👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall

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👉What Are the Project Management Knowledge Areas?

💫Project Management Institute has divided the large field of project management into 10 more digestible parts, which it calls the 10 project management knowledge areas in its A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK).

⏺Project management knowledge areas coincide with the process groups, which are project initiation, project planning, project execution, monitoring and controlling, and project closing.

⏺These are the chronological phases that every project goes through.

⏺The knowledge areas take place during anyone of these process groups.

⏺You can think of the process groups as horizontal, while the knowledge areas are vertical. The knowledge areas are the core technical subject matter, which are necessary for effective project management.
Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a collection of processes and knowledge areas accepted as best practice for the project management profession.

⏺As an internationally recognised standard (ANSI/PMI 99-001-2008 and IEEE 1490-2011) it provides the fundamentals of project management, irrespective of the type of project be it construction, software, engineering, automotive.
PMBOK recognises five basic process groups and ten knowledge areas typical of almost all projects.

⏺The basic concepts are applicable to projects, programmes and operations.

🚧The five basic process groups are:
1.  Initiating
2.  Planning
3.  Executing
4.  Monitoring and Controlling
5.  Closing
Processes overlap and interact throughout a project or phase. Processes are described in terms of:
•  Inputs (documents, plans, designs, etc.)
•  Tools and Techniques (mechanisms applied to inputs)
•  Outputs (documents, products, etc.)

📜The ten knowledge areas are:

1.  Project Integration Management
2.  Project Scope Management
3.  Project Time Management
4.  Project Cost Management
5.  Project Quality Management
6.  Project Human Resource Management
7.  Project Communications Management
8.  Project Risk Management
9.  Project Procurement Management
10.  Project Stakeholder Management

❇️The Ethiopian Construction Project Management Institute also has published those PMBOK areas and distribute.

🌟IF You Want Those Books We will Share You🙏

@etconp

👉Road design involves several key factors to ensure safety, efficiency, and sustainability.

🏷Here are some main considerations:

🚧Geometric Design

- *Horizontal Alignment*: Smooth curves and grades contribute to driver comfort and safety. For example, designing curves with appropriate radii and superelevation can counteract centrifugal force.
- *Vertical Alignment*: Ensuring smooth gradients and transitions for safety. Maximum gradient for highways is typically 3%, while local roads can have up to 6% gradient.
- *Cross-Section Design*: The shape of the roadway perpendicular to the direction of travel, including lane width, shoulders, medians, and drainage systems.

🚧Safety Features

- *Clear Sight Distance*: Ensuring drivers have an adequate view of the road ahead to react to hazards.
- *Safety Barriers*: Installing guardrails and other barriers to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway.
- *Crash Cushioning Devices*: Placed in front of fixed objects to absorb the energy of a collision.

🚧Traffic Management

- *Intersection Design*: Planning intersections to minimize conflicts between traffic streams, often using roundabouts, traffic signals, or grade separations.
- *Traffic Signalization*: Designing and timing traffic signals to ensure smooth and safe traffic flow.
- *Signage and Markings*: Providing clear and consistent information to drivers through road signs and markings.

🚧Pavement Design

- *Pavement Structure*: Considering factors like load-bearing capacity, materials, and environmental conditions.
- *Drainage Design*: Ensuring proper water runoff to prevent damage to the road structure and improve safety during wet weather ¹ ² ³.

🚧Environmental Considerations

- *Sustainable Pavements*: Using recycled materials, reducing carbon emissions, and improving pavement durability.
- *Drainage System*: Including culverts, ditches, and other features to manage water runoff ⁴.

🌟Other Key Factors

- *Lane Width and Spacing*: Determining lane width based on anticipated traffic volume and type of vehicles.
- *Shoulder Design*: Providing space for emergency stopping, parking, and maintenance.
- *Median Design*: Separating opposing traffic flows, improving safety and reducing head-on collisions.

@etconp

👉በኮንስትራክሽን የኮንትራት ውል ስምምነቶች

🚧የኮንስትራክሽን ኮንትራት ውል ስምምነቶችን በሥራ ላይ ለማዋል በቅድሚያ በኢንዱስትሪው ሥራ ላይ የዋሉ ዘዴዎችን ጨምሮ፣ የግንባታ ፕሮጀክቱ ቆይታ እና ጥራትን የመሳሰሉ የተለያዩ አማራጮችን መከተል አስፈላጊ ቢሆንም፣ የሚከተሉት አራት አሠራሮች ግን በይበልጥ የተለመዱ ናቸው፡፡

💫በቋሚ ክፍያ ላይ የተመሰረተ የውል ስምምነት

⏺በቋሚ ክፍያ ላይ የተመሰረተ የውል ስምምነት ኮንትራክተሩ በተቀመጠለት የጊዜ ገደብ ሥራውን ለማጠናቀቅ ቃል በመግባት ውሉን የሚፈርምበትና በጊዜው ካላጠናቀቀ ለቅጣት የሚዳረግበት የስምምነት ዓይነት ነው።

⏺በዚህ ስምምነት መሠረት፦ አስገንቢው የሥራ ዝርዝሮችን በማስቀመጥ አስፈላጊውን ቁስ በተፈለገበት ጊዜ የማቅረብ ኃላፊነትን ይወስዳል። በዚህ ስምምነት ኃላፊነቱ በኮንትራክተሩ ላይ የሚወድቅ ቢሆንም፣ ባለመብቱ ቀደም ሲል ያልተገለጸ (ያልተዘረዘረ) ወይም አዲስ የዲዛይን ለውጥ የማድረግ ፍላጎቱን የተገደበ ያደርገዋል።

⏺ከዚህም በተጨማሪ ኮንትራክተሩ ላልተጠናቀቀ ሥራ ቅድሚያ ብድር ወስዶ የመጨረስ ዕድልም እንዳይኖረው ያደርጋል፡፡

💫በግንባታ አፈጻጸም ላይ የተመሰረተ የውል ስምምነት

⏺ኮንትራክተሩ በጨረታ ወይም ከአስገንቢው ጋር የተስማማበት የግንባታ ክፍያ የሚከፈለው በየዘርፉ የግንባታው ሂደት በመቶኛ እየተሳለና አፈፃፀሙ እየተገመገመ በአማካሪ ወይም በውል ስምምነት መሠረት የሚቀርብ ማረጋገጫን በመከተል ይሆናል።

⏺በዚህ ስምምነት የአፈጻጸም ሂደትና ገደብን በተመለከተ የሚከፈለውን ክፍያ የመፈፀም ኃላፊነት የአስገንቢው ነው። አስገንቢው በዚህ የውል ስምምነት እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ የዲዛይን ለውጥ ለማድረግ ተጨማሪ ክፍያ በመፈፀም ከኮንትራክተሩ ጋር ድርድር የሚያደርግበትን ተጨማሪ ዕድል ይፈጥርለታል፡፡

💫ጊዜና የቁሳቁስ ዋጋን መሠረት ያደረገ የውል ስምምነት

⏺ጊዜና የቁሳቁስ ዋጋን መሠረት ያደረገ የውል ስምምነት የሚያገለግለው የፕሮጀክቱ የሥራ ትግበራ ከተጀመረ በኋላ ብድር ሊገኝ ይችላል በሚል እምነት ላይ የተመሰረተ ሲሆን ነው።

⏺በዚህም የተነሳ ፕሮጀክቱ በተለያየ ምክንያት በተያዘለት ጊዜ ላይጠናቀቅ እንዲሁም በግንባታ ሂደትም የግንባታ ቁሳቁስ ዋጋ ልዩነት ሊፈጠር ይችላል።

⏺በመሆኑም ኮንትራክተሩ እና አስገንቢው አካል ከግንባታ መጓተት የተነሳና በሂደትም ለሚከሰት የባለሙያና የቁሳቁስ ዋጋ ንረት (ለውጥ) በተመለከተ ቀደም ብለው የዋጋ ለውጥ የክፍያ ማካካሻ ስምምነት መፈጸም ይጠቅማቸዋል፡፡

💫በቁሳቁስ የነጠላ ዋጋ ላይ የተመሰረተ የውል ስምምነት

⏺ኮንትራክተሩና አስገንቢው ዲዛይኑን መነሻ በማድረግ ውል የሚያስሩት ኮንትራክተሩ ለግንባታ በሚያውላቸው የግንባታ ቁሳቁሶች ወቅታዊ ዋጋ በመነሳት ነው።

⏺በሂደት የዋጋ ውጣ ውረድ ሲፈጠር፦ አስገንቢው በዋጋ በመቀነስ ምክንያት ለሚፈጠር ልዩነት ወጪው እንዲቀንስ በሌላ በኩል፣ የዋጋ ጭማሪ ሲፈጠር ደግሞ ለኮንትራክተሩ የዋጋውን ልዩነት መነሻ በማድረግ ክፍያውን የመፈፀም ኃላፊነት ይወስዳሉ።
⏺በዚህ ውል ሥምምነት አስገንቢው አካል የዲዛይን ለውጥ ለማድረግ የሚረዳውን ተጨማሪ ዕድል ይፈጥራል፡፡

@etconp