👉የ መጽሀፍ ጥቆማ

💫"A Design for Life
Urban practices for an 
age-friendly city" በሚል ዕድሜ ባለጸጎችን እንደ ንቁ ለከተማ ህይወት  እንደሚጠቅሙ ዜጎች እንጂ እንደሸክም የማይቆጥሩ  ከተሞችን እንዴት መፍጠር ይቻላል በሚለው ሀሳብ ዙርያ የሚያጠነጥን በ 2021 የተጻፈ ድንቅ መጽሀፍ በነጻ በበይነመረብ ላይ ቀርቧል።

መልካም ንባብ

@etconp

👉የግንባታ የጊዜ ቀመርን
ለማዘጋጀት የሚረዱ ሳይንሳዊ
አማራጮች

💫የኮንስትራክሽን ፕሮጀክቶች አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ስሜትን የሚተናኮሉ፣ አስፈሪ ህልም እና ቅዠት ውስጥ የሚከቱ ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ፡፡ ለዚህ ዋናው መንስኤ ከእውነታ ጋር የተዛመደ የግንባታ ጊዜ ቀመር (Construction timeline) ግንባታውን የሚመራበት ሥርአት ካለማዘጋጀት ጋር በይበልጥ የተዛመደ ነው፡፡

⏺የዕቃ አቅርቦትን ጨምሮ የተለያዩ ውጣ ውረዶችን ከግምት ውስጥ በማስገባት፣ ከዕውነታ ጋር የተዛመደ የግንባታ የጊዜ ቀመር በማዘጋጀት ከተጠቀሰው አላስፈላጊ ህልም እና ቅዠት ለመከላከል ከሚረዱ ዘዴዎች የሚከተሉት በቀዳሚነት ይቀመጣሉ፡፡

💫በቂ ልምድ ያለው ኮንትራክተር መቅጠር/መዋዋል

⏺የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ በትምህርት ከሚገኝ ዕውቀት ባልተናነሰ መጠን ተግባራዊ ልምድ እና ተሞክሮን የሚጠይቅ ነው፡፡ አንድ ኮንትራክተር በአካዳሚው ዘርፍ ከፍተኛ ውጤት በማስመዝገቡ ብቻ በአዳዲስ የኮንስትራክሽን ፕሮጀክቶች ላይ ተሰማርቶ ውጤታማ የመሆኑ ዕድሉ አነስተኛ ነው፡፡

ይሁን እንጂ፣ አብዛኛዎቹ ባለሀብቶች የሚቀጥሩት ተቋራጭ ወይም መሃንዲስ፣ የአካዳሚ ብቃት ወይም ውጤትን መነሻ በማድረግ ሲሆን፣ ልምድ ያለው ኮንትራክተር ቢቀጥሩ ከሚከፍሉት ወጪ የሚያተርፉትን ከግምት ውስጥ በማስገባት፣ ሰነዶችን በመመልከት ብቻ ሥራዎችን ለኮንትራክተሮች ይሰጣሉ፡፡

⏺በዚህ ሁኔታ በመጨረሻ ሥራው እየተጓተተ ለበለጠ ኪሣራ መዳረግ ይመጣል፡፡ ስለዚህ ከተቋራጮች ጋር የግንባታ ውል ሲፈራረሙ፣ ባለሙያው ከአካዳሚ ዕውቀት በተጨማሪ፣ በቂ የሥራ ልምድ ያለው እና የግንባታ የጊዜ ቀመሩን አዘጋጅቶ በዝርዝር ማቅረብ የሚችል መሆኑን ማረጋገጥ ይገባል፡፡

💫የግንባታ የጊዜ ቀመሩን በጋራ ማዘጋጀት

⏺የግንባታ ቀመርን ከተለያዩ የግንባታ ቡድኖች ማለትም ከዕቃ አቅራቢዎች እና ተረካቢዎች፣ ከተለያዩ የግንባታ ባለሙያዎች፣ ዲዛይነሮች፣ ከንዑስ ኮንትራክተሮች እና ከዋናው ኮንትራክተር ጋር በአንድነት እየተነጋገሩ ማዘጋጀት እና በጊዜ ቀመሩ ላይ በሂደት ሊገጥሙ የሚችሉ የማይታዩ ችግሮችን ከግምት በማስገባት ተጨማሪ ጊዜ መመደብ አስፈላጊ እና ወሳኝ ነው፡፡

💫ፍላጎት እና አቅርቦትን በተገቢው መንገድ ማደራጀት

⏺የግንባታ የጊዜ ቀመር ሲዘጋጅ ትኩረት ሊሰጣቸው ከሚገባቸው ጉዳዮች አንዱ፣ የግንባታው ሂደት ሳይቋረጥ ለግንባታው የሚያስፈልጉ ዕቃዎች በተገቢው ጊዜ መቅረብ የሚችሉበትን አሠራር መዘርጋት ነው፡፡ ዕቃዎቹ ከውጭ ተገዝተው የሚገቡ ከሆኑ ከፋይናንስ ተቋማት ጋር ከሚኖረው ግንኙነት ጀምሮ ዕቃውን በመርከብ ጉዞ ከወደብ በማስገባት ሂደት ውስጥ ሊፈጠር የሚችል መስተጓጎልን ቀድሞ በመረዳት ቀደም ያለ ዝግጅት ማድረግ ያስፈልጋል፡፡

💫አስፈላጊ ፍላጎትን በሚገባ ማጤን

⏺አንድ ኮንስትራክሽን በተያዘበት የጊዜ ገደብ እና በጀት ሥራው ከተጀመረ በኋላ ባለሀብቱንም ሆነ ኮንትራክተሩ ቀደም ብለው ካስቀመጡት መስፈርት እንዲያፈነግጡ የሚያደርጉ በርካታ አማራጮች መከሰታቸው አይቀሬ ነው፡፡

አንዳንዶቹ አማራጮች አዳዲስ የቴክኖሎጂ ውጤቶች ሲሆኑ፣ የተቀሩት ደግሞ የፕሮጀክቱን ብቃት እና ጥራት የበለጠ የሚያሳድጉ ናቸው፡፡ እነዚህ አማራጮች በመጡ እና ተግባር ላይ በዋሉ ቁጥር የፕሮጀክቱ ወጪ ይጨምራል፤ የግንባታው የጊዜ ቀመርም ይዛባል፡፡

ከዚህ በመነሳት ባለሀብቱም ሆነ ኮንትራክተሩ እነዚህን አዳዲስ አማራጮች ከመጠቀማቸው በፊት ፕሮጀክቱ ቀደም ብሎ በተያዘለት መስፈርት ቢገነባ እና ቢጠናቀቅ የሚያስገኘውን ትርፍ አስፈላጊነቱን እና ፍላጎትን በማመጣጠን በተረጋጋ መንፈስ እና ጥናት ከውሳኔ ላይ መድረስ ይጠበቅባቸዋል፡፡
🏗

@etconp

👉10 ቢልዮን ዶላር የሚፈጅ ፈጣን መንገድ ለመገንባት ታቅዷል

🚧የኢትዮጵያ መንግሥት 2 ሺህ ኪሎ ሜትር የሚያካልል የፈጣን መንገድ መሠረተ ልማት ለመገንባት ማቀዱን ኢንቨስትመንት ኮሚሽን ከገንዘብ ሚኒስቴር ጋር በመተባበር ባሳተመው አዲስ የኢንቨስትመንት “ስምምነት መጽሐፍ” ውስጥ መገለጹን ስፑትኒክ ዘግቧል።

🏷በውጥኑ የተካተቱ የመንገድ መስመሮች፦

* አዲስ አበባ–ኮምቦልቻ–ደሴ፦ 352.2 ኪ.ሜ (2.32 ቢሊየን ዶላር)፣

* አዲስ አበባ–ጂማ፦ 345.5 ኪ.ሜ (2.03 ቢሊየን ዶላር)፣

* አዲስ አበባ–ደብረ ማርቆስ፦ 317.6 ኪ.ሜ (1.64 ቢሊየን ዶላር)።

ፕሮጀክቱን በመንግሥትና በግሉ ዘርፍ ትብብር እንዲሁም በዓለም አቀፍ ተጫራቾች ለመተግበር መታቀዱን ለማወቅ ተችሏል፡፡

Via addis admas news

@etconp

👉Components of beam bridge

🚧Pile: Vertical supports that are driven into the ground to provide a stable foundation.

🚧Pile Cap: an essential spanning element that transfer loading from superstructures column or wall to one or more piles in the below ground foundation.

🚧Piers: Piers are the intermediate supports that hold the bridge deck girders and transfer the load to the foundation.

🚧Pier Cap: a horizontal concrete beam that sits on top vertical supports (piers). It's primary function is to distribute the load from the bridge deck to the piers, ensuring the bridges structural integrity.

🚧Abutments: an Abutment is the structure at the end of a bridge that supports the bridge deck and transfer the bridge weight, including the weight of traffic, to the ground. It also act as retaining walls to keep the Embarkment in place.

🚧Wingwalls: short retaining walls that are adjacent to the bridge abutments. They act as retaining walls to stabilize the abutment and guide water flow, particularly in bridge approaches.

🚧Bearing: A structural components that transfer loads between the bridges superstructure and substructure.
⏺They allow the bridge deck to move expand, contract and rotate without causing excessive stress or damage to the structure.

🚧Girders: large horizontal beams that act as main structural supports transferring loads from bridge deck to the foundation.

🚧Diaphragm: a structural element typically horizontal, that corrects and reinforces bridge girders or beams.

🚧Planks: Horizontal timber or steel plates that form the deck surface, providing a solid base for traffic and sometimes serving as deck for new asphalt or concrete paving.

🚧Walkway: A walkway on a bridge is a pedestrian pathway, also known as sidewalk or footbridge.
Construction joint

🚧Parapet: Is a safety barrier installed on the edge of a bridge or retaining wall to prevent vehicles or pedestrians from falling off into a vertical drop.

@etconp

👉Soil Nailing

💫Soil nailing is a ground reinforcement technique used to stabilize slopes, excavations, and retaining walls.

⏺It involves inserting slender, usually steel, reinforcing bars ("nails") into the ground to increase the overall strength and stability of the soil mass.

🔧 Basic Process of Soil Nailing:

1. Excavation is done in small stages (benching).

2. Drill holes are created into the exposed face of the soil.

3. Steel nails or bars (usually grouted or driven) are inserted into these holes.

4. Grout is used to secure the nails in place.

5. A facing layer (e.g., shotcrete or mesh with concrete) is applied to the surface to prevent erosion and support the structure.

📌 Applications:

Stabilizing roadway or railway cut slopes

Supporting deep excavations in urban construction

Rehabilitation of failed retaining walls or slopes

Tunnel portals

Earth retention in temporary or permanent structures


✅ Advantages:

Cost-effective compared to other retaining systems

Requires less construction time

Minimally invasive, suitable for confined spaces

Allows flexible wall design adapting to site conditions

Ideal for retrofitting unstable slopes

❌ Limitations:

Not suitable for very soft soils or loose sands

Limited depth and wall height capacity

Dependent on good drainage to prevent water pressure build-up

Requires skilled labor and quality control

📷 Typical Components:

Steel bars or nails (length: 5–20 m)

Centralizers (to keep nails centered in the bore)

Cement grout

Facing system (shotcrete, geogrid, mesh, etc.)

☝️1. Nails are inserted into the soil at regular spacing and grouted in place. The surface is covered with a layer of shotcrete, often reinforced with wire mesh or strips.

📐 2. Design Considerations in Soil Nailing:

Nail Length: Typically 0.7 to 1.0 times the wall height.

Spacing: Commonly 1.0–2.0 meters horizontally and vertically.

Inclination: Nails are usually installed at 10–20° downward to aid drainage.

Load Capacity: Depends on soil type, grout strength, and nail properties.

Facing: Can be temporary (shotcrete) or permanent (concrete panels).

Drainage System: Essential to prevent hydrostatic pressure build-up.

🧪 3. Testing and Quality Control:

Pull-out tests to verify bond strength between soil and nail.

Grout cube tests for compressive strength.

Survey monitoring of wall deformation during and after construction.

🛠 4. Applications in Civil Engineering:
Roadway cuttings in hilly terrain
Slope stabilization near bridges, dams
Deep basement construction in cities
Tunnel entrance stability.

Via Yonatan Tadesse(PMP®️)

@etconp

👉የሪል እስቴት ቤት ገዥዎችን መብት የሚያስጠብቅ አዋጅ መጽደቁ ተገለጸ

የሪል እስቴት የቤት ግንባታ ዘርፍን ለማሳደግ እና ቤት ገዥዎችን ከመጭበርበር የሚጠብቅ አዋጅ መፅደቁን የከተማና መሰረተ ልማት ሚኒስቴር አስታውቋል።

ሚኒስቴር መስሪያ ቤቱ ከቤት ልማት ጋር ተያያዥነት ያላቸውን ሕጎች በማውጣት መመሪያዎችን የማዘጋጀት ስልጣን እንዳለው የከተማ መሠረተ-ልማት ሚንስትር ዴኤታ ሄለን ደበበ ለአሐዱ ገልጸዋል።

በመሆኑም በሪል እስቴት የቤት አልሚዎችን በተመለከተ የገዢዎችን መብት መጠበቅ የሚያስችል ዝርዝር የሕግ ማዕቀፍ መዘጋጀቱን አስታውቀዋል፡፡

የሪል እስቴት የቤት ግንባት ዘርፍ ከዚህ ቀደም በተለያዩ ሕጎች ሲዳኝ እንደነበር ያስታወሱት ሚንስትር ዲኤታዋ፤ ራሱን የቻለ ሕግ ባለመኖሩ ክፍተቶች እንዲፈጠሩ ምክንያት እንደነበር ገልጸዋል።

አክለውም በዚህም ምክንያች በአግባቡ ለመዳኘት አስቻይ ሁኔታ እንዳይፈጠር ምክንያት ስለመሆኑ እንዲሁም፤ የሪል እስቴት ዘርፉ ከዚህ በላይ እንዳያድ ስለማድረጉ ተነግሯል።

በመሆኑም ከሪል እስቴት አልሚው እና ከቤት ገዥው የሚጠበቁ ግዴታዎች ምንድን ናቸው? የሚለውን የሚመለከት ዝርዝር የሕግ ማዕቀፍ መውጣቱ ተጠቁሟል።

Via አሐዱ ሬዲዮ

@etconp

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👉As a civil site engineer, having a solid understanding of materials is crucial.

🏷Here’s a key materials and their properties. This will help you make informed decisions on-site:

1. Concrete
- Composition: Cement, water, aggregates (sand, gravel, or crushed stone).
- Properties: Strong in compression, weak in tension. Has a relatively low cost and can be molded into various shapes.
- Uses: Foundations, slabs, beams, columns, and structures.

2. Steel
- Types: Mild steel, high-strength steel, stainless steel, and reinforced steel.
- Properties: High tensile strength, ductility, and durability. Corrosion resistance varies by type.
-Uses: Structural frames, reinforcements in concrete (rebar), and tension elements (cables).

3.Bricks
- Types: Clay bricks, concrete bricks, and fly ash bricks.
- Properties: Good compressive strength, but low tensile strength. They provide good thermal insulation.
- Uses: Walls, pavements, and facades.

4. Wood
- Types: Softwood (e.g., pine) and hardwood (e.g., oak, teak).
- Properties: Lightweight, easy to work with, but susceptible to rot and insects. Provides good insulation.
- Uses: Formwork, temporary structures, and finishing.

5. Stone
- Types: Granite, limestone, sandstone, etc.
- Properties: Durable, low maintenance, and aesthetically pleasing. Varies in weight and strength.
- Uses: Foundations, pavements, and decorative features.

6. Asphalt
- Composition: Bitumen mixed with aggregates.
- Properties: Flexible, good waterproofing, and can withstand heavy loads. Requires maintenance.
- Uses: Roads, parking lots, and roofing.

7. Geosynthetics
- Types: Geotextiles, geomembranes, and geogrids.
- Properties: Enhance soil properties, provide separation, drainage, and reinforcement.
- Uses: Retaining walls, landfills, and road construction.

8. Tiles
- Types: Ceramic, porcelain, and natural stone tiles.
- Properties: Durable, variety of designs, and easy to maintain. Some are water-resistant.
- Uses: Flooring, walls, and decoration.

9. Cement
- Types: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), and others.
- Properties: Bonds aggregates together; varies in strength development and setting time.
- Uses: Primary binding material in concrete.

10. Plastics and Composites
- Types: PVC, fiberglass, and carbon fiber composites.
- Properties: Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and can be molded into complex shapes.
- Uses: Pipes, insulation, and sometimes in structural applications.

Additional Considerations:
- Sustainability: Focus on eco-friendly materials and recycling methods to reduce environmental impact.
- Quality Control: Regular testing for materials ensures compliance with standards and performance.
- Local Materials: Consider local availability, costs, and environmental conditions when selecting materials.

Conclusion
Understanding these key materials helps civil site engineers make informed choices that enhance the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of construction projects. Always consider factors such as structural requirements, environmental impact, and cost when selecting materials for your projects.

🌟Material Knowledge Every Site Engineer Must Have

Materials are the backbone of every construction project. As a Site Engineer, having a strong grasp of materials is crucial for quality and cost control.

🏗️ Key Materials to Understand:

✅ Cement – Types (OPC, PPC), grade (43, 53), setting time, storage conditions.
✅ Concrete – Mix ratios (M5 to M40), workability, curing methods.
✅ Steel – Types (TMT, HYSD), bending schedule, lap lengths, bar diameters.
✅ Bricks/Blocks – Standard size, water absorption, strength.
✅ Sand & Aggregates – Fine/coarse aggregates, grading, silt content.
✅ Bitumen – Types, applications in road works, temperature control.
✅ Plastering Materials – Mortar mix, thickness, surface prep.

@etconp

👉አዲስ አበባ ህንፃዎቿም፣ መኖሪያ ቤት አጥሮቿም ንግድ ቤቶቿም ተመሳሳይ ቀለም ተቀብተዋል፤ እየተቀቡም ነው፡፡

🚧ይህም ህንፃን ከህንፃ ለመለየት እንኳን አስቸጋሪ ሲያደርገው ይታያል። አሰራሩ ወደ ሌሎች ከተሞችም እየተዛመተ ነው፡፡

⏺ይህንን የቀለም ቅብ ጉዳይ እንዴት ይታያል ስንል የዘርፉ ባለሞያን ጠይቀናል፡፡

🏷ኢንጂነር ጌታሁን ሄራሞ የቀለም ቅብ ሳይንስ ባለሞያ ናቸው። እሳቸውም ከሌሎች ያደጉ ሃገራት ልምድ አንፃር ከተማን አንድ ወጥ ቀለም መቀባት በሞያው አይመከርም ይላሉ።

⏺ባለሞያው በተለየ ምክንያት ከፍተኛ የፀሐይ ሙቀትና በረሃማ የአየር ንብረት ውስጥ ያሉ ከተሞችን የሙቀት መጠን ለመቀነስ ካልሆነ በቀር እንደ አዲስ አበባ ያሉ ከተሞችን ተመሳሳይ ቀለም ማልበስ ቀለም ከማህበረሰብ ጋር ያለውን የታሪክ፣ የስነ ልቦና እና የፍልስፍና መስተጋብር ሳይንሳዊ ትርጉም ይጣረሳል ይላሉ።

⏺በከተማ የቀለም ቅብ ሳይንስ (Urban color planning) ህግ ስርዓት ያልጠበቀ ዥንጉርጉር የከተማ ቀለም ቅብና በተቃራኒው ደግሞ የአንድ አይነት ወጥ የቀለም ቅብ አይፈቀድም የሚሉት ኢንጅነር ጌታሁን ሄራሞ ሌሎች የክልል ከተሞች እንደ አዲስ አበባ ወጥ ቀለም ሳይሆን አከባቢያዊ የከተማ ቅብ ስርዓትን (zonal coloring system) እንዲጠቀሙ መክረዋል።

⏺ባለሞያው አከባባያዊ የከተማ ቀለም ቅብ ስርዓት፤ በአንዲት ከተማ ውስጥ ያሉ ሰፈሮችን ታሪክ፣ የማህበረሰብ ስነልቦናና ፍልስፍና ማስረዳት ይችላል ነው የሚሉት።

💫ሙሉ ዘገባውን በድምጽ ያድምጡ👇
https://www.mixcloud.com/ShegerFM/tgh5r/

Via Sheger Radio

@etconp

ታምራት  ፕሌት እና ጄቦልት አቅራቢ

📌ፕሌትና ጄቦልት በፈለጉት አይነት የተዘጋጀ አለን

♧ ሁሉን በአንድ ቦታ ለሁሉም ቅርብ

♧ ምስክራችን ስራችን

📍ኢትዮጵያ ዉስጥ የትም እንልክሎታለን

♧ ይደውሉልን ያማክሩን

0904040477
0994941708

👉STABILISATION OF SOIL WITH ADDITIVES:

💫Stabilisation of soil with some kind of additive is very common.

⏺The mode and degree of alternation necessary depend on the nature of the soil and its deficiencies.

⏺If additional strength is required in the case of cohesionless soil, a cementing or a binding agent may be added and if the soil is cohesive, the strength can be increased by making it moisture-resistant, altering the absorbed water films, increasing cohesion with a cement agent and adding internal friction.

🚧Compressibility of a clay soil can be reduced by cementing the grains with a rigid material or by altering the forces of the adsorbed water films on the clay minerals.

⏺Swelling and shrinkage may also be reduced by cementing, altering the water adsorbing capacity of the clay mineral and by making it moisture-resistant. Permeability of a cohesionless soil may be reduced by filling the voids with an impervious material or by preventing flocculation by altering the structure of the adsorbed water on the clay mineral; it may be increased by removing the fines or modifying the structure to an aggregated one. 

⏺A satisfactory additive for soil stabilisation must provide the desired qualities and, in addition, must meet the following requirements: Compactibility with the soil material, permanency, easy handling and processing, and low cost.

⏺Many additives have been employed but with varying degrees of success. No material has been found to meet all the requirements, and most of the materials are expensive.

@etconp