖሊሲ ውሳኔ የሚያሳልፈው አካል ሕግ የማውጣት ሥራ የሚሠራ ከሆነ ጥናቱን መሠረት በማድረግ እንዲሠራ የሚያግዝ ነው ብለዋል።

በኢትዮጵያ ነባራዊ ሁኔታ የአሰላሳይ ግሩፑ ውቅር መንግሥትን መሠረት (Government Initiated) አሰላሳይ ግሩፕ ተብሎ ሊወሰድ እንደሚችል አስረድተዋል፡፡

ተጠሪነቱ ለከተማና መሠረተ ልማት ሚኒስቴር የሆነው ግሩፑ፣ ዋና መቀመጫው አዲስ አበባ ሆኖ በየክልሎቹ ቢሮ ሊኖረው እንደሚችል ታሳቢ መደረጉ ተነግሯል። አሰላሳይ ግሩፑ ምንም እንኳ ተጠሪነቱ ለሚኒስቴሩ ይሁን እንጂ በራሱ ስም የሚሠራቸው ሥራዎች ስላሉ የራሱ የሆነ የሕግ ሰውነት እንዳለው ተገልጿል፡፡

ግሩፑ ስምንት የሥራ ክፍሎች እንደሚኖሩት የተገለጸ ሲሆን፣ በእያንዳንዱ ክፍል አራት ባለሙያዎች ሊኖሩ እንደሚችሉ አቶ ዘውዱ ገልጸዋል። የዘላቂ ልማት ጉዳይ፣ የሕንፃ ግንባታ ዘርፍ፣ የውኃ፣ የፅዳት አጠባበቅና አካባቢ፣ የትራንስፖርትና መሠረተ ልማት፣ የኃይል፣ የከተማ ፕላንና ፕሮጀክት አስተዳደር ችግርየሚሉ ጉዳዮች የጥናት ዋና ዋና የትኩረት አቅጣጫዎች ሆነው ተለይተዋል።

Via Reporter

@etconp

👉የወሎ ቴርሸሪ ኬርና የማስተማሪያ ሆስፒታል በዲዛይኑ መሠረት ይሠራል?

በምስራቅ አፍሪካ ትልቁ ሆስፒታል ይሆናል ተብሎ ታቅዶ የነበረው የወሎ ቴርሸሪ ኬር እና የማስተማሪያ ሆስፒታል በታቀደለት መሰረት መገንባት አለመቻሉ በተደጋጋሚ የሚነሳ የማህበረሰቡ ጥያቄ ከሆነ ሰነባብቷል።

ሆስፒታሉ ቦንድ በመሸጥ በማኅበረሰቡ ተሳትፎ ይገነባል በሚል የተጀመረው በ2005 ዓ.ም ሲሆን፤ እስካሁን ሆስፒታሉ በታቀደለት ዓላማ መሰረት ባለመሠራቱ በተደጋሚ ጥያቄዎች ሲነሱ ነበር።

ይህን ችግር ለመቅረፍም ወሎ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ሆስፒታሉን ተረክቦ እንዲያስተዳድር ተወስኗል።

በሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት የመንግሥት ወጪ አስተዳደር እና ቁጥጥር ጉዳዮች ቋሚ ኮሚቴ ፕሮጀክት ጽሕፈት ቤቱን በመዝጋት ፕሮጀክቱ እና የተሰበሰበው ሀብት ለወሎ ዩኒቨርስቲ እንዲተላፍ በተቀመጠው አቅጣጫ መሰረት የቅድመ ርክክብ ውይይት በትናንትናው ዕለት ተካሂዷል።

በውይይቱም የገንዘብ የኦዲት ዝርዝር ግኝቶች መኖራቸው የተገለጸ ሲሆን፤ የሕዝብ ገንዘብ የት እንደደረሰ ከኅብረተሰቡ ጥያቄ የተነሳ በመሆኑ ተጠያቂነት እንዲኖር እና ይህም በሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት ውሳኔ እንዲያገኝ ተጠይቋል።

የመንግሥት ወጪ አስተዳደር እና ቁጥጥር ጉዳዮች ቋሚ ኮሚቴ ሰብሳቢ የሺእመቤት ደምሴ (ዶ/ር) በኢቢሲ የአዲስ ቀን የዜና ሾው ላይ "ፕሮጀክቱ በታቀደለት መሠረት ይሠራል ወይ?" በሚል ለተነሳላቸው ጥያቄ ማብራሪያ ሰጥተዋል።

በማብራሪያቸውም፥ በመንግሥት እና በዩኒቨርሲቲው የበጀት አቅም ማነስ ካልሆነ በስተቀር ፕሮጀክቱ በታቀደለት ዲዛይን መሠረት ይሠራል የሚል እምነት እንዳላቸው ተናግረዋል።

የሲቪል ማኅበረሰብ ድርጅቶች ባለሥልጣን ምክትል ዋና ዳሬክተር አቶ ፋሲካ ሞላ ተጠያቂነትን በተመለከተ ለተነሳላቸው ጥያቄ በሰጡት አስተያየት፥ በህዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት እንዲሁም በዋና ኦዲተር በተሠራው ኦዲት ግኝቶች መሠረት የሚመለከታቸው አካላት የእርምት እርምጃዎች የሚወስዱ ይሆናል ብለዋል።

Via EBC

@etconp

👉TYPES OF DRAINAGE

Drainage systems are essential for managing excess water and preventing waterlogging in various environments. Here are the main types of drainage systems along with their descriptions:

1. Surface Drainage: This system collects and redirects excess water from the surface of the soil. It typically includes ditches, channels, and swales designed to carry water away from areas prone to flooding or water accumulation.

2. Subsurface Drainage: Subsurface drainage systems involve the installation of pipes or tiles below the ground surface to remove excess water from the soil. These systems help to lower the water table and improve soil conditions for agriculture or construction.

3. Stormwater Drainage: Specifically designed to manage runoff from rainfall, stormwater drainage systems include a network of drains, pipes, and retention basins that collect and transport stormwater away from urban areas, preventing flooding and water pollution.

4. French Drain: This is a type of trench filled with gravel or rock that contains a perforated pipe at the bottom to redirect surface and groundwater away from a specific area. It is often used to prevent water accumulation around foundations or in basements.

5. Sump Drainage: A sump drainage system includes a sump pit, where water collects before being pumped out. This system is commonly used in basements to prevent flooding and manage groundwater.

6. Agricultural Drainage: This includes various methods used to manage water in agricultural fields, such as tile drains or surface ditches, to enhance crop growth by controlling soil moisture levels.

7. Interceptor Drainage: This system is used to intercept and redirect groundwater before it reaches a specific area, often utilized in construction sites to prevent water accumulation.

8. Wetland Drainage: This type of drainage is designed to manage water levels in wetlands, ensuring they remain healthy and functional while preventing flooding in adjacent areas.

Each type of drainage system is tailored to specific needs and environmental conditions, helping to manage water effectively and sustainably.

@etconp

👉አዲሱ የኮንስትራክሽን ብቃት ማረጋገጫና ምዝገባ መመሪያ

💫የ ማህበረዊ ገፆቻችን ይወዳጁ

⭐️YOUTUBE

https://youtube.com/@ethiopianconstruction?si=i3B2u9LyWBNjqAAO

⭐️የቴግራም ቻናላችን፦ t.me/ETCONpWORK

💫የ FACEBOOK ገፃችንም ይወዳጁ👇

https://www.facebook.com/ethioconp

📩 ሊጽፉልን ካሰቡ፦ t.me/ETCONpBOT

@etconp

👉ስለ አዲስ ፓስፖርት እና እድሳተ መረጃ ከፈለጉ 👇

https://t.me/ICS_Addisababa

👉Design Of Columns As Per ACI 

💫1- Maximum and Minimum Reinforcement Ratio The minimum reinforcement ratio of 1 % is to be used in tied or spirally reinforced columns.

⏺This minimum reinforcement is needed to safeguard against any bending, reduce the effect of shrinkage and creep and enhance the ductility of columns.

💫2- Minimum Number of Reinforcing Bars Minimum four bars within rectangular or circular sections; or one bar in each corner of the cross-section for other shapes and a minimum of six bars in spirally reinforced columns should be used.

💫3- Clear Distance between Reinforcing Bars For tied or spirally reinforced columns, clear distance between bars should not be less than the larger of 150 times bar diameter or 4 cm.

💫4- Concrete Protection Cover
The clear concrete cover should not be less than 4 cm for columns not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground.

⏺It is essential for protecting the reinforcement from corrosion or fire hazards.

💫5- Minimum Cross-Sectional Dimensions For practical considerations, column dimensions can be taken as multiples of 5 cm.

💫6- Lateral Reinforcement

⏺Ties are effective in restraining the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the surface of the column, holding the reinforcement cage together during the construction process, confining the concrete core and when columns are subjected to horizontal forces, they serve as shear reinforcement.

⏺Spirals, on the other hand, serve in addition to these benefits in compensating for the strength loss due to spalling of the outside concrete shell at ultimate column strength

💫7- Ties

⏺For longitudinal bars, 32 mm or smaller, lateral ties 10 mm in diameter should be used. In some countries, ties of 8 mm dia are used for column construction.

@etconp

👉Timber For Construction

💫Timber can be an excellent material for structures in seismic zones when its properties and design details are properly considered.

⏺Its lower density compared to materials like concrete or steel means that the seismic forces—largely a function of mass—can be reduced.

⏺However, to take full advantage of timber’s benefits while ensuring safety and performance during an earthquake, several factors must be addressed:

🚧1. Material Properties and Species Selection

Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Timber’s light weight helps reduce the seismic mass, but the species chosen must also offer high strength and stiffness. Commonly used species include Douglas Fir, Southern Pine, and other species with well-documented structural properties.

Modulus of Elasticity and Strength: Key parameters include bending strength, compression, tension, and shear values. These govern how the timber behaves under dynamic loading.

Quality and Grade: Using structurally graded lumber ensures consistency in performance. Visual grading or machine stress-rated lumber is often specified to avoid defects that might compromise performance during seismic events.

🚧2. Design Considerations for Seismic Performance

Ductility and Energy Dissipation: Unlike brittle materials, timber can display some ductility, which is crucial during seismic events. However, the connections (nails, bolts, metal connectors) are often the critical points that must be designed to allow for energy dissipation and to prevent sudden failure.

Connection Detailing: In seismic design, the behavior of connections is as important as that of the timber itself. Proper detailing—such as using advanced connectors or supplemental metal plates—ensures that the load path remains intact during large deformations.

Bracing and Lateral Load Resistance: The overall system design should include an effective lateral load-resisting system. This might involve cross-bracing or shear walls that work in tandem with the timber frame to dissipate seismic energy.

🚧3. Environmental and Durability Factors

Moisture Content: Ensuring the timber is properly dried and remains protected from environmental moisture is key. Excess moisture can degrade the mechanical properties and lead to long-term durability issues.

Treatment and Protection: In some cases, timber may be treated or used in conjunction with fire protection systems to address both seismic and other hazards such as fire.

🚧4. Code Compliance and Standards

Local and International Codes: Seismic design provisions found in codes like the International Building Code (IBC), ASCE 7, or regional standards often contain specific requirements for timber structures in seismic zones. These standards address aspects like connection design, allowable stresses, and energy dissipation mechanisms.

Performance-Based Design: In high-seismic regions, engineers may adopt performance-based design approaches where the expected behavior under seismic loading is modeled and validated to ensure that both the timber and its connections meet the necessary performance objectives.

📜Conclusion

Choosing timber for seismic zones involves more than just selecting a material with favorable strength-to-weight characteristics. It requires a holistic design approach that includes selecting the right species and grade, carefully detailing connections, ensuring adequate moisture protection, and adhering to the relevant building codes and performance criteria. When all these factors are appropriately addressed, timber can be an effective, sustainable, and resilient choice for structures in seismic areas.

@etconp