👉ስታፋ (Stirrup) ምንድነው?

💫A stirrup is a closed loop of rebars in a reinforced concrete component that keeps the main reinforcement (RFT) bars together.

⏺Stirrups may be of various types depending on the design and shape of the structural members.

⏺Stirrups are essential components in reinforced concrete beams, providing support and stability by resisting shear forces and preventing bending.

📜Here are the common types of stirrups used in concrete beams:

❇️1. Standard Stirrups:

   - These are the most common type used in beams, generally shaped as closed loops or rectangles. They provide lateral support to the main reinforcement bars and help maintain proper spacing.

❇️2. U-shaped Stirrups:

   - These stirrups have a U shape and are typically used where reinforcement needs to be anchored at specific points. They can also enhance the shear strength of the beam.

❇️3. Closed Stirrups:

   - These stirrups form a complete loop. They are effective in providing confinement to the main reinforcement and improving overall structural integrity.

❇️4. Open Stirrups:

   - Open stirrups are used when continuous vertical spacing is required. They don't fully encircle the main reinforcement, which may be necessary in certain design scenarios.

❇️5. Tied Stirrups:

   - These incorporate ties to hold the stirrups in place, ensuring they do not shift during concrete pouring. They can provide additional stability to the structure.

❇️6. Spiral Stirrups:

   - Used in columns but sometimes applied in beams, spiral stirrups provide uniform confinement and enhance the ductility of concrete.

❇️7. Variable Stirrups:

   - These stirrups can change in size or spacing along the length of the beam, accommodating varying shear stresses at different points.

❇️8. Lapped Stirrups:

   - Used where additional length is needed to connect stirrups with spacing issues. They maintain structural integrity while easing construction.

❇️9. Diagonal Stirrups:

   - Sometimes employed for specific shear reinforcement needs, these may be positioned at an angle within the beam to better accommodate shear forces.

🎲The type of stirrup to use often depends on the design requirements, load considerations, and specific codes or standards being followed.

⏺Always refer to project specifications and engineering guidelines for the appropriate choice!

⏺If you don’t provide proper specifications of stirrups, spacing in the construction building may collapse, so the designer should preferably specify the spacing of the stirrups along with the structure.

@etconp

👉የፌዴራል መንግሥት የግዥ አፈፃፀም መመሪያ ቁጥር 1073/2017

💫FEDERAL PUBLIC PROCUREMENT DIRECTIVE NO. 1073/2025

✅ በአማርኛና በእንግሊዘኛ ቋንቋዎች የተዘጋጀው እና 244 ገፆች የያዘው አዲሱ መመሪያ በግዥና ንብረት ባለስልጣን ይፋ ሆኗል።

✅ ከዚህ ቀደም ከነበረው መመሪያ አንፃር በዝርዝር የተዘጋጀ ሲሆን ከላይ አያይዘንላቹኋል።

@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

♧ ሁሉን በአንድ ቦታ ለሁሉም ቅርብ

♧ ምስክራችን ስራችን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

♧ ይደውሉልን ያማክሩን

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👉የትምህርት ማስረጃ ማረጋገጫ  አገልግሎት ለማግኘት የሚያመለክቱ ተገልጋዮች የሚከተሉትን ቅድመ-ሁኔታዎች ማሟላት ይጠበቅባቸዋል!

1. በጀርባው ላይ የኮሌጁ ኃላፊና ሬጅስትራር ፊርማና ማህተም ያለበት ኦሪጅናል/temporary / ዲግሪ፤
2. በጀርባው ላይ የኮሌጁ ኃላፊና ሬጅስትራር ፊርማና ማህተም ያለበት ኦሪጅናል ትራንስክሪፕት/Student Copy/፤
3. ዲግሪውን ለመማር በመግቢያነት የተያዘ ኦሪጅናል ዲፕሎማ ወይም የ12ኛ ክፍል ማጠናቀቂያ ሰርተፊኬት፤
4. ዲግሪውን ለመማር በመግቢያነት የተያዘው የ12ኛ ክፍል ሰርተፊኬት ከሆነ በሀገር አቀፍ የት/ት ምዘናና ፈተናዎች አገልገሎት ትክክለኛነቱ የተረጋገጠ ፤
5. ዲግሪውን ለመማር በመግቢያነት የተያዘው ዲፕሎማ ከሆነ ዲፕሎማው በተገኘበት ክልል የቴክኒክና ሙያ ኤጀንሲ ወይም የዞን/የከተማ መስተዳደር የሥራና ስልጠና ቢሮ ትክክለኛነቱ የተረጋገጠ የደረጃ 4 ብቃት ማረጋገጫ ሰርተፊኬት (COC) ፤
6. የዲግሪ መግቢያው ከውጭ በተገኘ የትምህርት ማስረጃ ከሆነ ከባለስልጣኑ የተገኘ የአቻ ግመታ ደብዳቤ፤
7. የሁለተኛ/የማስተርስ/ ዲግሪን ለማረጋገጥ ከሆነ ደግሞ በቅድሚያ የመጀመሪያው ዲግሪ ከላይ በተገለፀው መንገድ መረጋገጥ ይኖርበታል፤
8. የስም ለውጥ ካለ የፍርድ ቤት ውሳኔ የተላፈበት ማስረጃ፤
9. የማመልከቻ ክፍያ በኤሌክትሮኒክ ክፍያ በቴሌ ብር እና በሲኢቢ ብር ፤
10. ፋይዳ ዲጂታል መታወቂያ የፋይዳ ልዩ ቁጥር FIN፤
11. ስካን (Scan) የተደረገ ሶስት በአራት (3x4) ጉርድ ፎቶግራፍ እና
12. ከላይ የተጠቀሱትን ሁሉም ማስረጃዎች አንድ አንድ ስካን (Scan) በማድረግ ባሉበት ሆነው በበይነ መረብ https://neta.gov.et ማስፈንጠሪያን በመጠቀም ማመልከት ይችላሉ፤
በተጨማሪም ቀጠሮ አስይዘው በአካል ሲመጡ በባለጉዳዩ ወይም ሕጋዊ የውክልና ሰነድ ባላቸው ተወካዮች አማካኝት  ሁሉንም የትምህርት ማስረጃ ዋናውን ይዘው መቅረብ ይኖርባቸዋል።

(የኢፌዲሪ ትምህርትና ስልጠና ባለሥልጣን)

@etconp

👉 Prepayment and deposit provided by the contractor

⭐️What does prepayment mean?

🔰If a contractor signs a contract to carry out construction work, he is paid an advance payment as stated in the contract document, which is an interest-free loan given by the employer to the contractor.

❇️This advance payment is paid to help the contractor start the work.

❇️The contractor will be paid an advance payment for activities such as purchasing necessary materials for construction work, mobilizing machinery and manpower to build a store, etc.

❇️In most of our country's contract documents, the down payment we see is 20 or 30% of the contract price. Most of the time, it doesn't exceed that.

💫100,000,000 examples

-How can the employer give 20,000,000 birr to the contractor just because they signed the contract?
- So, construction contracts are prepared based on the law of the country, and the law of the country is derived from the construction law that we use widely in our world. Sometimes we can use it directly. But most of the time, there are laws called scc ena gcc in our contracts.

- So the contractor must provide the employer with a deposit equal to the advance payment.
- What we call FIDIC RED book 2017 (GCC) is taken from here.

📜Sub-Article 2 of Article 14 states the following about advance payment.

- The contractor is required to submit a receipt to the employer for the amount of advance payment taken and a copy to the supervisor.

- This advance payment guarantee is provided by a financial institution that is a legal entity in the country and is required to be agreed upon by the employer. This financial institution provides the guarantee according to the sample form prepared in the contract or tender document. Sometimes, the bank provides its own form and if the employer agrees to it, its okay.

- The contractor shall ensure that the advance payment guarantee remains valid and enforceable until the advance payment is paid in full, but the amount of the guarantee may be reduced gradually by the amount paid by the contractor.
The amount paid and the remaining amount will be stated on the payment certificate.

- If the prepayment guarantee has a specified expiry date and the contractor fails to pay the prepayment guarantee in full 28 days before the expiry date.

⏺1. The contractor extends the validity of this guarantee until the advance payment is paid.

⏺2. The Contractor shall immediately submit this extension certificate to the Employer with a copy to the Engineer or Supervisor.

⏺3. If the employer does not receive this proof 7 days before the end of the guarantee period, the employer has the right to claim the unpaid advance payment amount under the guarantee.

- The contractor is required to state that he has submitted an application or a letter of acceptance for the advance payment security when submitting the advance payment security.

@etconp

👉Types of road construction

💫When to use flexible or rigid pavement?

🚧Flexible pavement is so named for its main characteristic: it’s flexible. Flexible pavement consists of layers—a subbase, base, and a thinner layer made up of a mixture of bitumen and aggregates, making it an asphalt pavement.

⏺The different layers affect the pavement’s structural capacity, and the flexible nature of the asphalt means that flexible pavement will deform due to the pressure of the loads put upon it.

⏺However, asphalt’s flexibility also means that it can be easily repaired and replaced. Asphalt is prized as a pavement surface for roads, parking lots, and walkways because only the upper layer—the asphalt made of bitumen and aggregates—needs to be replaced to make the pavement like new.

⏺Flexible pavement is suitable for roads, parking lots, and walkways that don’t experience heavy loads too often.

🚧Similarly, rigid pavement is named after its main characteristic as well: it has high flexural rigidity.

⏺It’s generally made of a subbase, a base, and an upper layer of cement concrete or reinforced concrete slabs.

⏺Rigid pavement can withstand much heavier loads than flexible pavement.

⏺Rigid pavement is suitable for roadways and pavement areas that experience heavy loads frequently, such as airport runways.

@etconp

👉የ G+1 ህንፃ ግንባታ የስራ ልምድ ለ G+15 ህንፃ ግንባታ ጨረታ የስራ ልምድነት መያዝ እንደሚችል ያውቁ ኖራል?

⏺በፌደራልና አዲስ አበባ ከተማ የግዥ መመሪያዎች ላይ ለመንገድና ህንፃ ፕሮጀክቶች የግንባታ ስራ የሚወዳደረው የአገር ውስጥ ስራ ተቋራጭ በሚሆንበት ጊዜ፣ ሊሰራ ከታሰበው ስራ በአንድ ደረጃ ዝቅ ያለ ልምድ ተቀባይነት ይኖረዋል።

💫ለምሳሌ፡-

- በአዲስ የጠጠር መንገድ ግንባታ ስራ ወይም በመንገድ ደረጃዎች ማሻሻያ ፕሮጀክቶች የተገኘ የመንገድ ግንባታ ስራ ልምድ ከአስፋልት ኮንክሪት (Asphalt Concrete) በስተቀር ለአስፋልት የማልበስ ስራ (for asphalt surfacing) ለመወዳደር

- ማንኛውም የአስፋልት ስራ (DBST/TST/AC) ወይም እንደ አየር መንገድ ያሉ ሌሎች ተመሳሳይ የመንገድ ግንባታ ስራዎች ላይ የተገኘ ልምድ ለአስፋልት ኮንክሪት (Asphalt Concrete) ፕሮጀክቶች

- ለህንፃ ግንባታ ሥራ የሚጠየቀው ዝቅተኛ መስፈርት ሊሰራ ከታሰበው የህንፃ ስራ በአንድ ደረጃ ዝቅ ያለ መሆን አለበት( ለምሳሌ በአነስተኛ ህንፃ (<G+5) ስራ ልምድ ያለው የአገር ውስጥ ስራ ተቋራጭ ለመካከለኛ (G+5 to15) ህንፃ ግንባታ ስራ ተቀባይነት ይኖረዋል።

📜Key Note: ጨረታውን ያወጣው ተቋምም ሆነ ተወዳዳሪ የስራ ልምድ መስፈርቱ በዚህ መልኩ ካልተቀመጠ ማስተካከል ወይም እንዲስተካከል ማስደረግ ይገባል።

@etconp

👉SOIL STABILIZATION

🚧What is soil stabilization ?

⏺Soil stabilization is the process of improving the physical and mechanical properties of soil to enhance its strength, durability, and stability.

🏷TYPES OF SOIL STABILIZATION METHODS

1. Mechanical Stabilization :   Using soil nailing, or rock bolting.
2. Chemical Stabilization :   Using additives like cement, lime, or chemicals.
3. Biological Stabilization:   Using vegetation or microorganisms.

⏺Application of each method mentioned above is often determined by the site specific conditions and project requirements,

The discussion will be limited to SOIL NAILING under the mechanical method of soil stabilization with reference to the process, importance, and advantages involved.

📍SOIL NAILING

What is soil nailing ?
Soil nailing is a geotechnical stabilization technique that involves inserting steel bars (nails) into the soil to reinforce and stabilize slopes, excavations, or retaining structures, enhancing their stability and preventing failure.

🎲IMPORTANCE

1.  Slope Stabilization:   Prevents landslides and soil erosion.
2. Excavation Support:   Supports deep excavations and reduces risk of collapse.
3. Cost-Effective:   Compared to traditional retaining walls or other stabilization methods.
4. Types of soil:   Suitable for various soil types and conditions.
5. Building Foundations:   Supports deep excavations for building foundations.
6. Retaining walls:   Reinforces existing walls

🌟ADVANTAGES

1. Minimal Excavation :  Less disruption to surrounding areas.
2.Rapid Installation :  Quick construction process.
3.Reduced Environmental Impact :  Less disturbance to natural habitats.
4. Improved Safety :   Reduces risk of collapse and accidents.
5. Durability:   Increase structural lifespan

💫CONCLUSION

In conclusion,  soil nailing is a reliable and efficient technique for stabilizing slopes, excavations, and retaining structures. Its effectiveness lies in enhancing stability, preventing landslides, and supporting deep excavation.

It is is a viable solution for geotechnical challenges, offering a stable and durable support system.

@etconp

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