👉What Is Cement

💫1. Definition:

⏺Cement is a fine, gray powder that acts as a binder in construction materials.
⏺When mixed with water, it forms a paste that hardens over time and binds aggregates together in concrete.

💫2. Main Types:

⏺Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
⏺Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
⏺Rapid Hardening Cement
⏺Sulfate Resisting Cement
⏺White Cement

💫3. Main Ingredients:

⏺Lime (CaO) – strength and durability
⏺Silica (SiO₂) – strength
⏺Alumina (Al₂O₃) – quick setting
⏺Iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) – color and strength
⏺Gypsum (CaSO₄) – controls setting time

💫4. Hydration Process:

⏺When cement is mixed with water, it reacts chemically (hydration) and forms a hard solid mass.
⏺This process gives strength to the concrete.

💫5. Properties of Cement:

⏺Fineness
⏺Setting time (Initial and Final)
⏺Soundness
⏺Compressive strength
⏺Consistency
⏺Heat of hydration

💫6. Uses of Cement:

⏺Making concrete and mortar
⏺Construction of buildings, bridges, roads, dams, etc.
⏺Plastering and rendering
⏺Grouting and sealing

🚧7. Storage:

⏺Cement must be stored in dry, airtight containers or bags to prevent moisture absorption and deterioration.

@etconp

👉Calculate the weight of 100 m 16 mm ø bar.

🏷Here,

D = 16 mm.
L = 100 m.

W = 16² x 100/162 = 158 kg.

⭐️If we put 1 meter length for each diameter of steel bar in the formula then we will get the unit weight.

⏺6 mm ø bar = 6² x 1/162 = 0.222 kg/m

⏺8 mm ø bar = 8² x 1/162 = 0.395 kg/m

⏺10mm ø bar = 10² x 1/162 = 0.617 kg/m

⏺12mm ø bar = 12² x 1/162 = 0.888 kg/m

⏺16mm ø bar = 16² x 1/162 = 1.580 kg/m

⏺20mm ø bar = 20² x 1/162 = 2.469 kg/m

❇️If we multiply the length of bars by this unit weight, we will get the total weight of steel bars.

📍For example, the total weight of 1000 meter long 20mm ø steel bar is, 1000 x 2.469 = 2469 kg.

@etconp

👉ውድ ቤተሰቦቻችን እስቲ ዛሬ ስለዚህ ቻናል ያላቹ ማነኛውም አስተያየት ፃፉልን

🚧እንዲሁም የምትፈልጉት ማነኛውም ጥያቄ መፅሐፍ ወይም ሶፍትዌር ካለም መጠየቅ ትችላላቹ።

📩 @Philemona7 መልእክታቹ አስቀምጡልን🙏

@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

♧ ሁሉን በአንድ ቦታ ለሁሉም ቅርብ

♧ ምስክራችን ስራችን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

♧ ይደውሉልን ያማክሩን

0904040477
0994941708

👉Here are 50 points for a Construction engineering field expert

1. Unit weight of steel is 7850 kg/m³.
2. Height of the wall is 4m.
3. Unit weight of concrete is approximately 2400 kg/m³.
4. Standard brick size is 190mm x 90mm x 90mm.
5. Compressive strength of M20 concrete is 20 MPa.
6. Slump test measures the workability of concrete.
7. The minimum curing period for concrete is 7 days.
8. Shear force and bending moment diagrams are used to analyze beam loads.
9. The modulus of elasticity of steel is 200 GPa.
10. Water-cement ratio affects concrete strength and durability.
11. Effective span of a beam is the distance between centers of supports.
12. The permissible stress in mild steel (Fe250) is 250 MPa.
13. Dead load includes the self-weight of structural elements.
14. Live load includes the weight of occupants and movable objects.
15. The maximum deflection limit for beams is L/250.
16. Reinforced concrete design follows the principles of limit state design.
17. Young’s modulus of concrete ranges from 25 to 35 GPa.
18. The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is 10-6 /°C.
19. In RCC, tensile strength is provided by steel reinforcement.
20. Shear reinforcement is provided in the form of stirrups.
21. Clear cover for rebar in beams is typically 25mm.
22. Clear cover for rebar in slabs is typically 20mm.
23. Standard consistency of cement paste is about 30%.
24. The fineness modulus of fine aggregate ranges from 2.2 to 3.2.
25. The Poisson's ratio for steel is approximately 0.3.
26. The unit weight of water is 1000 kg/m³.
27. Specific gravity of cement is around 3.15.
28. The initial setting time of ordinary Portland cement is 30 minutes.
29. The final setting time of ordinary Portland cement is 10 hours.
30. Slump values for structural concrete typically range from 75 to 125 mm.
31. Maximum size of coarse aggregate in RCC is 20mm.
32. The tensile strength of concrete is approximately 10% of its compressive strength.
33. The allowable bearing capacity of soil should be determined through soil tests.
34. Plate load test is used to determine the bearing capacity of soil.
35. Permeability of soil affects the design of foundations and drainage systems.
36. Standard penetration test (SPT) assesses soil compaction and bearing capacity.
37. The unit weight of sand is approximately 1600 kg/m³.
38. Soil compaction increases the bearing capacity of soil.
39. Angle of repose indicates the stability of granular materials.
40. Cohesion is a measure of the shear strength of cohesive soils.
41. A cantilever beam is fixed at one end and free at the other.
42. Fixed-end moments are moments developed at fixed supports.
43. Bending stress in a beam is calculated using the formula σ = My/I.
44. Torsion in beams is caused by twisting moments or torques.
45. A simply supported beam has supports at both ends.
46. The moment of inertia of a rectangular section is bd³/12.
47. Deflection in beams can be calculated using integration methods.
48. Reinforcement bars should be free of rust and other contaminants.
49. Development length is the length required to transfer stress to concrete.
50. Hooked bars are used to anchor reinforcement in concrete.

@etconp

👉የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ሰማይ ጠቀስ ፎቆች የከፍታ ገደብ አላቸውን?

የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ሰማይ ጠቀስ ፎቆችን የከፍታ ገደብ የሚወስን ሕግ መኖር አለመኖሩን በተመለከተ ኤፍ ኤም አዲስ 97.1 የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ አስተዳደር የግንባታ ፈቃድ እና ቁጥጥር ባለሥልጣን ዋና ዳይሬክተር አቶ አውራሪስ ከበደን ጠይቋል፡፡

ዋና ዳይሬክተሩ በጉዳዩ ላይ በሰጡት አስተያየት የሕንፃ ከፍታ እና ዝቅታ የሚወሰነው እንደ ዞኑ/ቦታው/ ሲሆን፣ የሚገነባው የሕንፃ ዓይነት፣ ስፋት፣ አገልግሎት እና ሌሎችም በመዋቅራዊ ፕላኑ ላይ የተቀመጡ ዝርዝር መስፈርቶችን ታሳቢ አድርጎ ነው ብለዋል፡፡

የከተማዋ መዋቅራዊ ፕላን በየ10 ዓመቱ የሚሻሻል መሆኑን የጠቀሱት አቶ አውራሪስ፣ አሁን ሥራ ላይ ያለው አዋጅ 52/2009 ነው ብለዋል፡፡

በዚህ አዋጅ መሰረት በከተማው የሚካሄዱ ግንባታዎች ሁሉ ምድብ ተቀምጦላቸው በዚያ መሠረት የሚካሄዱ መሆኑን እና የሰማይ ጠቀስ ፎቆች ግንባታም በዚህ መሰረት እንደሆነ ዋና ዳይሬክተሩ ጠቅሰዋል፡፡

የሕንጻ ከፍታ የሚወሰነው ከመዋቅራዊ ፕላኑ እና የሕንጻውን አገልግሎት መሰረት አድርጎ እንደሆነ ጠቅሰው፣ የንግድ አካባቢ ተብለው በተለዩት እንደ ሜክሲኮ ያሉ አካባቢዎች መዋቅራዊ ፕላናቸው ዝቅተኛውን የህንፃ ከፍታ እንጂ የከፍተኛውን ገደብ አያስቀምጥም ብለዋል፡፡ 

ዝቅተኛው የሕንጻ ከፍታ በሚቀመጥባቸው እንደዚህ ዓይነት አካባቢዎች የከፍታው መጠን ገደብ እንደሌለው ያስታወሱት አቶ አውራሪስ፣ በአየር በረራ ክልል ባሉ አካባቢዎች ደግሞ የሕንፃ ከፍታቸው የተገደበ እንደሚሆን ተናግረዋል፡፡

አሁን ባለው ሁኔታ በአዲስ አበባ ከፍተኛው ሕንፃ/ፎቅ/ አዲሱ የኢትዮጵያ ንግድ ባንክ ሕንፃ ሲሆን ከመሬት በላይ 209 ነጥብ 15 ሜትር ከፍታ እንዳለውም ጠቅሰዋል፡፡

ይህ የኢትዮጵያ ንገድ ባንክ ሕንጻ ምድር ውስጥ ያለውን ጨምሮ ባለ 53 ወለል ሲሆን፣ ከመሬት በላይ ደግሞ ባለ 48 ፎቅ ህንፃ እንደሆነ እንደምሳሌ ጠቅሰው፤ በቀጣይም ከዚህ በላይ ከፍታ ያለው ሕንጻ በአካባቢው ሊገነባ እንደሚችልም ጠቁመዋል።

Via EBC

@etconp