👉አንገብጋቢው መኖሪያ ቤት

💫በኢትዮጵያ የከተማ ልማት ፖሊሲ ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ ተዘጋጅቶ ወደ ተግባር የተሸጋገረውም በ1996 ዓ.ም ሲሆን፣ በፖሊሲው ውስጥ ከተካተቱት ዋና ዋና ጉዳዮች መካከል የከተሞች የመኖሪያ ቤቶች ልማት ጉዳይ አንዱ ነበር፡፡

በፖሊሲው በከተሞች የቤት ልማት ስራ ማከናወን፣ የከተማ መተፋፈግንና እርጅናን ማስወገድ፣ የመጠለያ ችግርን መቅረፍ፣ የቁጠባ ባህልን ማዳበር፣ ሰፊ የሥራ ዕድል መፍጠር፣ የኮንስትራክሽን ኢንዱስትሪውን ማሳደግ እና ፍትኃዊ የሀብት ክፍፍልን ማረጋገጥ የሚሉት ከፍተኛ ትኩረት የተሰጣቸው ሲሆን፣ በፖሊሲው የተቀመጡ አቅጣጫዎችን መሠረት በማድረግ ከ1996 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ የተቀናጀ የቤቶች ልማት ፕሮግራም ተቀርጾ ተግባራዊ መደረግ ጀመረ፡፡

በዚህም የተቀናጀ የቤቶች ልማት ፕሮግራም በሙከራ ደረጃ በአዲስ አበባ ከተጀመረበት ጊዜ ጀምሮ በአጠቃላይ በፕሮግራሙ ከ400 ሺህ ቤቶች በላይ በመገንባት ዝቅተኛና መካከለኛ ገቢ ያላቸው የከተማ ነዋሪዎችን ተጠቃሚ ማድረግም ተችሏል፡፡

ነገር ግን መንግሥት በከተሞች የሚታየውን የቤት ችግር ለመቅረፍ ከፍተኛ ጥረት ያደረገ ቢሆንም፤  በየጊዜው እየጨመረ ከሚሄደው የህዝብ ቁጥር አንፃር እንዲሁም ያለው የቤት ፍላጎትና አቅርቦት አለመጣጣም የተነሳ በከተሞች የቤት ጉዳይ ከፍተኛ ቅሬታ ከማስነሳት አልዘለለም፡፡

ከዚህ በመነሳትም በኢትዮጵያ ከተሞች ተደራሽ እና ተመጣጣኝ የመኖሪያ ቤቶችን በፍጥነት፣ በጥራትና በብዛት ለማቅረብ በሂደትም ሰፊ የሥራ ዕድል ለመፍጠር እና የኮንስትራክሽን ኢንዱስትሪውን ለማጎልበት እንዲሁም ያረጁና የተፋፈጉ የከተማ አካባቢዎችን ለማደስ በሚያስችል መልኩ ስድስት የቤት ልማት አማራጮች በመንግሥት አስተባባሪነት እና ስድስት የቤት ልማት አማራጮች በግሉ ሴክተር በማካተት ቀደም ሲል የነበረው ስትራቴጂ እንዲሻሻል ተደርጓል፡፡

በመሆኑም የመኖሪያ ቤት አቅርቦት ከመንግሥት በተጨማሪ የግል ባለሀብቶችንና ሌሎች አካላትን በስፋት በሚያሳትፍ መልኩ እንዲጓዝ የሚያስችል አቅጣጫ መንግሥት በማስቀመጥ የህብረተሰቡን የቤት ፍላጎትም ለመመለስ በ10 ዓመት ውስጥ 4.4 ሚሊዮን የመኖሪያ ቤቶችን ለመገንባት ዕቅድ ተይዟል፡፡

ከሚገነቡ 4.4 ሚሊዮን ቤቶች ውስጥ የመንግሥት ሚና 20 በመቶውን እንዲሁም 40/60 ግንባታቸው የሚቀጥሉ ሲሆን፣ በአዲስ አበባ ላይ ተቋርጦ የነበረው የ10/90 ግንባታ ይጀምራል፡፡

በተያዙት አስር ዓመታት ዕቅድ ዝቅተኛ ገቢ ያላቸው ዜጎች ተጠቃሚ የሚያደርጉ የኪራይ ቤቶች በስፋት የሚገነቡ ይሆናሉ፡፡

በሌላ በኩል የማኀበራት ቤቶች ወይም ዜጎች በማህበር ተደራጅተው የሚገነቡት ቤቶች ከፍተኛውን ድርሻ እንደሚይዙና ከተያዘው ዕቅድ 35 በመቶ ያህሉን እንደሚሸፍን በዕቅድ ተይዟል፡፡ በማህበራት ለሚገነቡ ቤቶች መንግሥት የማደራጀት እና መሬት በምደባ የማቅረብ ድጋፍ እንደሚያደርግ አቅጣጫ የተቀመጠ ሲሆን  በግለሰቦች እንዲገነባ በእቅድ የተያዘው የቤት መጠን ደግሞ ወደ 15 በመቶ ያህል መሆኑንና የሪልስቴት ገንቢ ባለሀብቶች 10 በመቶ እንደሚሸፍን ታቅዷል፡፡

ሌላው አማራጭ በመንግሥትና በግል አጋርነት የሚገነባ ቤት 15 በመቶ እንዲሁም በሽርክና (joint venture) 5 በመቶ የሚሸፍን ይሆናል፡፡

(ይህ ከላይ የቀረበው መረጃ የተገኘው "የመኖሪያ ቤቶች ልማት በአትዮጵያ ከየት ወዴት?" በሚል ርዕስ የከተማ እና መሠረተ ልማት ሚኒስቴር ከዚህ በፊት ያሰራጨው ጹሑፍ ሲሆን፤ ከጽሑፉ ጋር የቀረበው ፎቶ ደግሞ  በቻይና Jieyang ከተማ ውስጥ ለመሬት ቁጠባ ተብሎ በስምንት ሜትር ርቀት ብቻ የተገነቡ የአፓርታማ ሕንፃዎች ናቸው።)

@etconp

👉Structural engineering is concerned with the design and construction of structures that can withstand diverse forces such as gravity, wind, and earthquakes.

🚧These structures’ usability and ability to withstand environmental stresses over time are guaranteed by structural engineers.

💫Modern infrastructure would not be possible without structural engineering.

@etconp

👉3d concrete printer

💫3D concrete printing is a form of additive manufacturing used to fabricate buildings or construction components in completely new shapes not previously possible with traditional concrete formwork.

@etconp

👉Reinforced concrete is a composite material that combines concrete's compressive strength with steel's tensile strength.

This synergy makes it one of the most widely used construction materials in the world, suitable for a variety of structures, from skyscrapers to bridges and roads.

💫What is Reinforced Concrete?

Reinforced concrete consists of concrete that has been strengthened with embedded steel bars, known as rebar. The rebar is placed in specific patterns within the concrete before it sets, allowing the finished structure to withstand various forces that would otherwise lead to cracking or failure.

▎Key Components

1. Concrete: A mixture of cement, water, sand, and aggregates. It provides compressive strength.
2. Steel Reinforcement: Usually in the form of bars or mesh, steel reinforcement provides tensile strength.

⏺Benefits of Reinforced Concrete

1. Strength and Durability: The combination of materials allows for structures that can endure heavy loads and resist environmental factors.
2. Versatility: It can be molded into various shapes and sizes, making it suitable for diverse architectural designs.
3. Fire Resistance: Concrete is inherently fire-resistant, providing an additional layer of safety.
4. Cost-Effectiveness: While initial costs may be higher than traditional materials, the long-term durability and low maintenance needs often lead to cost savings.

⏺Applications of Reinforced Concrete

- Buildings: High-rise structures often rely on reinforced concrete for their foundations and frames.
- Bridges: The material's ability to handle tension and compression makes it ideal for bridge construction.
- Roads and Pavements: Reinforced concrete is used in highways and airport runways due to its strength and longevity.
- Dams: The immense pressure from water makes reinforced concrete a preferred choice for dam construction.

⏺Challenges and Considerations

While reinforced concrete is an excellent material, it does have some drawbacks:

- Weight: It can be heavier than other materials, which may necessitate stronger foundations.
- Corrosion: Steel reinforcement can corrode over time if not properly protected, leading to structural issues.
- Cracking: Although reinforced concrete is designed to minimize cracking, it can still occur under certain conditions.

📜Conclusion

Reinforced concrete has revolutionized the construction industry by enabling engineers and architects to design safer, more durable structures. Its unique properties make it an essential material for modern infrastructure.

@etconp

👉FDT (Field Density Test) ?

💫The Field Density Test (FDT) is used in construction to check how well soil or aggregate is compacted in the field.

⏺It's an important test for roadworks, embankments, and building foundations.

🌟Why FDT?

⏺To make sure the soil is strong and won’t settle later.

🔰Common Methods Used:

⏺Sand Cone Method (ASTM D1556)
⏺Nuclear Gauge Method (ASTM D6938)

🎲How It Works (Sand Cone Example)

⏺A hole is dug at the test spot
⏺The removed soil is weighed
⏺Calibrated sand is poured into the hole.

▶️Volume of the hole is measured, and dry density is calculated

⏹Pass or Fail? ✅❌

👍The result is compared with lab data (Proctor Test).

⏺If the field density is 95% or more, the compaction is acceptable.

📜Note:The Degree Of Compaction May Differ According The Work Type For Example:-Backfill,Embankment,Sub Grade,Sub Base,Base Corse.

@etconp

👉What Is Cement

💫1. Definition:

⏺Cement is a fine, gray powder that acts as a binder in construction materials.
⏺When mixed with water, it forms a paste that hardens over time and binds aggregates together in concrete.

💫2. Main Types:

⏺Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
⏺Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
⏺Rapid Hardening Cement
⏺Sulfate Resisting Cement
⏺White Cement

💫3. Main Ingredients:

⏺Lime (CaO) – strength and durability
⏺Silica (SiO₂) – strength
⏺Alumina (Al₂O₃) – quick setting
⏺Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) – color and strength
⏺Gypsum (CaSO₄) – controls setting time

💫4. Hydration Process:

⏺When cement is mixed with water, it reacts chemically (hydration) and forms a hard solid mass.
⏺This process gives strength to the concrete.

💫5. Properties of Cement:

⏺Fineness
⏺Setting time (Initial and Final)
⏺Soundness
⏺Compressive strength
⏺Consistency
⏺Heat of hydration

💫6. Uses of Cement:

⏺Making concrete and mortar
⏺Construction of buildings, bridges, roads, dams, etc.
⏺Plastering and rendering
⏺Grouting and sealing

🚧7. Storage:

⏺Cement must be stored in dry, airtight containers or bags to prevent moisture absorption and deterioration.

@etconp

👉Calculate the weight of 100 m 16 mm ø bar.

🏷Here,

D = 16 mm.
L = 100 m.

W = 16² x 100/162 = 158 kg.

⭐️If we put 1 meter length for each diameter of steel bar in the formula then we will get the unit weight.

⏺6 mm ø bar = 6² x 1/162 = 0.222 kg/m

⏺8 mm ø bar = 8² x 1/162 = 0.395 kg/m

⏺10mm ø bar = 10² x 1/162 = 0.617 kg/m

⏺12mm ø bar = 12² x 1/162 = 0.888 kg/m

⏺16mm ø bar = 16² x 1/162 = 1.580 kg/m

⏺20mm ø bar = 20² x 1/162 = 2.469 kg/m

❇️If we multiply the length of bars by this unit weight, we will get the total weight of steel bars.

📍For example, the total weight of 1000 meter long 20mm ø steel bar is, 1000 x 2.469 = 2469 kg.

@etconp

👉ውድ ቤተሰቦቻችን እስቲ ዛሬ ስለዚህ ቻናል ያላቹ ማነኛውም አስተያየት ፃፉልን

🚧እንዲሁም የምትፈልጉት ማነኛውም ጥያቄ መፅሐፍ ወይም ሶፍትዌር ካለም መጠየቅ ትችላላቹ።

📩 @Philemona7 መልእክታቹ አስቀምጡልን🙏

@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

♧ ሁሉን በአንድ ቦታ ለሁሉም ቅርብ

♧ ምስክራችን ስራችን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

♧ ይደውሉልን ያማክሩን

0904040477
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👉Here are 50 points for a Construction engineering field expert

1. Unit weight of steel is 7850 kg/m³.
2. Height of the wall is 4m.
3. Unit weight of concrete is approximately 2400 kg/m³.
4. Standard brick size is 190mm x 90mm x 90mm.
5. Compressive strength of M20 concrete is 20 MPa.
6. Slump test measures the workability of concrete.
7. The minimum curing period for concrete is 7 days.
8. Shear force and bending moment diagrams are used to analyze beam loads.
9. The modulus of elasticity of steel is 200 GPa.
10. Water-cement ratio affects concrete strength and durability.
11. Effective span of a beam is the distance between centers of supports.
12. The permissible stress in mild steel (Fe250) is 250 MPa.
13. Dead load includes the self-weight of structural elements.
14. Live load includes the weight of occupants and movable objects.
15. The maximum deflection limit for beams is L/250.
16. Reinforced concrete design follows the principles of limit state design.
17. Young’s modulus of concrete ranges from 25 to 35 GPa.
18. The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is 10-6 /°C.
19. In RCC, tensile strength is provided by steel reinforcement.
20. Shear reinforcement is provided in the form of stirrups.
21. Clear cover for rebar in beams is typically 25mm.
22. Clear cover for rebar in slabs is typically 20mm.
23. Standard consistency of cement paste is about 30%.
24. The fineness modulus of fine aggregate ranges from 2.2 to 3.2.
25. The Poisson's ratio for steel is approximately 0.3.
26. The unit weight of water is 1000 kg/m³.
27. Specific gravity of cement is around 3.15.
28. The initial setting time of ordinary Portland cement is 30 minutes.
29. The final setting time of ordinary Portland cement is 10 hours.
30. Slump values for structural concrete typically range from 75 to 125 mm.
31. Maximum size of coarse aggregate in RCC is 20mm.
32. The tensile strength of concrete is approximately 10% of its compressive strength.
33. The allowable bearing capacity of soil should be determined through soil tests.
34. Plate load test is used to determine the bearing capacity of soil.
35. Permeability of soil affects the design of foundations and drainage systems.
36. Standard penetration test (SPT) assesses soil compaction and bearing capacity.
37. The unit weight of sand is approximately 1600 kg/m³.
38. Soil compaction increases the bearing capacity of soil.
39. Angle of repose indicates the stability of granular materials.
40. Cohesion is a measure of the shear strength of cohesive soils.
41. A cantilever beam is fixed at one end and free at the other.
42. Fixed-end moments are moments developed at fixed supports.
43. Bending stress in a beam is calculated using the formula σ = My/I.
44. Torsion in beams is caused by twisting moments or torques.
45. A simply supported beam has supports at both ends.
46. The moment of inertia of a rectangular section is bd³/12.
47. Deflection in beams can be calculated using integration methods.
48. Reinforcement bars should be free of rust and other contaminants.
49. Development length is the length required to transfer stress to concrete.
50. Hooked bars are used to anchor reinforcement in concrete.

@etconp

👉የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ሰማይ ጠቀስ ፎቆች የከፍታ ገደብ አላቸውን?

የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ሰማይ ጠቀስ ፎቆችን የከፍታ ገደብ የሚወስን ሕግ መኖር አለመኖሩን በተመለከተ ኤፍ ኤም አዲስ 97.1 የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ አስተዳደር የግንባታ ፈቃድ እና ቁጥጥር ባለሥልጣን ዋና ዳይሬክተር አቶ አውራሪስ ከበደን ጠይቋል፡፡

ዋና ዳይሬክተሩ በጉዳዩ ላይ በሰጡት አስተያየት የሕንፃ ከፍታ እና ዝቅታ የሚወሰነው እንደ ዞኑ/ቦታው/ ሲሆን፣ የሚገነባው የሕንፃ ዓይነት፣ ስፋት፣ አገልግሎት እና ሌሎችም በመዋቅራዊ ፕላኑ ላይ የተቀመጡ ዝርዝር መስፈርቶችን ታሳቢ አድርጎ ነው ብለዋል፡፡

የከተማዋ መዋቅራዊ ፕላን በየ10 ዓመቱ የሚሻሻል መሆኑን የጠቀሱት አቶ አውራሪስ፣ አሁን ሥራ ላይ ያለው አዋጅ 52/2009 ነው ብለዋል፡፡

በዚህ አዋጅ መሰረት በከተማው የሚካሄዱ ግንባታዎች ሁሉ ምድብ ተቀምጦላቸው በዚያ መሠረት የሚካሄዱ መሆኑን እና የሰማይ ጠቀስ ፎቆች ግንባታም በዚህ መሰረት እንደሆነ ዋና ዳይሬክተሩ ጠቅሰዋል፡፡

የሕንጻ ከፍታ የሚወሰነው ከመዋቅራዊ ፕላኑ እና የሕንጻውን አገልግሎት መሰረት አድርጎ እንደሆነ ጠቅሰው፣ የንግድ አካባቢ ተብለው በተለዩት እንደ ሜክሲኮ ያሉ አካባቢዎች መዋቅራዊ ፕላናቸው ዝቅተኛውን የህንፃ ከፍታ እንጂ የከፍተኛውን ገደብ አያስቀምጥም ብለዋል፡፡ 

ዝቅተኛው የሕንጻ ከፍታ በሚቀመጥባቸው እንደዚህ ዓይነት አካባቢዎች የከፍታው መጠን ገደብ እንደሌለው ያስታወሱት አቶ አውራሪስ፣ በአየር በረራ ክልል ባሉ አካባቢዎች ደግሞ የሕንፃ ከፍታቸው የተገደበ እንደሚሆን ተናግረዋል፡፡

አሁን ባለው ሁኔታ በአዲስ አበባ ከፍተኛው ሕንፃ/ፎቅ/ አዲሱ የኢትዮጵያ ንግድ ባንክ ሕንፃ ሲሆን ከመሬት በላይ 209 ነጥብ 15 ሜትር ከፍታ እንዳለውም ጠቅሰዋል፡፡

ይህ የኢትዮጵያ ንገድ ባንክ ሕንጻ ምድር ውስጥ ያለውን ጨምሮ ባለ 53 ወለል ሲሆን፣ ከመሬት በላይ ደግሞ ባለ 48 ፎቅ ህንፃ እንደሆነ እንደምሳሌ ጠቅሰው፤ በቀጣይም ከዚህ በላይ ከፍታ ያለው ሕንጻ በአካባቢው ሊገነባ እንደሚችልም ጠቁመዋል።

Via EBC

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