👉ጎተራ አካባቢ ሊፈርስ መሆኑ ተሰማ

በአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ንፋስ ስልክ ላፍቶ ክፍለ ከተማ ውስጥ የሚገኘውና በተለምዶ ጎተራ ተብሎ የሚጠራው ሰፈር ሊፈርስ መሆኑን ዘሪፖርተር እንግሊዘኛ ጋዜጣ ዛሬ ባቀረበው ዘገባ አስታውቋል፡፡

‹‹አዲስ ቱሞሮው›› በሚል ፕሮጀክት የከተማው አስተዳደር ለሚያስገነባው ልዩ የኢኮኖሚ መንደር አካባቢውን ለማፍረስ መታቀዱንም አስረድቷል፡፡

ፕሮጀክቱ በአዲስ አበባ ከንነቲባ አዳነች አቤቤና በጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ፅህፈት ቤት የሚመራ እንደሆነ የጠቀሰው ዘገባው የከተማው አስተዳደር መንደሩን ለመገንባት ከቻይናው የኮሚኒኬሽንና ኮንትራክሽን ድርጅት ጋር ስምምነት መፈፀሙን አስታውቋል፡፡

መንደሩ የንግድ፣ የፋይናንስ፣ የትምህርት፣ የባህልና ሰማይ ጠቀስ የመኖሪያ ህንፃዎች እንደሚኖሩት መገለፁን ያስረዳው ዘገባው በመሆኑም በጎተራ አካባቢ በሚገኝ ሰፊ መሬት ላይ ለመስራት እንደታሰበ ጠቅሷል፡፡

የአዲስ ቱሞሮው መንደር ግንባታ በቢሊዮን የሚቆጠር ብር እንደሚፈጅ አስረድቶም ከዚህም በላይ በጎተራ አካባቢ የሚኖሩ በርካቶችን እንዲፈናቀሉ እንደሚያደርግ ገልጿል፡፡

በአሁኑ ወቅት በኮሪደር ልማትና በጫካ ፕሮጀክት ፕሮጀክቶች አማካኝነት በመቶ ሺ የሚቆጠሩ የአዲስ አበባ ነዋሪዎች ተፈናቅለው ወደተለያዩ አካባቢዎች እንዲሰፍሩ የተደረገ ሲሆን በዚህኛው ፕሮጀክትም በርካታ ነዋሪዎች ተመሳሳይ እጣ እንደሚገጥማቸውም አስታውቋል፡፡

@etconp

👉ቻይና ጨረቃ ላይ በ3ዲ ቴክኖሎጂ ጡቦች አምርታ ቤዝ ልትገነባ ነው

ቻይና ከጨረቃ ላይ ግብዓት በመውሰድ በጨረቃ ገጽ ቤዝ ለመገንባት ማቀዷን ይፋ አድርጋለች።

ማንኛውንም ነገር ወደ ጨረቃ መላክ እጅግ በጣም ውድ ስለሆነ፣ በጨረቃ ገጽ ላይ የሚገኙ ቁሳቁሶችን በመጠቀም ግንባታዎችን ለማከናወን ያቀደችው ቻይና፤ ወደ ጨረቃ መንኮራኩር በመላክ ስለጉዳዩ ሰፋ ያለ ዝግጅት ለማድረግ አቅዳለች።

ቻንግኤ 8 በ3D ህትመት ቴክኖሎጂ የጨረቃን ፍለጋ መልክ ለመቀየር የሚሞክረው በዚህ ረገድ ነው።

ቻንግኤ 8 (Chang'e) የተሰኘችውን መንኮራኩር እ.ኤ.አ. በ2028 አካባቢ ለማምጠቅ ከወዲሁ ዝግጅት እያደረገቸ ይገኛል።

የቻይና የጨረቃ ፍለጋ ፕሮግራም ዋና ዲዛይነር የሆኑት ው ዌይረን ለቻይና ማዕከላዊ ቴሌቪዥን (CCTV) እንደተናገሩት፣ "አሁን ከጨረቃ አፈር የተሰሩ ጡቦችን የሚያመርት በዓለም የመጀመሪያ የሆነውን መሳሪያ አዘጋጅተናል።

ይህ ሥርዓት የፀሐይ ብርሃንን በመጠቀም የፀሐይ ኃይልን ይሰበስባል፤ ከዚያም በፋይበር ኦፕቲክስ አማካኝነት ወደ ጨረቃ ያስተላልፋል" ብለዋል።

አክለውም "የፀሐይ ብርሃንን በማሰባሰብ ከ1400 እስከ 1500 ዲግሪ ሴልሺየስ የሚደርስ የሙቀት መጠን ማግኘት እንችላለን፤ ይህም የጨረቃን አፈር ለማቅለጥ በቂ ነው።

ከዚያም የእኛ መሳሪያ የቀለጠውን ቁስ በተለያዩ መስፈርቶች ) ወደሆኑ ጡቦች ለመቅረጽ የ3D ህትመት ቴክኖሎጂን እንጠቀማለን።

ይህ አካሄድ ውሃና ሌሎች ቁሳቁሶችን ከምድር ማጓጓዝ ሳያስፈልገን በጨረቃ ላይ የሚገኙ ሀብቶችን እንድንጠቀም ያስችለናል" ብለዋል።

የተሳካ ሙከራ ቻይና በጨረቃ ላይ ይበልጥ ትልልቅ የግንባታ ሥራዎችን እንድታቅድና እንድታከናውን እንዲያስችላት ትልቅ አስተዋጽኦ ያደርጋል።

@etconp

👉What Is A prime coat

🚧It is a thin layer of low-viscosity bituminous material applied to a non-bituminous granular base course (e.g., crushed stone or gravel) in road construction before laying the asphalt surface layer.

Its primary purpose is to prepare the base for better bonding with the asphalt layer, enhance durability, and protect the base course. Below are detailed aspects of a prime coat:

🏷Purpose of Prime Coat

1. Bonding: Ensures strong adhesion between the granular base and the asphalt layer, preventing slippage or delamination.
2. Waterproofing: Seals the base course to prevent water infiltration, which could weaken the base.
3. Base Protection: Protects the granular base from weather exposure and traffic damage before the asphalt layer is applied.
4. Dust Control: Reduces dust generation from the base course during construction.
5. Strengthening: Penetrates and binds loose particles in the base, improving its stability.

❇️Materials Used

- Cutback Asphalt: Most common, typically medium-curing (MC) grades like MC-30, MC-70, or MC-250.

⏺These are asphalt cement mixed with a solvent (e.g., kerosene) to reduce viscosity for easier application.
- Emulsified Asphalt: Less common but used in some cases (e.g., SS-1 or CSS-1).

⏺These are asphalt droplets suspended in water, environmentally friendlier due to lower solvent use.
- The choice depends on local climate, base material, and project specifications.

🚧Application Process

1. Base Preparation:
   - The base course (e.g., aggregate base) must be clean, dry, and free of loose material, dust, or debris.
   - Compact the base to the required density and ensure a smooth, even surface.
   - Correct any surface irregularities or weak spots.
2. Equipment:
   - A distributor truck with a spray bar is used to apply the prime coat uniformly.
   - Hand sprayers may be used for small or inaccessible areas.
3. Application Rate:
   - Typically ranges from 0.65 to 1.75 liters per square meter (0.15 to 0.4 gallons per square yard), depending on the base’s porosity and texture.
   - Coarse, porous bases require higher rates; denser bases need less.
4. Temperature:
   - The bituminous material is heated to the recommended temperature (e.g., 50–80°C for MC-70) for proper spraying viscosity.
   - Ambient temperature should generally be above 10°C (50°F) to ensure proper curing.
5. Curing:
   - The prime coat must penetrate the base and cure (solvent evaporates or emulsion breaks) before the asphalt layer is placed.
   - Curing typically takes 24–48 hours, depending on weather, material, and application rate.
   - Traffic should be kept off the surface during curing to avoid damage.
6. Blotting (if needed):
   - If excess prime coat pools on the surface, fine sand or aggregate is applied to absorb it and prevent tracking.

⚡️Key Considerations

- Environmental Conditions: Avoid application during rain, high humidity, or cold weather, as these can hinder curing or penetration.
- Material Selection: Match the prime coat material to the base type and climate (e.g., MC-70 for warmer climates, MC-30 for cooler ones).
- Safety: Handle bituminous materials carefully due to flammability and fumes. Use proper protective equipment.
- Environmental Impact: Cutback asphalts release volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Some regions prefer emulsified asphalts for lower environmental impact.
- Testing: Conduct field tests (e.g., penetration test or visual inspection) to ensure adequate penetration and curing before overlaying asphalt.

⭐️Advantages

- Enhances pavement longevity by improving base-asphalt bonding.
- Protects the base from moisture and construction traffic.
- Cost-effective way to stabilize the base course.

⭐️Disadvantages

- Requires curing time, which may delay construction.
- Improper application (e.g., excess material) can lead to bleeding or poor bonding.

@etconp

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👉The base course layer in flexible pavement (typically asphalt pavement) plays a critical role in providing structural support, distributing loads, and ensuring long-term durability.

💫Flexible pavements are designed to bend and flex under traffic loads, and the base course is a key component in this system.

🚧Below are detailed insights specific to the base course layer in flexible pavement:

🏷Role of the Base Course in Flexible Pavement

- Load Distribution: Spreads traffic loads from the asphalt surface layer to the subgrade, reducing stress on the weaker underlying soil.
- Stability: Provides a stable platform for the asphalt layer, preventing deformation like rutting or cracking.
- Drainage: Facilitates water removal to prevent moisture-related damage, which is critical in flexible pavements as they are more susceptible to water infiltration.
- Frost Protection: In cold climates, it minimizes frost heave by insulating the subgrade.

🏷Materials for Base Course in Flexible Pavement

⏹1. Unbound Granular Materials:

   - Crushed Stone or Gravel: Most common, offering high strength through particle interlocking.
   - Well-Graded Aggregates: Ensures proper compaction and load-bearing capacity (e.g., meeting AASHTO M 147 gradation standards).
   - Recycled Materials: Crushed concrete or reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) may be used for sustainability.

⏹2. Bound/Stabilized Materials:

   - Asphalt-Treated Base (ATB): Aggregates mixed with asphalt binder for enhanced strength and moisture resistance.
   - Cement-Treated Base (CTB): Aggregates stabilized with cement for high stiffness, though less flexible.
   - Lime-Stabilized Base: Used in clay-rich subgrades to improve workability and strength.
⏹3. Quality Requirements:

   - Aggregates must be durable, angular, and free of organic matter.
   - Typical tests include Los Angeles Abrasion (for durability) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR, typically 50–100 for base course).

🏷Design Considerations

▶️1. Thickness:

   - Varies based on traffic volume, subgrade strength, and climate (typically 4–12 inches for light to moderate traffic, thicker for highways).
   - Determined using design methods like AASHTO 1993 or Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG).
   - Example: A highway with heavy truck traffic and weak subgrade (CBR < 5) may require a 10–14 inch base course.

▶️2. Compaction:

   - Achieves 95–100% of maximum dry density (per Proctor test, ASTM D698/D1557).
   - Compacted in lifts (4–6 inches) to ensure uniformity.

▶️3. Drainage:

   - Base course materials are designed for permeability to prevent water accumulation.
   - Often paired with a drainage layer or edge drains in high-rainfall areas.

▶️4. Gradation:

   - Well-graded aggregates (mix of coarse and fine particles) ensure dense packing and stability.
   - Example gradation: 100% passing 2-inch sieve, 30–60% passing No. 4 sieve.

⭐️Construction Process

⏺1. Subgrade Preparation:

   - Subgrade is compacted and leveled to a specified CBR or modulus.
   - Weak subgrade may require stabilization (e.g., lime or geotextiles).

⏺2. Material Placement:

   - Base course material is spread using graders or pavers in controlled lifts.
   - Moisture content is optimized (typically near optimum moisture content from Proctor tests).

⏺3. Compaction:

   - Vibratory rollers compact each lift to the required density.
   - Field tests (e.g., nuclear density gauge) verify compaction.

⏺4. Surface Finishing:

   - Base course is smoothed to ensure a uniform platform for the asphalt layer.
   - Checked for proper cross-slope (typically 2–3%) to aid drainage.

📜Standards and Specifications

- AASHTO: M 147 (material specs), T 180 (compaction), and pavement design guidelines.
- ASTM: D2940 (granular base specs), D1241 (material gradation).
- Local DOT Standards: Most regions have specific requirements for base course materials and thickness (e.g., FHWA or state DOT manuals).
- CBR Requirement: Typically 50–80 for unbound granular base, higher for treated bases.

@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

♧ ሁሉን በአንድ ቦታ ለሁሉም ቅርብ

♧ ምስክራችን ስራችን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

♧ ይደውሉልን ያማክሩን

0904040477
0994941708

👉Methods of Analysis of Loss and Expense

The analysis of loss and expense is a critical component of construction contracts. It involves identifying, quantifying, and valuing the losses incurred by the contractor due to various events or circumstances.

*Prolongation of Preliminaries*
Prolongation of preliminaries refers to the extension of the initial costs incurred by the contractor to set up the site, including site accommodation, lighting, and power. To correctly ascertain the loss and expense for preliminaries, it is essential to subdivide them into their constituent parts.

The following are the key components of preliminaries:

* Site set-up costs are admissible where additional plant is properly brought onto the site. However, if plant is already on-site, setting-up costs would rarely be admissible unless setting up has been delayed by a relevant matter and inflation has occurred which is not reimbursable under the fluctuations clauses.
* Removal costs are admissible in the same way as setting-up costs.
* Additional hire charges are generally reimbursable if the item is required to be kept on-site longer than otherwise would have been the case due to the relevant matter.
* Running charges: Additional running charges would be reimbursable if, due to a relevant matter, the particular item is required for a longer period than otherwise would have been the case.

Calculation Method:

Prolongation Costs = (Daily Site Establishment Costs x Number of Days of Delay) + (Additional Preliminaries Costs x Number of Days of Delay)

Where:

* Daily Site Establishment Costs = (Site Establishment Costs / Contract Period)
* Site Establishment Costs = Preliminaries costs, including site accommodation, lighting, and power
* Number of Days of Delay = Delay caused by the employer or other parties
* Additional Preliminaries Costs = Additional costs incurred due to the delay, such as additional hire charges and running charges

*Disruption (of Labour)*
Disruption to labour is a common issue in construction projects. The ascertainment of the cost of disruption to labour is invariably a difficult and wide-reaching process.

The following are key considerations when analysing disruption to labour:

* Avoid applying an overall percentage: It would be unusual that the whole project labour costs on a major scheme, for example, are disrupted.
* Keep contemporary records: Request that contemporary records be kept, noting the output achieved in practice by the particular labour resource that is being affected and hence disrupted.
* Consider the nature of the delay: Be cognisant as to whether any delay comprises a multitude of fragmented or smaller delays or, in the alternative, a major delay.
* Recognise the ‘learning curve’: There can be a ‘learning curve’ in most or if not all activities. The advantage of this can be lost if new resource is requested to undertake tasks that have become familiar to others.

Calculation Method:

Disruption Costs = (Total Labour Costs x Disruption Percentage) + (Total Plant Costs x Disruption Percentage)

Where:

* Total Labour Costs = Total labour costs incurred during the project
* Disruption Percentage = Percentage of labour costs disrupted due to the delay or disruption
* Total Plant Costs = Total plant costs incurred during the project

*Additional (Extra Waste) and Abortive Material Purchase*
Additional waste and abortive material purchase can result in significant losses for the contractor.

The following are key considerations when analysing additional waste and abortive material purchase:

* Relevance: Providing the contractor has not been at fault and they can prove as such, this cost will properly form part of any ascertainment.
* Contemporaneous records: Keep records of the materials purchased and the waste generated to support the claim.

@etconp

👉ኢትዮጵያ በኮንስትራክሽን መሠረተ ልማት ውጤታማ ሥራ እያከናወነች መሆኗ ተገለጸ

ኢትዮጵያ በኮንስትራክሽን መሠረተ ልማት የሥራ ዕድል ከመፍጠር ባለፈ የዜጎችን የኑሮ ደረጃ በዘላቂነት የሚያሻሽል ውጤት እያስመዘገበች መሆኗን የከተማና መሠረተ ልማት ሚኒስትር ጫልቱ ሳኒ ገለጹ።

20ኛው የዓለም ሥራ ድርጅት በሥራ ላይ የተመሠረተ የባለሙያዎች ሌቨር ቤዝድ ፕራክቲሽነርስ አህጉራዊ ስብሰባ “የማይበገር ማኅበረሰብ እና ጤናማ አካባቢ፤ የሰው ኃይልን በብዛት የሚጠቀሙ የኢንቨስትመንት ፕሮግራም አካሄዶች” በሚል መሪ ሐሳብ በአፍሪካ ሕብረት እየተካሄደ ነው።

ሚኒስትር ጫልቱ በዚህ ወቅት፤ ስብሰባው የሥራ ዕድል ፈጠራን፣ ድህነት ቅነሳንና ፍትሐዊ ተጠቃሚነትን ለማረጋገጥ የሚያስችሉ ሐሳቦች በማፍለቅ የጋራ አንድነት እና ቁርጠኝነት የምናሳይበት ነው ብለዋል።

በአሁኑ ወቅት ለሥራ ፈጠራ ችግር ከሆኑት መካከልም፤ የአየር ንብረት ለውጥ፣ የቴክኖሎጂ አቅም ልዩነት፣ ጂኦ ፖለቲካዊ ግጭት ተጠቃሽ ናቸው ማለታቸውን ኢዜአ ዘግቧል፡፡

ኢትዮጵያ ከዓለም የሥራ ድርጅት ጋር በቅርበት እንደምትሠራ ገልጸው፤ መንግሥት ለሥራ ፈጠራ፣ ለዘላቂ ልማት፣ የማይበገር ማኅበረሰብ ለመገንባት ቁርጠኛ መሆኑን አረጋግጠዋል፡፡
በተለይ በመንገድ መሠረተ ልማት ላይ ትኩረት በማድረግ ከሥራ ዕድል ባለፈ የዜጎችን የኑሮ ሁኔታ ለማሻሻል እየተሠራ መሆኑንም ጠቅሰዋል፡፡

ግቦችን ለማሳካት በመንግሥታት፣ በትምህርት ተቋማት እና በግሉ ዘርፍ መካከል ትብብር መፍጠር እንደሚገባም አስገንዝበዋል፡፡

@etconp

👉The type of bitumen used for a prime coat👇

@etconp

👉The type of bitumen used for a prime coat typically depends on the project specifications, climate, and base material, but the most common types are:

🚧1. Cutback Asphalt:

⏺Medium-curing (MC) grades, like MC-30 or MC-70, are widely used. These are bitumen diluted with a solvent (e.g., kerosene) to reduce viscosity, allowing better penetration into the base. The solvent evaporates, leaving a sticky bitumen film.

🚧2. Emulsified Asphalt:

⏺Asphalt emulsions, such as CSS-1 or SS-1, are bitumen droplets suspended in water with an emulsifying agent.

⏺They’re environmentally friendly (less solvent use) and suitable for damp bases, breaking down to leave a bitumen residue.

🚧3. Penetration-Grade Bitumen:

⏺Less common, but low-viscosity grades (e.g., 80/100 or 120/150 penetration) may be used in specific cases, often heated to improve flow.

🏷Selection Factors:

- Base Type: Granular or stabilized bases may favor cutbacks for deeper penetration; emulsions work better on finer or damp surfaces.
- Climate: Cutbacks are preferred in warmer climates for faster curing; emulsions suit cooler or humid conditions.
- Environmental Regulations: Emulsions are favored where solvent emissions are restricted.
- Availability: Local supply often dictates the choice.

@etconp

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👉FIDIC Red Book 2nd Edition of 2017: Sub-Clause 13.3 Variation Procedure*

*Introduction*

Sub-Clause 13.3 of the FIDIC Red Book 2nd Edition of 2017 outlines the variation procedure, which is a crucial aspect of contract administration. This sub-clause provides a structured approach to managing changes to the original scope of work, ensuring that both parties are aware of their obligations and responsibilities.

*Variation by Instruction (Sub-Clause 13.3.1)*
Sub-Clause 13.3.1 deals with variations initiated by the Engineer through an instruction. The Engineer may issue a variation by giving a notice describing the required change and stating any requirements for recording costs, in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5 (Engineer's Instructions).

The Contractor is required to:

* Proceed with executing the varied works
* Submit detailed particulars, including:

    - Description of the varied work performed or to be performed
    - Programme for execution and any necessary modifications
    - Proposal for adjusting the Contract Price, including estimated quantities and costs

These detailed particulars must be submitted within 28 days of receiving the instruction or within an agreed-upon period.

*Variation by Request for Proposal (Sub-Clause 13.3.2)*
Sub-Clause 13.3.2 deals with variations initiated by the Engineer through a request for a proposal. The Engineer may request a proposal by giving a notice describing the proposed change to the Contractor.

The Contractor must respond as soon as practicable by either:

* Submitting a proposal, including the matters described in Sub-Clause 13.3.1 (a) to (c)
* Providing reasons why the proposal cannot be complied with, by reference to the grounds of objection set out in Sub-Clause 13.1

If the Contractor submits a proposal, the Engineer must respond as soon as practicable by giving a notice stating whether or not he consents.

*Agreement or Determination*
Once the Contractor has submitted the required details, the Engineer's Representative must proceed to agree or determine, under Sub-Clause 3.7 (Agreement or Determination), any extension of time due and/or adjustments to the Contract Price and the schedule of payments.

*Cross-References and Related Provisions*
Sub-Clause 13.3 is closely linked to other provisions in the contract, including:

* Sub-Clause 3.5 (Engineer's Instructions)
* Sub-Clause 3.7 (Agreement or Determination)
* Sub-Clause 13.1 (Right to Vary)
* Clause 12 (Measurement and Evaluation)
* Clause 20 (Claims, Disputes and Arbitration)

*Key Takeaways*
The variation procedure outlined in Sub-Clause 13.3 is a critical component of contract administration. It provides a structured approach to managing changes to the original scope of work, ensuring that both parties are aware of their obligations and responsibilities.

The Contractor must be aware of the requirements for submitting detailed particulars and the timeframe for doing so. The Engineer must also be aware of their obligations in responding to proposals and agreeing or determining adjustments to the Contract Price.

*Variation Procedure: Detailed Particulars and Timeframe*
As mentioned earlier, the Contractor is required to submit detailed particulars within 28 days of receiving the instruction or within an agreed-upon period. These particulars must include:

* Description of the varied work performed or to be performed
* Programme for execution and any necessary modifications
* Proposal for adjusting the Contract Price, including estimated quantities and costs

The Contractor's submission must be in accordance with Sub-Clause 13.3.1 (c), which requires the Contractor to provide a detailed description of the varied work, including resources and methods adopted or to be adopted.

*Valuing a Variation*
The valuation of a variation is a critical aspect of the variation procedure. Sub-Clause 13.3.1 (c) of the FIDIC Red Book 2nd Edition of 2017 requires the Contractor to submit a proposal for adjusting the Contract Price.

@etconp

👉What is a Lintel?

💫A lintel is a horizontal structural element placed over an opening like a door, window, or fireplace.

⏺Its main purpose is to carry the load from the structure above and safely transfer it to the walls or columns on either side of the opening.

⏺Without a lintel, the wall above the opening could collapse because it would have no support.

❇️Common Materials Used for Lintels:

• Reinforced Concrete (most common today)
• Steel (for stronger, longer spans)
• Wood (traditional or in small buildings)
• Brick or Stone (seen in older or decorative buildings)

🔰Where You See Lintels:

• Over doors
• Over windows
• Over large wall openings (like garage doors)

🎲Why Lintels Are Important:

• Support: They prevent the collapse of the wall above the opening.
• Load distribution: They spread the weight evenly to the surrounding structure.
• Safety: Help maintain the strength and stability of a building.
• Aesthetic: Sometimes lintels are designed decoratively to improve building appearance.

📜Simple Example:

Imagine cutting a hole in a brick wall for a door. Without a lintel above the door, the bricks above would fall down.

But if you put a strong lintel across the top, it holds everything safely in place.

@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

♧ ሁሉን በአንድ ቦታ ለሁሉም ቅርብ

♧ ምስክራችን ስራችን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

♧ ይደውሉልን ያማክሩን

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