👉Advantages of Timber Structures
💫Timber offers several unique advantages that make it a preferred material in construction:
🚧Sustainability: Timber is a renewable resource, provided it is sourced responsibly from managed forests. The carbon sequestration properties of trees mean that using timber in construction helps offset greenhouse gas emissions.
🚧Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Timber is incredibly strong for its weight, making it suitable for both small-scale residential structures and larger projects like bridges.
🚧Thermal Performance: Timber is an excellent insulator, contributing to energy-efficient buildings by reducing heating and cooling demands.
🚧Aesthetics: The natural grain and texture of timber bring warmth and character to buildings, creating environments that feel inviting and connected to nature.
🚧Versatility: Timber can be used in various forms, such as solid wood, engineered wood (like cross-laminated timber or CLT), or composite materials, offering flexibility in design and construction.
@etconp
💫Timber offers several unique advantages that make it a preferred material in construction:
🚧Sustainability: Timber is a renewable resource, provided it is sourced responsibly from managed forests. The carbon sequestration properties of trees mean that using timber in construction helps offset greenhouse gas emissions.
🚧Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Timber is incredibly strong for its weight, making it suitable for both small-scale residential structures and larger projects like bridges.
🚧Thermal Performance: Timber is an excellent insulator, contributing to energy-efficient buildings by reducing heating and cooling demands.
🚧Aesthetics: The natural grain and texture of timber bring warmth and character to buildings, creating environments that feel inviting and connected to nature.
🚧Versatility: Timber can be used in various forms, such as solid wood, engineered wood (like cross-laminated timber or CLT), or composite materials, offering flexibility in design and construction.
@etconp
❤8👍3
👉Project scheduling📅
🚧In construction, a well-planned schedule is the backbone of every successful project. Without a solid plan, delays pile up, costs spiral out of control, and crews waste valuable time waiting for the next step.
⏺Project scheduling isn’t just about dates on a calendar—it’s about keeping materials, equipment, and manpower moving like a well-oiled machine.
⏺Whether you’re managing a high-rise, a bridge, or a residential development, a solid schedule ensures that every phase flows seamlessly from start to finish.
📌 What is Project Scheduling?
In construction, every project has a sequence of steps that must be followed to keep things on track.
⏺Project scheduling is the process of organizing those steps into a clear timeline, ensuring that:
✅ Work progresses logically and efficiently
✅ Crews, subcontractors, and materials arrive at the right time
✅ Delays are minimized, and risks are reduced
✅ The project stays within budget
⏺A strong schedule is like a roadmap—it tells your team where they need to be, what needs to happen next, and what could cause bottlenecks if not managed properly.
📊 Gantt Charts – The Blueprint for Time Management
💫What is a Gantt Chart?
⏺A Gantt chart is one of the most widely used tools in construction scheduling.
⏺Think of it as a visual roadmap that lays out the entire project timeline in a bar chart format.
⏺Each task has a start and end date, making it easy to see what’s happening and when.
🔹 Key Elements of a Gantt Chart:
📌 Task List – All project activities (e.g., site clearance, bulk excavation,foundation concrete, electrical, roofing)
📌 Bars – The duration of each task
📌 Dependencies – How tasks are linked (e.g., you can’t pour concrete before formwork is done)
📌 Milestones – Major project checkpoints (e.g., completion of structural work)
🔹 Why Construction Teams Love Gantt Charts:
✅ Clear, at-a-glance scheduling for project managers and site supervisors
✅ Tracks overlapping activities—helps manage multiple subcontractors working at once
✅ Quickly highlights delays so adjustments can be made in real-time
🔗 Critical Path Method (CPM)
📍 What is CPM?
The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a powerful scheduling technique used in construction to identify the longest sequence of dependent tasks that determine the project’s overall duration.
💡 How It Works
1️⃣ Break the project into tasks and subtasks
2️⃣ Assign estimated durations to each task
3️⃣ Identify dependencies (which tasks must happen before others can begin)
4️⃣ Calculate the longest path of tasks that, if delayed, will extend the entire project timeline.
📌 Why is CPM Critical in Construction?
⏺Helps prevent costly delays by focusing on the most time-sensitive tasks
⏺Prioritizes work that directly affects project completion
⏺Allows managers to adjust schedules dynamically when unexpected issues arise.
@etconp
🚧In construction, a well-planned schedule is the backbone of every successful project. Without a solid plan, delays pile up, costs spiral out of control, and crews waste valuable time waiting for the next step.
⏺Project scheduling isn’t just about dates on a calendar—it’s about keeping materials, equipment, and manpower moving like a well-oiled machine.
⏺Whether you’re managing a high-rise, a bridge, or a residential development, a solid schedule ensures that every phase flows seamlessly from start to finish.
📌 What is Project Scheduling?
In construction, every project has a sequence of steps that must be followed to keep things on track.
⏺Project scheduling is the process of organizing those steps into a clear timeline, ensuring that:
✅ Work progresses logically and efficiently
✅ Crews, subcontractors, and materials arrive at the right time
✅ Delays are minimized, and risks are reduced
✅ The project stays within budget
⏺A strong schedule is like a roadmap—it tells your team where they need to be, what needs to happen next, and what could cause bottlenecks if not managed properly.
📊 Gantt Charts – The Blueprint for Time Management
💫What is a Gantt Chart?
⏺A Gantt chart is one of the most widely used tools in construction scheduling.
⏺Think of it as a visual roadmap that lays out the entire project timeline in a bar chart format.
⏺Each task has a start and end date, making it easy to see what’s happening and when.
🔹 Key Elements of a Gantt Chart:
📌 Task List – All project activities (e.g., site clearance, bulk excavation,foundation concrete, electrical, roofing)
📌 Bars – The duration of each task
📌 Dependencies – How tasks are linked (e.g., you can’t pour concrete before formwork is done)
📌 Milestones – Major project checkpoints (e.g., completion of structural work)
🔹 Why Construction Teams Love Gantt Charts:
✅ Clear, at-a-glance scheduling for project managers and site supervisors
✅ Tracks overlapping activities—helps manage multiple subcontractors working at once
✅ Quickly highlights delays so adjustments can be made in real-time
🔗 Critical Path Method (CPM)
📍 What is CPM?
The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a powerful scheduling technique used in construction to identify the longest sequence of dependent tasks that determine the project’s overall duration.
💡 How It Works
1️⃣ Break the project into tasks and subtasks
2️⃣ Assign estimated durations to each task
3️⃣ Identify dependencies (which tasks must happen before others can begin)
4️⃣ Calculate the longest path of tasks that, if delayed, will extend the entire project timeline.
📌 Why is CPM Critical in Construction?
⏺Helps prevent costly delays by focusing on the most time-sensitive tasks
⏺Prioritizes work that directly affects project completion
⏺Allows managers to adjust schedules dynamically when unexpected issues arise.
@etconp
❤15👍4
Ethio Construction Engineering
👉Project scheduling📅 🚧In construction, a well-planned schedule is the backbone of every successful project. Without a solid plan, delays pile up, costs spiral out of control, and crews waste valuable time waiting for the next step. ⏺Project scheduling…
👉Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
🔍 What is PERT?
⏺The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a project scheduling method that helps managers handle uncertainty in estimating task durations.
⏺It was developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s for the Polaris submarine project and has since been widely adopted in construction and engineering.
▶️Unlike the Critical Path Method (CPM), which assumes known activity durations, PERT is probabilistic,meaning it deals with variability in how long tasks may take.
🧠 How It Works
⏺PERT uses three time estimates for each activity:
𝗢𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰(𝗢)-The minimum possible time to complete a task (if everything goes perfectly),Best-case scenario.
𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲𝗹𝘆(𝗠)-The normal time you expect the task to take,Based on experience.
𝗣𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 (𝗣)-The maximum time the task might take (if things go wrong),Worst-case scenario.
🔎 Why Use PERT in Construction?
⏺Construction projects often face uncertainties—weather, material delays, labor shortages, etc.
⏺PERT helps: Account for risks in time estimation Provide more accurate schedules Improve planning and decision-making
👉Network Diagramming in Construction Projects
⏺A Network Diagram is a graphical representation of a project’s activities and their logical relationships. It shows what comes first, what follows, and what tasks depend on others.
🏷There are two main types of network diagrams:
🧩 A. Activity-on-Arrow (AoA)
Also called the Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM).
✅ Features:
⏺Arrows represent activities Nodes (circles or events) represent milestones or the start/end of activities.
⏺Activities are defined by start and end points Often uses dummy activities (dashed arrows with zero duration) to show dependencies that cannot be represented otherwise.
🔰Dummy Activity:
⏺A placeholder arrow used for logic, not actual work. It helps maintain proper task relationships when two activities depend on a common predecessor.
📉 Limitations:
⏺Cannot easily represent lead and lag times
Less flexible than AoN for modern scheduling tools.
🧩 B. Activity-on-Node (AoN)
Also called the Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM),the most widely used in modern software like Primavera P6 and Microsoft Project.
✅ Features:
⏺Nodes (boxes) represent activities Arrows show dependencies or logic between them Allows for various dependency types:
Finish-to-Start (FS): Task B starts after Task A finishes
Start-to-Start (SS): Task B starts when Task A starts
Finish-to-Finish (FF): Task B finishes when Task A finishes
Start-to-Finish (SF): Rare—Task B must start before Task A finishes.
🧩 C. Precedence Diagram
⏺This is simply the visual representation of an Activity-on-Node (AoN) method. It maps out:
⏺All project activities
Their logical sequences
Critical paths and floats/slacks
📍Each box (node) contains:Activity name,Duration,Early/latest start and finish dates &Total float
@etconp
🔍 What is PERT?
⏺The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a project scheduling method that helps managers handle uncertainty in estimating task durations.
⏺It was developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s for the Polaris submarine project and has since been widely adopted in construction and engineering.
▶️Unlike the Critical Path Method (CPM), which assumes known activity durations, PERT is probabilistic,meaning it deals with variability in how long tasks may take.
🧠 How It Works
⏺PERT uses three time estimates for each activity:
𝗢𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰(𝗢)-The minimum possible time to complete a task (if everything goes perfectly),Best-case scenario.
𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲𝗹𝘆(𝗠)-The normal time you expect the task to take,Based on experience.
𝗣𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 (𝗣)-The maximum time the task might take (if things go wrong),Worst-case scenario.
🔎 Why Use PERT in Construction?
⏺Construction projects often face uncertainties—weather, material delays, labor shortages, etc.
⏺PERT helps: Account for risks in time estimation Provide more accurate schedules Improve planning and decision-making
👉Network Diagramming in Construction Projects
⏺A Network Diagram is a graphical representation of a project’s activities and their logical relationships. It shows what comes first, what follows, and what tasks depend on others.
🏷There are two main types of network diagrams:
🧩 A. Activity-on-Arrow (AoA)
Also called the Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM).
✅ Features:
⏺Arrows represent activities Nodes (circles or events) represent milestones or the start/end of activities.
⏺Activities are defined by start and end points Often uses dummy activities (dashed arrows with zero duration) to show dependencies that cannot be represented otherwise.
🔰Dummy Activity:
⏺A placeholder arrow used for logic, not actual work. It helps maintain proper task relationships when two activities depend on a common predecessor.
📉 Limitations:
⏺Cannot easily represent lead and lag times
Less flexible than AoN for modern scheduling tools.
🧩 B. Activity-on-Node (AoN)
Also called the Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM),the most widely used in modern software like Primavera P6 and Microsoft Project.
✅ Features:
⏺Nodes (boxes) represent activities Arrows show dependencies or logic between them Allows for various dependency types:
Finish-to-Start (FS): Task B starts after Task A finishes
Start-to-Start (SS): Task B starts when Task A starts
Finish-to-Finish (FF): Task B finishes when Task A finishes
Start-to-Finish (SF): Rare—Task B must start before Task A finishes.
🧩 C. Precedence Diagram
⏺This is simply the visual representation of an Activity-on-Node (AoN) method. It maps out:
⏺All project activities
Their logical sequences
Critical paths and floats/slacks
📍Each box (node) contains:Activity name,Duration,Early/latest start and finish dates &Total float
@etconp
❤10👍5😱1🙏1
👉Slab–Column Connections with Different Concrete Classes
💫In reinforced concrete construction, it is common to encounter situations where the column is designed with a higher concrete grade than the slab.
⏺This often happens because columns, being primary vertical load-carrying elements, require greater strength and durability compared to slabs that distribute loads horizontally.
⏺While this design approach is structurally sound, special attention must be given at the slab–column connection, to ensure safe load transfer and prevent potential issues like punching shear failure, bond slip, or cracking at the interface.
▶️When different concrete grades are used, standard practice dictates that the weaker (lower-grade) concrete governs the strength checks at the joint. That means, for critical verifications such as punching shear,shear friction, and reinforcement anchorage, engineers must base their calculations on the slab’s lower concrete strength, even though the column might be made of a superior class.
▶️This conservative approach ensures that the system remains safe even under unfavorable conditions, but it can lead to heavier reinforcement requirements or thicker slab sections.
▶️One practical and efficient solution to improve performance around the connection is to extend the column’s higher-grade concrete locally into the slab region.
▶️Instead of limiting the high-strength concrete to the column itself, a zone around the column (typically 0.5 to 1.0 meters at an angle of 45°) can also be cast using the same high-strength mix.
⏺This technique effectively creates a "stronger concrete patch" within the slab, dramatically improving punching shear capacity and bond performance without the need for excessively dense reinforcement.
⏺Codes like ACI states this as "if the difference in grades of concrete between the column and slab is more than 40%, the higher grade concrete shall be placed around the column perimeter and also shall be placed first before the lower grade slab concrete, shall be plastic while the lower grade concrete is placed and adequately vibrated to ensure the concretes are well integrated".
💫Moreover, to enhance the slab–column joint performance regardless of the concrete grade strategy, best practices should still be followed
✅Roughening the column top surface before slab casting to ensure mechanical interlock.
✅Providing additional punching shear reinforcement required.
✅Considering drop panels or local slab thickening around the column when necessary.
⏺Ultimately, the goal is to ensure that the transition between different structural elements remains strong, durable, and safe throughout the life of the building.
@etconp
💫In reinforced concrete construction, it is common to encounter situations where the column is designed with a higher concrete grade than the slab.
⏺This often happens because columns, being primary vertical load-carrying elements, require greater strength and durability compared to slabs that distribute loads horizontally.
⏺While this design approach is structurally sound, special attention must be given at the slab–column connection, to ensure safe load transfer and prevent potential issues like punching shear failure, bond slip, or cracking at the interface.
▶️When different concrete grades are used, standard practice dictates that the weaker (lower-grade) concrete governs the strength checks at the joint. That means, for critical verifications such as punching shear,shear friction, and reinforcement anchorage, engineers must base their calculations on the slab’s lower concrete strength, even though the column might be made of a superior class.
▶️This conservative approach ensures that the system remains safe even under unfavorable conditions, but it can lead to heavier reinforcement requirements or thicker slab sections.
▶️One practical and efficient solution to improve performance around the connection is to extend the column’s higher-grade concrete locally into the slab region.
▶️Instead of limiting the high-strength concrete to the column itself, a zone around the column (typically 0.5 to 1.0 meters at an angle of 45°) can also be cast using the same high-strength mix.
⏺This technique effectively creates a "stronger concrete patch" within the slab, dramatically improving punching shear capacity and bond performance without the need for excessively dense reinforcement.
⏺Codes like ACI states this as "if the difference in grades of concrete between the column and slab is more than 40%, the higher grade concrete shall be placed around the column perimeter and also shall be placed first before the lower grade slab concrete, shall be plastic while the lower grade concrete is placed and adequately vibrated to ensure the concretes are well integrated".
💫Moreover, to enhance the slab–column joint performance regardless of the concrete grade strategy, best practices should still be followed
✅Roughening the column top surface before slab casting to ensure mechanical interlock.
✅Providing additional punching shear reinforcement required.
✅Considering drop panels or local slab thickening around the column when necessary.
⏺Ultimately, the goal is to ensure that the transition between different structural elements remains strong, durable, and safe throughout the life of the building.
@etconp
👏9❤3👍1
👉ኢንስቲትዩቱ የኮንስትራክሽን ምህንድስናና ኢንጅነሪንግ ልዕቀት ማዕከል የ3ኛውን ምዕራፍ ግንባታ ውል ስምምነት ተፈራረመ
🏷የኮንስትራክሽን ማኔጅመንት ኢንስቲትዩት በኦሮሚያ ክልል በሰንዳፋ ከተማ የሚያስገነባውን የልቀት ማዕከል የ3ኛው ምዕራፍ ግንባታ ውል ከሀክኮን ኢንጅነሪንግ ጋር በኢንስቲትዩት መሰብሰቢያ አዳራሽ ተፈራሪሟል፡፡
በውል ፊርማውም ለልዕቀት ማዕከሉ ሠራተኞችና ሰልጣኞች መኖሪያ የሚውል ሁለት ባለ 5 ፎቅ ህንጻ በ925,828, 095 ብር በሥራ ተቋራጩ የሚገነባ ይሆናል፡፡
በፊርማ ሥነ-ሥርዓቱ ላይ የተገኙት የኢንስቲትዩቱ ዋና ዳይሬክተር ኢ/ር ታምራት ሙሉ ኢንስቲትዩቱ ከ2006 በጀት ዓመት ጀምሮ ለመንግሥታዊና መንግሥታዊ ላልሆኑ የዘርፉ ተዋናዮች ተግባርን መሠረት ያደረገ የአቅም ግንባታ ስልጠና እንድሁም የዘርፉ ተዋናዮችን በዓለም አቀፍ ደረጃ ተወዳዳሪና ውጤታማ እንድሆኑ እና የሚመሩትን የግንባታ ፕሮጀክቶችን ውጤታማነታቸውን ባረጋገጠ መልኩ እንድያከናውኑ የሚያግዝ የፕሮጀክት ማኔጅመንት ፕሮፈሽናል ስልጠና አሜሪካን ሀገር ከሚገኘው የፕሮጀክት ማኔጅመንት ኢንስቲትዩት ጋር በመተባበር እየሰጠ እንደሚገኝ ተናግሯል፡፡
የሀክኮን ኢንጅነሪንግ ባለቤት አቶ አሰግድ ኩራባቸው በበኩላቸው ጨረታው ግልፅና አሳታፊ መሆኑን አመስግነው፣ ከኢንስቲትዩቱ ጋር በመሥራታችን አቅም እንድንፈጥር ያደርገናል ብለዋል፡፡
ግንባታውንም በተቀመጠው ጊዜ መሠረት አጠናቆ እንደሚያሰረክቡ ተናግረዋል፡፡
@etconp
🏷የኮንስትራክሽን ማኔጅመንት ኢንስቲትዩት በኦሮሚያ ክልል በሰንዳፋ ከተማ የሚያስገነባውን የልቀት ማዕከል የ3ኛው ምዕራፍ ግንባታ ውል ከሀክኮን ኢንጅነሪንግ ጋር በኢንስቲትዩት መሰብሰቢያ አዳራሽ ተፈራሪሟል፡፡
በውል ፊርማውም ለልዕቀት ማዕከሉ ሠራተኞችና ሰልጣኞች መኖሪያ የሚውል ሁለት ባለ 5 ፎቅ ህንጻ በ925,828, 095 ብር በሥራ ተቋራጩ የሚገነባ ይሆናል፡፡
በፊርማ ሥነ-ሥርዓቱ ላይ የተገኙት የኢንስቲትዩቱ ዋና ዳይሬክተር ኢ/ር ታምራት ሙሉ ኢንስቲትዩቱ ከ2006 በጀት ዓመት ጀምሮ ለመንግሥታዊና መንግሥታዊ ላልሆኑ የዘርፉ ተዋናዮች ተግባርን መሠረት ያደረገ የአቅም ግንባታ ስልጠና እንድሁም የዘርፉ ተዋናዮችን በዓለም አቀፍ ደረጃ ተወዳዳሪና ውጤታማ እንድሆኑ እና የሚመሩትን የግንባታ ፕሮጀክቶችን ውጤታማነታቸውን ባረጋገጠ መልኩ እንድያከናውኑ የሚያግዝ የፕሮጀክት ማኔጅመንት ፕሮፈሽናል ስልጠና አሜሪካን ሀገር ከሚገኘው የፕሮጀክት ማኔጅመንት ኢንስቲትዩት ጋር በመተባበር እየሰጠ እንደሚገኝ ተናግሯል፡፡
የሀክኮን ኢንጅነሪንግ ባለቤት አቶ አሰግድ ኩራባቸው በበኩላቸው ጨረታው ግልፅና አሳታፊ መሆኑን አመስግነው፣ ከኢንስቲትዩቱ ጋር በመሥራታችን አቅም እንድንፈጥር ያደርገናል ብለዋል፡፡
ግንባታውንም በተቀመጠው ጊዜ መሠረት አጠናቆ እንደሚያሰረክቡ ተናግረዋል፡፡
@etconp
❤10👏3
👉Theory: What is Cement?
⭐️Cement is a binding material used in construction that hardens and sets when mixed with water.
💫The most common type is Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
🧱 Raw Materials:
Limestone (CaCO₃) – source of calcium
Clay/Shale – source of silica, alumina, and iron
Other Additives – bauxite, iron ore, etc.
🔥 The Process:
✍️🏾Crushing & Mixing:
Raw materials are crushed and blended into a fine powder (raw meal).
✍️🏾Heating in Kiln (1450°C):
The raw meal is fed into a rotary kiln, where it goes through:
✍️🏾Calcination (CO₂ release from limestone)
Clinker Formation (new compounds like C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF)
✍️🏾Cooling & Grinding:
The clinker is cooled and ground with gypsum (to control setting time) to form cement.
🏗️ Practice: On-Site Impact
The fineness of grinding affects strength and setting time.
Proper cement storage avoids moisture contamination.
Quality cement = stronger concrete, fewer cracks, longer durability.
📌 Pro Tip: Always check the manufacture date and grade (33/43/53) before using cement on site.
@etconp
⭐️Cement is a binding material used in construction that hardens and sets when mixed with water.
💫The most common type is Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
🧱 Raw Materials:
Limestone (CaCO₃) – source of calcium
Clay/Shale – source of silica, alumina, and iron
Other Additives – bauxite, iron ore, etc.
🔥 The Process:
✍️🏾Crushing & Mixing:
Raw materials are crushed and blended into a fine powder (raw meal).
✍️🏾Heating in Kiln (1450°C):
The raw meal is fed into a rotary kiln, where it goes through:
✍️🏾Calcination (CO₂ release from limestone)
Clinker Formation (new compounds like C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF)
✍️🏾Cooling & Grinding:
The clinker is cooled and ground with gypsum (to control setting time) to form cement.
🏗️ Practice: On-Site Impact
The fineness of grinding affects strength and setting time.
Proper cement storage avoids moisture contamination.
Quality cement = stronger concrete, fewer cracks, longer durability.
📌 Pro Tip: Always check the manufacture date and grade (33/43/53) before using cement on site.
@etconp
❤19
👉What Is Concrete Mix Design?
💫Concrete mix design is the process of selecting suitable ingredients (cement, sand, aggregates, water, admixtures) and determining their relative proportions to produce concrete with the required strength, workability, and durability.
👷♂️ The key factors include:
Grade of Concrete: e.g., M20, M25, M30 (M = Mix, number = compressive strength in MPa)
Water-Cement Ratio (w/c): Lower ratio = higher strength
Workability: How easily the concrete can be mixed, placed, and finished (measured using a slump test)
Durability: Resistance to weather, chemical attack, etc.
🧱 Practice: Site Application
🛠️ Example Mix: M20 (1:1.5:3)
1 part cement
1.5 parts sand (fine aggregate)
3 parts coarse aggregate
Water ~0.45–0.6 times the cement weight
📌 Common Site Mistakes:
Guessing mix ratios ("eye batching")
Adding extra water to improve workability
Poor aggregate grading
Ignoring curing after placing
📐 Pro Tip: Always do a trial mix before finalizing, and use cube tests (7-day & 28-day) to confirm strength.
🔎 Real-Life Impact:
✅ A well-designed mix reduces cracks, improves longevity, and ensures safe load-bearing.
❌ A poor mix leads to segregation, low strength, and structural failure.
@etconp
💫Concrete mix design is the process of selecting suitable ingredients (cement, sand, aggregates, water, admixtures) and determining their relative proportions to produce concrete with the required strength, workability, and durability.
👷♂️ The key factors include:
Grade of Concrete: e.g., M20, M25, M30 (M = Mix, number = compressive strength in MPa)
Water-Cement Ratio (w/c): Lower ratio = higher strength
Workability: How easily the concrete can be mixed, placed, and finished (measured using a slump test)
Durability: Resistance to weather, chemical attack, etc.
🧱 Practice: Site Application
🛠️ Example Mix: M20 (1:1.5:3)
1 part cement
1.5 parts sand (fine aggregate)
3 parts coarse aggregate
Water ~0.45–0.6 times the cement weight
📌 Common Site Mistakes:
Guessing mix ratios ("eye batching")
Adding extra water to improve workability
Poor aggregate grading
Ignoring curing after placing
📐 Pro Tip: Always do a trial mix before finalizing, and use cube tests (7-day & 28-day) to confirm strength.
🔎 Real-Life Impact:
✅ A well-designed mix reduces cracks, improves longevity, and ensures safe load-bearing.
❌ A poor mix leads to segregation, low strength, and structural failure.
@etconp
❤16👍5👏1
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❤3
How to Minimize Concrete Shrinkage: Practical Guidelines for Engineers
Minimizing concrete shrinkage is crucial for reducing cracking, improving durability, and enhancing structural performance. Key shrinkage occurs due to water loss (drying shrinkage) and chemical reactions within the mix (autogenous shrinkage). Here’s how to effectively limit shrinkage:
1. Mix Design Adjustments
- Lower Water-Cement Ratio: Use only the necessary water for workability to limit shrinkage.
- Supplementary Cementitious Materials: Incorporate fly ash, slag, or silica fume to reduce heat and shrinkage.
- Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures (SRAs) & Colloidal Silica: Additives that help control moisture loss and capillary tension.
2. Aggregate Optimization
- Increase Aggregate Content: More aggregate means less paste to shrink.
- Use Well-Graded & Coarse Aggregates: Improves packing density and naturally restrains shrinkage.
3. Curing Practices
- Start Early, Maintain Moist Curing: Begin promptly and keep concrete moist for at least 7 days.
- Avoid Rapid Drying: Control site conditions to minimize surface moisture loss.
4. Special Cement Types
- Expansive/Low-Heat Cement: Offset or reduce early-age and thermal shrinkage.
5. Construction Practices
- Limit Joint Spacing & Use Reinforcement: Proper jointing and fibers help control and distribute cracks.
- Control Placement Temperature & Avoid Over-Finishing: Prevent excessive surface paste and additional shrinkage risk
Via Yonatan Tadesse (PMP ®️)
@etconp
❤13🔥4
💫በአማካሪነት ሙያ ለሚሰሩ ባለሙያዎች የሚጠቅም መረጃ።
⭐️ግብር ከፋዮች የሚይዟቸው የሒሳብ ሰነዶች።
⏺ግብር ከፋዮች የሂሳብ መዝገብ እንዲይዙ የሚደረግበት ዓላማ በትክክለኛ መረጃ ላይ በመመስረት ግብር ለማስከፈል እና የታክስ ተመላሽን ለመፍቀድ ነው፡፡
❇️ስለሆነም ግብር ከፋዮች የሚከተሉትን የሂሳብ ሰነዶች መያዝ ይኖርባቸዋል:-
👉 ከንግድ ስራው ጋር የተገናኘ በየቀኑ የሚያገኘውን ማንኛውም ገቢ እና ወጪ የሚያሳይ ሰነድ
👉 አለም አቀፍ የፋይናንስ ሪፖርት አቀራረብን የተከተለ የሂሳብ ሰነድ (GAAP/IFRS/ Authorized tax format)
👉 ህጋዊ የእጅ በእጅ ሽያጭ ደረሰኝ፣
👉 የዱቤ ሽያጭ ደረሰኝ፣
👉 የገንዘብ መቀበያ ደረሰኝ፣
👉 የዴቢት/ክሬድት ሰነድ፣
👉 በኤሌክትሮንክ የመረጃ ማከመቻ መሳሪያ ውስጥ ተከማችቶ የተያዘ፣
👉 ከተከፋይ ሒሳብ ላይ ተቀናሽ የተደረገውን WHT የሚያሳይ ደረሰኝ፣
👉ከግብር ከፋዩ ቅድመ ታክስ ተቀናሽ የተደረገበትን የታክስ መጠን ደረሰኝ፣
👉 ታክስ ከፋዩ ወደ አገር ውስጥ ላስገባው ዕቃ ቀረጥና ታክስ የከፈለ መሆኑን የሚያረጋግጥ የጉሙሩክ ድክላራስዮን፣ የዕቃ መልቀቂያ ሰነድ፣ የክፍያ ደረሰኝ፣
👉 ታክስ ከፋዩ ወደ አገር ውስጥ ዕቃ ስያስገባ ከCIF ላይ 3% እና በአገር ውስጥ ግብይት ሲያከናውን 2% የተቀነሰበትን ንግድ ትርፍ ታክስ ከዓመታዊ ታክስ ያቀናነሰበትን ሂሳብ የሚያሳይ ዝርዝር ሰንጠረዥ እና ደረሰኝ፡፡
ከ ገቢዎች ሚኒስቴር Facebook ገጽ
@etconp
⭐️ግብር ከፋዮች የሚይዟቸው የሒሳብ ሰነዶች።
⏺ግብር ከፋዮች የሂሳብ መዝገብ እንዲይዙ የሚደረግበት ዓላማ በትክክለኛ መረጃ ላይ በመመስረት ግብር ለማስከፈል እና የታክስ ተመላሽን ለመፍቀድ ነው፡፡
❇️ስለሆነም ግብር ከፋዮች የሚከተሉትን የሂሳብ ሰነዶች መያዝ ይኖርባቸዋል:-
👉 ከንግድ ስራው ጋር የተገናኘ በየቀኑ የሚያገኘውን ማንኛውም ገቢ እና ወጪ የሚያሳይ ሰነድ
👉 አለም አቀፍ የፋይናንስ ሪፖርት አቀራረብን የተከተለ የሂሳብ ሰነድ (GAAP/IFRS/ Authorized tax format)
👉 ህጋዊ የእጅ በእጅ ሽያጭ ደረሰኝ፣
👉 የዱቤ ሽያጭ ደረሰኝ፣
👉 የገንዘብ መቀበያ ደረሰኝ፣
👉 የዴቢት/ክሬድት ሰነድ፣
👉 በኤሌክትሮንክ የመረጃ ማከመቻ መሳሪያ ውስጥ ተከማችቶ የተያዘ፣
👉 ከተከፋይ ሒሳብ ላይ ተቀናሽ የተደረገውን WHT የሚያሳይ ደረሰኝ፣
👉ከግብር ከፋዩ ቅድመ ታክስ ተቀናሽ የተደረገበትን የታክስ መጠን ደረሰኝ፣
👉 ታክስ ከፋዩ ወደ አገር ውስጥ ላስገባው ዕቃ ቀረጥና ታክስ የከፈለ መሆኑን የሚያረጋግጥ የጉሙሩክ ድክላራስዮን፣ የዕቃ መልቀቂያ ሰነድ፣ የክፍያ ደረሰኝ፣
👉 ታክስ ከፋዩ ወደ አገር ውስጥ ዕቃ ስያስገባ ከCIF ላይ 3% እና በአገር ውስጥ ግብይት ሲያከናውን 2% የተቀነሰበትን ንግድ ትርፍ ታክስ ከዓመታዊ ታክስ ያቀናነሰበትን ሂሳብ የሚያሳይ ዝርዝር ሰንጠረዥ እና ደረሰኝ፡፡
ከ ገቢዎች ሚኒስቴር Facebook ገጽ
@etconp
❤11👍1👏1🎉1
🔍 Why do projects exceed budget?
🏷Let’s break it down with a real case!
📌 🔸Case Study: if let see just an example🙏
⏺A 4 km urban road project was initially estimated to cost 25 million ETB. Midway through execution, the cost escalated to 34 million ETB a 36% budget overrun.
Why?
☘Incomplete BOQ during planning
☘Inflation not accounted for
☘Scope changes not managed
☘Inefficient procurement and material waste
📊 Key Lessons:
1️⃣ Accurate Quantity Take-Offs (QTO):
➤ Use updated drawings and software like AutoCAD & Excel or CostX
➤ Cross-verify QTO with field data
2️⃣ Rate Analysis:
➤ Include materials, labor, equipment, and overhead
➤ Use local market rates (e.g., from recent supplier quotes)
3️⃣ Contingency Planning:
➤ Add 5–10% contingency for risks like price hikes, delays, etc.
➤ Recalculate budget if major scope changes occur
4️⃣ Budget Monitoring Tools:
➤ Implement Earned Value Management (EVM)
➤ Compare Planned Value (PV), Actual Cost (AC), and Earned Value (EV)
5️⃣ Regular Financial Reviews:
➤ Monthly cost reports and cash flow updates
➤ Involve client & accountant in major budget revisions
📘 Pro Tip:
“Cost estimation is not just math it’s strategic foresight!”
@etconp
🏷Let’s break it down with a real case!
📌 🔸Case Study: if let see just an example🙏
⏺A 4 km urban road project was initially estimated to cost 25 million ETB. Midway through execution, the cost escalated to 34 million ETB a 36% budget overrun.
Why?
☘Incomplete BOQ during planning
☘Inflation not accounted for
☘Scope changes not managed
☘Inefficient procurement and material waste
📊 Key Lessons:
1️⃣ Accurate Quantity Take-Offs (QTO):
➤ Use updated drawings and software like AutoCAD & Excel or CostX
➤ Cross-verify QTO with field data
2️⃣ Rate Analysis:
➤ Include materials, labor, equipment, and overhead
➤ Use local market rates (e.g., from recent supplier quotes)
3️⃣ Contingency Planning:
➤ Add 5–10% contingency for risks like price hikes, delays, etc.
➤ Recalculate budget if major scope changes occur
4️⃣ Budget Monitoring Tools:
➤ Implement Earned Value Management (EVM)
➤ Compare Planned Value (PV), Actual Cost (AC), and Earned Value (EV)
5️⃣ Regular Financial Reviews:
➤ Monthly cost reports and cash flow updates
➤ Involve client & accountant in major budget revisions
📘 Pro Tip:
“Cost estimation is not just math it’s strategic foresight!”
@etconp
❤17👍4🙏3🥰1
👉የስልጠና እድል
🏷ለመቐለ ዩኒቨርስቲ ኪነህንጻ ትምህርት ተማሪዎች እና መምህራን
📜Applications Open | Architectural Heritage Documentation Training – Japan, November 2025
⏺Mekelle University, in collaboration with Shibaura Institute of Technology (Japan), invites applications for an intensive training on architectural heritage documentation under the JST Sakura Science Exchange Program.
✅Open to Mekelle University students (architecture, urban planning, heritage) and staff
✅Fully funded: airfare, accommodation, daily allowances
⚡️Deadline: 25 July 2025
📩Apply via the Google Form link/QR code in the description👇
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScMlCkiKZYdGb22WHQUYA7007G5eZMm2PE39JA8xqsyDDmpTg/viewform?usp=preview
Via አሉላ ተስፋይ
@etconp
🏷ለመቐለ ዩኒቨርስቲ ኪነህንጻ ትምህርት ተማሪዎች እና መምህራን
📜Applications Open | Architectural Heritage Documentation Training – Japan, November 2025
⏺Mekelle University, in collaboration with Shibaura Institute of Technology (Japan), invites applications for an intensive training on architectural heritage documentation under the JST Sakura Science Exchange Program.
✅Open to Mekelle University students (architecture, urban planning, heritage) and staff
✅Fully funded: airfare, accommodation, daily allowances
⚡️Deadline: 25 July 2025
📩Apply via the Google Form link/QR code in the description👇
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScMlCkiKZYdGb22WHQUYA7007G5eZMm2PE39JA8xqsyDDmpTg/viewform?usp=preview
Via አሉላ ተስፋይ
@etconp
❤5🙏1
👉እስኪ ዛሬ ደግሞ በመንግስት ግዥ ኤጀንሲ PPA 2011 በመጠቀም እንዴት የጨረታ ዶክመንት እንደምናዘጋጅ እናያለን
🏷የጨረታ ዶክመንት (Bid document) ሶስት ምዕራፎች እና ዘጠኝ ክፍሎች አሉት እነሱም የሚከተሉት ናቸው፣
✅ምዕራፍ 1. የጨረታ ስርዓቶች(Bidding Procedures)
✴️ክፍል 1.የተጫራቾች መመሪያ (Instructions to Bidders (ITB))
✴️ክፍል 2. የጨረታ ዝርዝር መረጃ ሰነድ(Bid Data Sheet (BDS))
✴️ክፍል 3. የግምገማ መስፈርት (Evaluation and Qualification Criteria (EQC))
✴️ክፍል 4.የጨረታ ቅፆች (Bidding Forms)
✴️ክፍል 5. በጨረታው መሳተፍ የሚችሉ ሀገሮች (Eligible Countries)
✅ምዕራፍ 2. የተፈላጊ ሁኔታዎች ሰንጠረዥ(Schedule of Requirements)
✴️ክፍል 6. የተፈላጊ ሁኔታዎች ሰንጠረዥ(Schedule of Requirements including Scope of works, technical specifications, drawings and bill of quantities.)
✅ምዕራፍ 3. ውል (Contract)
✴️ክፍል 7. አጠቃላይ የውል ሁኔታዎች (General Conditions of Contract (GCC) )
✴️ክፍል 8. ልዩ የውል ሁኔታዎች (Special Conditions of Contract (SCC)) እና
✴️ክፍል 9. ሞዴል ውሎች (Contract Forms) ናቸው::
📜ስለዚህ ጨረታውን ለማዘጋጀት አዘጋጆች ከላይ ከተዘረዘሩት ዉስጥ ክፍል 1 የተጫራቾች መመሪያ እና ክፍል 7 አጠቃላይ የውል ሁኔታዎች ሳይለወጡ ባሉበት ሁኔታ ጥቅም ላይ ማዋል አለባቸው በ ክፍል 1 እና ክፍል 7 ዉስጥ ሊካተት የሚገባው ዝርዝር ወይም መረጃ በክፍል 2 የጨረታ ዝርዝር መረጃ ሰነድ እና በ ክፍል 8 ልዩ የውል ሁኔታዎች ዉስጥ በቅደም ትከተል ሊካተት ይችላል:: ሌሎቹን ክፍሎች ግን እንደሚከተለው በማስተካከል መጠቀም ይቻላል::
🚧ክፍል 2.የጨረታ ዝርዝር መረጃ፦በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ እንደ የአጫራቹ ማንነት,አድራሻ, ጨረታው ሚገባበት ጊዜ እና ቦታ ሌሎችም እና የምሳሳሉት ዝርዝር ነገሮች የምናስቀምጥበት ነዉ::
🚧ክፍል 3. የግምገማ መስፈርት፦ በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ ተጫራቾችን ለመምረጥ የሚሆኑ መስፈርቶች መሞላት ይኖርባቸዋል:: ለምሳሌ ተጫራቾች የሚኖራቸው ማሺኖች (excacator,mixer,dump truck etc.), ባለፉት 5 ወይም 3 አመታት 💯% ያጠናቀቁአቸው ፕሮጀክቶች እና ሌሎችም::
🚧ክፍል 4.የጨረታ ቅፆች፦ በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ ያሉ ቅፆች በተጫራቾች የሚሞሉ ናቸው እና ግዥ ፈፃሚው አካል ምንም አይነት ለውጥ ማድረግ የለበትም::
🚧ክፍል 5. በጨረታው መሳተፍ የሚችሉ ሀገሮች፦ በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ ወጪዎች በመንግስት በሚሸፈን ግዥዎች ላይ እንደ ስታንዳርድ መመሪያ ሃተታ ተቀምጧል::
⏺ግዥው በለጋሾች የግዥ ደንብ መሰረት የሚፈፅም ከሆነ ወይም መንግስት በጨረታው ለመሳተፍ የሚችሉ አገሮችን በሚመለከት ማንኛውም የተለየ ወይም ተጨማሪ ሕግ ካወጣ ለውጥ ማድረግ ይችላል::
🚧ክፍል 6. የተፈላጊ ሁኔታዎች ሰንጠረዥ፦ በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ ስራውን በተመለከተ ሙሉ ዝርዝር ነገሮች የስራውን ወሰን በሚገባ በሚያሳይ መልኩ መቀመጥ አለበት:: በዉስጡም እንደ scope of works, technical specification, drawings እና bill of quantity Or activity schedule በሚገባ መካተት አለባቸው::
🚧ክፍል 8. ልዩ የውል ሁኔታዎች በዚህ፦ ክፍል ዉስጥ ለፕሮጀክቱ ልዩ የሆኑ ነገሮች የሚቀመጡበት ነዉ:: ለምሳሌ እንደ liquidated damage፣price adjustment፣defects liability period እና የመሳሰሉት::
🚧ክፍል 9.ሞዴል ውሎች፦ በዚህ ክፍል ያሉት ውሎች የሚሞሉት አሸናፊው ከታወቀ በሁዋላ ቢሆንም ውሉ ምን ይመስላል የሚለውን ቀድመው ተጫራቾች እንዲያውቁት ስለሚጠበቅ ግዥ ፈፃሚ አካላት በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ ሊያካትቱት ይገባል::
🔰ስለዚህ ክፍል 1 አና 7ን እንዳለ በመተው እና ሌሎች ክፍሎችን በማስተካከል ማዘጋጀት ይቻላል!
🏷ጥያቄ ካላችሁ comment ላይ አሳውቁን ከወደዱት ደሞ share ያድርጉ
@etconp
🏷የጨረታ ዶክመንት (Bid document) ሶስት ምዕራፎች እና ዘጠኝ ክፍሎች አሉት እነሱም የሚከተሉት ናቸው፣
✅ምዕራፍ 1. የጨረታ ስርዓቶች(Bidding Procedures)
✴️ክፍል 1.የተጫራቾች መመሪያ (Instructions to Bidders (ITB))
✴️ክፍል 2. የጨረታ ዝርዝር መረጃ ሰነድ(Bid Data Sheet (BDS))
✴️ክፍል 3. የግምገማ መስፈርት (Evaluation and Qualification Criteria (EQC))
✴️ክፍል 4.የጨረታ ቅፆች (Bidding Forms)
✴️ክፍል 5. በጨረታው መሳተፍ የሚችሉ ሀገሮች (Eligible Countries)
✅ምዕራፍ 2. የተፈላጊ ሁኔታዎች ሰንጠረዥ(Schedule of Requirements)
✴️ክፍል 6. የተፈላጊ ሁኔታዎች ሰንጠረዥ(Schedule of Requirements including Scope of works, technical specifications, drawings and bill of quantities.)
✅ምዕራፍ 3. ውል (Contract)
✴️ክፍል 7. አጠቃላይ የውል ሁኔታዎች (General Conditions of Contract (GCC) )
✴️ክፍል 8. ልዩ የውል ሁኔታዎች (Special Conditions of Contract (SCC)) እና
✴️ክፍል 9. ሞዴል ውሎች (Contract Forms) ናቸው::
📜ስለዚህ ጨረታውን ለማዘጋጀት አዘጋጆች ከላይ ከተዘረዘሩት ዉስጥ ክፍል 1 የተጫራቾች መመሪያ እና ክፍል 7 አጠቃላይ የውል ሁኔታዎች ሳይለወጡ ባሉበት ሁኔታ ጥቅም ላይ ማዋል አለባቸው በ ክፍል 1 እና ክፍል 7 ዉስጥ ሊካተት የሚገባው ዝርዝር ወይም መረጃ በክፍል 2 የጨረታ ዝርዝር መረጃ ሰነድ እና በ ክፍል 8 ልዩ የውል ሁኔታዎች ዉስጥ በቅደም ትከተል ሊካተት ይችላል:: ሌሎቹን ክፍሎች ግን እንደሚከተለው በማስተካከል መጠቀም ይቻላል::
🚧ክፍል 2.የጨረታ ዝርዝር መረጃ፦በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ እንደ የአጫራቹ ማንነት,አድራሻ, ጨረታው ሚገባበት ጊዜ እና ቦታ ሌሎችም እና የምሳሳሉት ዝርዝር ነገሮች የምናስቀምጥበት ነዉ::
🚧ክፍል 3. የግምገማ መስፈርት፦ በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ ተጫራቾችን ለመምረጥ የሚሆኑ መስፈርቶች መሞላት ይኖርባቸዋል:: ለምሳሌ ተጫራቾች የሚኖራቸው ማሺኖች (excacator,mixer,dump truck etc.), ባለፉት 5 ወይም 3 አመታት 💯% ያጠናቀቁአቸው ፕሮጀክቶች እና ሌሎችም::
🚧ክፍል 4.የጨረታ ቅፆች፦ በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ ያሉ ቅፆች በተጫራቾች የሚሞሉ ናቸው እና ግዥ ፈፃሚው አካል ምንም አይነት ለውጥ ማድረግ የለበትም::
🚧ክፍል 5. በጨረታው መሳተፍ የሚችሉ ሀገሮች፦ በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ ወጪዎች በመንግስት በሚሸፈን ግዥዎች ላይ እንደ ስታንዳርድ መመሪያ ሃተታ ተቀምጧል::
⏺ግዥው በለጋሾች የግዥ ደንብ መሰረት የሚፈፅም ከሆነ ወይም መንግስት በጨረታው ለመሳተፍ የሚችሉ አገሮችን በሚመለከት ማንኛውም የተለየ ወይም ተጨማሪ ሕግ ካወጣ ለውጥ ማድረግ ይችላል::
🚧ክፍል 6. የተፈላጊ ሁኔታዎች ሰንጠረዥ፦ በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ ስራውን በተመለከተ ሙሉ ዝርዝር ነገሮች የስራውን ወሰን በሚገባ በሚያሳይ መልኩ መቀመጥ አለበት:: በዉስጡም እንደ scope of works, technical specification, drawings እና bill of quantity Or activity schedule በሚገባ መካተት አለባቸው::
🚧ክፍል 8. ልዩ የውል ሁኔታዎች በዚህ፦ ክፍል ዉስጥ ለፕሮጀክቱ ልዩ የሆኑ ነገሮች የሚቀመጡበት ነዉ:: ለምሳሌ እንደ liquidated damage፣price adjustment፣defects liability period እና የመሳሰሉት::
🚧ክፍል 9.ሞዴል ውሎች፦ በዚህ ክፍል ያሉት ውሎች የሚሞሉት አሸናፊው ከታወቀ በሁዋላ ቢሆንም ውሉ ምን ይመስላል የሚለውን ቀድመው ተጫራቾች እንዲያውቁት ስለሚጠበቅ ግዥ ፈፃሚ አካላት በዚህ ክፍል ዉስጥ ሊያካትቱት ይገባል::
🔰ስለዚህ ክፍል 1 አና 7ን እንዳለ በመተው እና ሌሎች ክፍሎችን በማስተካከል ማዘጋጀት ይቻላል!
🏷ጥያቄ ካላችሁ comment ላይ አሳውቁን ከወደዱት ደሞ share ያድርጉ
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👏11❤9👍6🔥1
bid document @etconp.docx
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👉የ ጨረታ ዶክመንት ሳምፕል
📜ብዝዎች በጠየቃቹን መሰረት ይህንን የ Bid Document እንደ አባሪ ተጠቀሙበት
💫Preparation of bid document
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
📜ብዝዎች በጠየቃቹን መሰረት ይህንን የ Bid Document እንደ አባሪ ተጠቀሙበት
💫Preparation of bid document
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
🙏8❤3👍1
👉የአዋሽ-ኮምቦልቻ-ሃራ ገበያ የባቡር ፕሮጀክት ጉዳይ ከምን ደረሰ?
🚧ከዓመታት በፊት የኢትዮጵያ መንግሥት የተለያዩ የአገሪቱን ክፍሎች በባቡር መስመሮች ለማገናኘት በያዘው ዕቅድ የተጀመረው የአዋሽ-ኮምቦልቻ-ሃራ ገበያ የባቡር ፕሮጀክት ሥራውን የጀመረው ከአስር ዓመታት በፊት ነበር።
ይህ የባቡር መስመር አጠቃላይ ርዝመቱ 392 ኪሎ ሜትር ሲሆን፣ ግንባታው በሁለት ምዕራፎች ተከፍሎ ነበር ሲከናወን የነበረው።
የመጀመሪያው ምዕራፍ ከአዋሽ እስከ ኮምቦልቻ የሚደርስ እና 270 ኪሎ ሜትር የሚረዝም ሲሆን፣ ከኮምቦልቻ ሃራ ገበያ ያለው ሁለተኛው ምዕራፍ ደግሞ 122 ኪሎ ሜትር ይሸፍናል።
የዚህ የባቡር መስመር ግንባታ በሁለት ምዕራፍ እንዲከፈል የተደረገው ለፕሮጀክቱ ማስፈጸሚያ የሚሆን ሙሉ ገንዘብ ባለመገኘቱ ነበረ።
ያፒ መርከዚ በተባለው የቱርክ ተቋራጭ ግንባታው ሲከናወን የነበረው የባቡር መንገዱ ለመጀመሪያው ዙር ግንባታው ከ1.2 ቢሊዮን ዶላር በላይ በጀት ተይዞለት ነበር የተከናወነው።
ከአራት ዓመት በፊት የተጠናቀቀው የመጀመሪያው ምዕራፍ የባቡር መስመሩ ግንባታ ተጠናቅቆ አገልግሎት ለመስጠት የኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል አቅርቦት በመጠባበቅ ላይ እንደነበር የፕሮጀክቱ ሥራ አስኪያጅ በወቅቱ ለቢቢሲ ተናግረው እንደነበረ ይታወሳል።
ሁለተኛው ምዕራፍ የባቡሩ መስመር ግንባታን ለማካሄድ የሚያስፈልገው ገንዘብ ዘግየት ብሎ ተገኝቶ የነበረ ቢሆንም በኮሮናቫይረስ ወረርሽኝ፣ በወሰን ማስከበር እና በሌሎች ምክንያቶች ተስተጓጉሏል።
ከዚያም በኋላ በሰሜን ኢትዮጵያ ትግራይ የተቀሰቀሰው የእርስ በርስ ጦርነት ተስፋፍቶ ወደ አማራ ክልል ከተዛመተ በኋላ ሥራው ከመቋረጡ በተጨማሪ ለአገልግሎት ዝግጁ የነበረው እና በግንባታ ላይ የነበረው የባቡሩ መሠረተ ልማቶች ላይ ውድመት እና ዝርፊያ አጋጥሞታል።
በ2007 ዓ.ም. ግንባታው የተጀመረው የባቡር መስመሩ የቱርኩ ያፒ መርከዚ የተባለ ተቋራጭ እየገነባው የነበረ ቢሆንም በሁለት ዓመቱ የሰሜን ኢትዮጵያ ጦርነት ወቅት የደረሰበት ዝርፊያ እና ጉዳት ተከትሎ ሥራው ተስተጓጉሏል።
ከዚህም ጋር ተያይዞ የግንባታው ተቋራጭ ድርጅቱ ጥር 2015 ዓ.ም. ለንደን በሚገኘው ዓለም አቀፍ የግልግል ፍርድ ቤት ባቀረበው የይገባኛል ክስ "ከፍተኛ ገንዘብ" ካሳ መጠየቁን የቢቢሲ ምንጮች ተናግረዋል።
ተቋራጭ ድርጅቱ በዋናነት በጦርነቱ ወቅት ለደረሰበት ጉዳት የኢትዮጵያ ምድር ባቡር ኮርፖሬሽን ላይ ክስ መሥርቶ የአንድ ቢሊዮን ዶላር ወይንም በአሁኑ የምንዛሪ ተመን የ131 ቢሊዮን ብር ገደማ የካሳ ይገባኛል ጥያቄ አቅርቧል።
ኩባንያው በዋናነት ከውል ጋር በተያያዘ ያልተከፈሉ ክፍያዎች፣ ፕሮጀክቱ በመዘግየቱ የካሳ ይገባኛል፣ የመጀመሪያው ምዕራፍን አጠናቅቄ ኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል አልቀረበልኝም፣ አላግባብ ክፍያዎች ተቀነሱብኝ፣ የመያዣ ገንዘቦች አልተከፈሉኝም እንዲሁም ከሰሜኑ ኢትዮጵያ ጦርነት ጋር ተያይዞ ደረሰብኝ ላላቸው ጉዳቶች ካሳ መጠየቁን ዘገባው ጠቅሷል።
ፕሮጀክቱ ከፍተኛ ውድመት እና ዝርፊያ እንደደረሰበት የተናገሩት ምንጮች፤ በተለይም የኃይል መስመሩ "ሙሉ ለሙሉ"፣ ማሰሪያ ቡሎኖች እና ሐዲዱ መዘረፉን ተናግረዋል።
ከሁለት ዓመት በፊት የተጀመረው የክስ ሂደት በመሀል ኮርፖሬሽኑ እና ተቋራጭ ድርጅቱ ለድርድር ተቀምጠው ሂደቱ እንደዘገየ ምንጮች ገልፀዋል።
ነገር ግን ተቋራጩ ድርጅት በድርድር የጠየቀው የካሳ ክፍያ ከፍተኛ ሆኖ በመገኘቱ ጉዳዩን መቋጨት እንዳልተቻለ የኮርፖሬሽኑ ምንጮች ተናግረዋል።
"ከሥራ ተቋራጩ ጋር በድርድር ጉዳዩን ፈትቶ ተቋራጩ ወደ ፕሮጀክቱ እንዲመለስ እና ማጠናቀቅ የሚለው እንደ አቋም ተይዞ ነበር። ነገር ግን የተጠየቀው ገንዘብ ከፍተኛ በመሆኑ ስምምነት ላይ መድረስ አልተቻለም" ሲሉ አንድ ምንጭ ገልፀዋል።
ይህ በሰሜኑ የኢትዮጵያ ጦርነት ምክንያት ከኢትዮጵያ ምድር ባቡር ኮርፖሬሽን ውዝግብ ውስጥ የገባው የአዋሽ-ኮምቦልቻ-ሃራ ገበያ የባቡር ፕሮጀክት ተቋራጭ ያፒ መርከዚ ባቀረበው የአንድ ቢሊዮን ዶላር የካሳ ይገባኛል ክስ ኮርፖሬሽኑ "በከፊል" ማሸነፉ ተነግሯል።
የክሱ ሂደት ምሥጢራዊነቱ ተይዞ የቆየ ሲሆን፣ ባለፈው ሚያዚያ 10/2017 ዓ.ም. የግልግል ፍርድ ቤቱ ኢትዮጵያን "በከፊል" አሸናፊ ያደረገ ("partial award") ውሳኔ መስጠቱን ምንጮች ተናግረዋል።
ውሳኔው ከቀናት በኋላ ለኮርፖሬሽኑ እና ለፍትህ ሚኒስቴር እንደደረሳቸው ቢቢሲ ዘግቧል።
"በአብዛኛው ኮርፖሬሽኑ ነፃ ተብሏል። ከፍተኛ መጠን ባለባቸው ክሶች ላይ ኃላፊነት የለበትም ወይም መከራከሪያው ተቀባይነት አግኝቶ ነፃ ተብሏል" ሲሉ አንድ ምንጭ ገልፀዋል።
በካሳ ይገባኛል ክፍያው ላይ ከቀረበው 80 በመቶ የሚሆን ክፍያ ውድቅ የተረገ ሲሆን፤ 20 በመቶ የሚሆነው ክፍያ ኢትዮጵያ ለመፈጸም ስሌት እና ግመታ እንደሚደረግ ጠቁመዋል።
ይህም ስሌት ገለልተኛ በሆኑ ባለሙያዎች በሦስተኛ ወገን እንደሚካሄድ የጠቆሙት ምንጮች፤ ተቋራጩ ባቀረበው ተመን ሳይሆን "ፍትሃዊ" የሆነ ስሌት ይሠራል ብለዋል።
በዚህ ክርክር ኢትዮጵያ የውጭ የሕግ ባለሙያዎችን ሳትቀጥር በኢትዮጵያዊያን የሕግ ባለሙያዎች መወከሏም ታውቋል።
የአዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርስቲ መምህር የሆኑት ፕሮፌሰር ጥላሁን ተሾመ እና የኮርፖሬሽኑ የሕግ ክፍል ኃላፊ አቶ ካሳሁን ሙላት ጉዳዩን መያዛቸውን የጠቆሙት ምንጮች፤ በዓለም አቀፍ ክስ የአገር ውስጥ ባለሙያዎች ሲወከሉ ይህ የመጀመሪያው ጉዳይ ሊሆን እንደሚችልም አመልክተዋል።
ቀጣይ ምዕራፍ የተባለው ስሌቱ ቢያንስ እስከ ስድስት ወር ሊወስድ እንደሚችል ምንጮች ጠቁመዋል።
ፕሮጀክቱን እንዲጠናቀቅ በመንግሥት በኩል አቅጣጫ መያዙን የተናገሩት ምንጮች፤ "ከፍተኛ ስርቆት" እና ሌሎች ጉዳቶች የደረሱበት የፕሮጀክቱ ዕጣ ፈንታ በሚመለከት፤ አጠቃላይ ሁኔታውን በገለልተኛ አካል በመገምገም ተመጣጣኝ የገበያ ዋጋ ላቀረበ ተቋራጭ ፕሮጀክቱ እንደሚሰጥ ጠቁመዋል።
አዲስ ጨረታ ማውጣትን ጨምሮ ኮርፖሬሽኑ የተለያዩ አማራጮችን እንደሚያማትር ጠቁመዋል።
የአዋሽ-ኮምቦልቻ-ሃራ ገበያ የባቡር ፕሮጀክት በአራት ዓመት ይጠናቀቃል ተብሎ የነበረ ቢሆንም ለ10 ዓመታት ሳይጠናቀቅ ዓለም አቀፍ ውዝግብ ውስጥ ገብቷል።
ፕሮጀክቱ 10 ጣቢያዎች ያሉት እና 12 ዋሻዎች፣ 52 ድልድዮች፣ ስምንት የኃይል መቆጣጠሪያ ጣቢያዎች፣ 12 የራዲዮ መገናኛ ምሰሶዎች እና አንድ የጥገና ማዕከልን የያዘ ነው።
ይህ 1.7 ቢሊዮን ዶላር የተመደበለት የባቡር መስመሩ ማዕከላዊ ኢትዮጵያን ከሰሜን ኢትዮጵያ ጋር የሚያገናኝ እና 392 ኪ.ሜ ርዝመት ያለው ነው።
ዘገባው የቢቢሲ አማርኛ ነው
@etconp
🚧ከዓመታት በፊት የኢትዮጵያ መንግሥት የተለያዩ የአገሪቱን ክፍሎች በባቡር መስመሮች ለማገናኘት በያዘው ዕቅድ የተጀመረው የአዋሽ-ኮምቦልቻ-ሃራ ገበያ የባቡር ፕሮጀክት ሥራውን የጀመረው ከአስር ዓመታት በፊት ነበር።
ይህ የባቡር መስመር አጠቃላይ ርዝመቱ 392 ኪሎ ሜትር ሲሆን፣ ግንባታው በሁለት ምዕራፎች ተከፍሎ ነበር ሲከናወን የነበረው።
የመጀመሪያው ምዕራፍ ከአዋሽ እስከ ኮምቦልቻ የሚደርስ እና 270 ኪሎ ሜትር የሚረዝም ሲሆን፣ ከኮምቦልቻ ሃራ ገበያ ያለው ሁለተኛው ምዕራፍ ደግሞ 122 ኪሎ ሜትር ይሸፍናል።
የዚህ የባቡር መስመር ግንባታ በሁለት ምዕራፍ እንዲከፈል የተደረገው ለፕሮጀክቱ ማስፈጸሚያ የሚሆን ሙሉ ገንዘብ ባለመገኘቱ ነበረ።
ያፒ መርከዚ በተባለው የቱርክ ተቋራጭ ግንባታው ሲከናወን የነበረው የባቡር መንገዱ ለመጀመሪያው ዙር ግንባታው ከ1.2 ቢሊዮን ዶላር በላይ በጀት ተይዞለት ነበር የተከናወነው።
ከአራት ዓመት በፊት የተጠናቀቀው የመጀመሪያው ምዕራፍ የባቡር መስመሩ ግንባታ ተጠናቅቆ አገልግሎት ለመስጠት የኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል አቅርቦት በመጠባበቅ ላይ እንደነበር የፕሮጀክቱ ሥራ አስኪያጅ በወቅቱ ለቢቢሲ ተናግረው እንደነበረ ይታወሳል።
ሁለተኛው ምዕራፍ የባቡሩ መስመር ግንባታን ለማካሄድ የሚያስፈልገው ገንዘብ ዘግየት ብሎ ተገኝቶ የነበረ ቢሆንም በኮሮናቫይረስ ወረርሽኝ፣ በወሰን ማስከበር እና በሌሎች ምክንያቶች ተስተጓጉሏል።
ከዚያም በኋላ በሰሜን ኢትዮጵያ ትግራይ የተቀሰቀሰው የእርስ በርስ ጦርነት ተስፋፍቶ ወደ አማራ ክልል ከተዛመተ በኋላ ሥራው ከመቋረጡ በተጨማሪ ለአገልግሎት ዝግጁ የነበረው እና በግንባታ ላይ የነበረው የባቡሩ መሠረተ ልማቶች ላይ ውድመት እና ዝርፊያ አጋጥሞታል።
በ2007 ዓ.ም. ግንባታው የተጀመረው የባቡር መስመሩ የቱርኩ ያፒ መርከዚ የተባለ ተቋራጭ እየገነባው የነበረ ቢሆንም በሁለት ዓመቱ የሰሜን ኢትዮጵያ ጦርነት ወቅት የደረሰበት ዝርፊያ እና ጉዳት ተከትሎ ሥራው ተስተጓጉሏል።
ከዚህም ጋር ተያይዞ የግንባታው ተቋራጭ ድርጅቱ ጥር 2015 ዓ.ም. ለንደን በሚገኘው ዓለም አቀፍ የግልግል ፍርድ ቤት ባቀረበው የይገባኛል ክስ "ከፍተኛ ገንዘብ" ካሳ መጠየቁን የቢቢሲ ምንጮች ተናግረዋል።
ተቋራጭ ድርጅቱ በዋናነት በጦርነቱ ወቅት ለደረሰበት ጉዳት የኢትዮጵያ ምድር ባቡር ኮርፖሬሽን ላይ ክስ መሥርቶ የአንድ ቢሊዮን ዶላር ወይንም በአሁኑ የምንዛሪ ተመን የ131 ቢሊዮን ብር ገደማ የካሳ ይገባኛል ጥያቄ አቅርቧል።
ኩባንያው በዋናነት ከውል ጋር በተያያዘ ያልተከፈሉ ክፍያዎች፣ ፕሮጀክቱ በመዘግየቱ የካሳ ይገባኛል፣ የመጀመሪያው ምዕራፍን አጠናቅቄ ኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል አልቀረበልኝም፣ አላግባብ ክፍያዎች ተቀነሱብኝ፣ የመያዣ ገንዘቦች አልተከፈሉኝም እንዲሁም ከሰሜኑ ኢትዮጵያ ጦርነት ጋር ተያይዞ ደረሰብኝ ላላቸው ጉዳቶች ካሳ መጠየቁን ዘገባው ጠቅሷል።
ፕሮጀክቱ ከፍተኛ ውድመት እና ዝርፊያ እንደደረሰበት የተናገሩት ምንጮች፤ በተለይም የኃይል መስመሩ "ሙሉ ለሙሉ"፣ ማሰሪያ ቡሎኖች እና ሐዲዱ መዘረፉን ተናግረዋል።
ከሁለት ዓመት በፊት የተጀመረው የክስ ሂደት በመሀል ኮርፖሬሽኑ እና ተቋራጭ ድርጅቱ ለድርድር ተቀምጠው ሂደቱ እንደዘገየ ምንጮች ገልፀዋል።
ነገር ግን ተቋራጩ ድርጅት በድርድር የጠየቀው የካሳ ክፍያ ከፍተኛ ሆኖ በመገኘቱ ጉዳዩን መቋጨት እንዳልተቻለ የኮርፖሬሽኑ ምንጮች ተናግረዋል።
"ከሥራ ተቋራጩ ጋር በድርድር ጉዳዩን ፈትቶ ተቋራጩ ወደ ፕሮጀክቱ እንዲመለስ እና ማጠናቀቅ የሚለው እንደ አቋም ተይዞ ነበር። ነገር ግን የተጠየቀው ገንዘብ ከፍተኛ በመሆኑ ስምምነት ላይ መድረስ አልተቻለም" ሲሉ አንድ ምንጭ ገልፀዋል።
ይህ በሰሜኑ የኢትዮጵያ ጦርነት ምክንያት ከኢትዮጵያ ምድር ባቡር ኮርፖሬሽን ውዝግብ ውስጥ የገባው የአዋሽ-ኮምቦልቻ-ሃራ ገበያ የባቡር ፕሮጀክት ተቋራጭ ያፒ መርከዚ ባቀረበው የአንድ ቢሊዮን ዶላር የካሳ ይገባኛል ክስ ኮርፖሬሽኑ "በከፊል" ማሸነፉ ተነግሯል።
የክሱ ሂደት ምሥጢራዊነቱ ተይዞ የቆየ ሲሆን፣ ባለፈው ሚያዚያ 10/2017 ዓ.ም. የግልግል ፍርድ ቤቱ ኢትዮጵያን "በከፊል" አሸናፊ ያደረገ ("partial award") ውሳኔ መስጠቱን ምንጮች ተናግረዋል።
ውሳኔው ከቀናት በኋላ ለኮርፖሬሽኑ እና ለፍትህ ሚኒስቴር እንደደረሳቸው ቢቢሲ ዘግቧል።
"በአብዛኛው ኮርፖሬሽኑ ነፃ ተብሏል። ከፍተኛ መጠን ባለባቸው ክሶች ላይ ኃላፊነት የለበትም ወይም መከራከሪያው ተቀባይነት አግኝቶ ነፃ ተብሏል" ሲሉ አንድ ምንጭ ገልፀዋል።
በካሳ ይገባኛል ክፍያው ላይ ከቀረበው 80 በመቶ የሚሆን ክፍያ ውድቅ የተረገ ሲሆን፤ 20 በመቶ የሚሆነው ክፍያ ኢትዮጵያ ለመፈጸም ስሌት እና ግመታ እንደሚደረግ ጠቁመዋል።
ይህም ስሌት ገለልተኛ በሆኑ ባለሙያዎች በሦስተኛ ወገን እንደሚካሄድ የጠቆሙት ምንጮች፤ ተቋራጩ ባቀረበው ተመን ሳይሆን "ፍትሃዊ" የሆነ ስሌት ይሠራል ብለዋል።
በዚህ ክርክር ኢትዮጵያ የውጭ የሕግ ባለሙያዎችን ሳትቀጥር በኢትዮጵያዊያን የሕግ ባለሙያዎች መወከሏም ታውቋል።
የአዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርስቲ መምህር የሆኑት ፕሮፌሰር ጥላሁን ተሾመ እና የኮርፖሬሽኑ የሕግ ክፍል ኃላፊ አቶ ካሳሁን ሙላት ጉዳዩን መያዛቸውን የጠቆሙት ምንጮች፤ በዓለም አቀፍ ክስ የአገር ውስጥ ባለሙያዎች ሲወከሉ ይህ የመጀመሪያው ጉዳይ ሊሆን እንደሚችልም አመልክተዋል።
ቀጣይ ምዕራፍ የተባለው ስሌቱ ቢያንስ እስከ ስድስት ወር ሊወስድ እንደሚችል ምንጮች ጠቁመዋል።
ፕሮጀክቱን እንዲጠናቀቅ በመንግሥት በኩል አቅጣጫ መያዙን የተናገሩት ምንጮች፤ "ከፍተኛ ስርቆት" እና ሌሎች ጉዳቶች የደረሱበት የፕሮጀክቱ ዕጣ ፈንታ በሚመለከት፤ አጠቃላይ ሁኔታውን በገለልተኛ አካል በመገምገም ተመጣጣኝ የገበያ ዋጋ ላቀረበ ተቋራጭ ፕሮጀክቱ እንደሚሰጥ ጠቁመዋል።
አዲስ ጨረታ ማውጣትን ጨምሮ ኮርፖሬሽኑ የተለያዩ አማራጮችን እንደሚያማትር ጠቁመዋል።
የአዋሽ-ኮምቦልቻ-ሃራ ገበያ የባቡር ፕሮጀክት በአራት ዓመት ይጠናቀቃል ተብሎ የነበረ ቢሆንም ለ10 ዓመታት ሳይጠናቀቅ ዓለም አቀፍ ውዝግብ ውስጥ ገብቷል።
ፕሮጀክቱ 10 ጣቢያዎች ያሉት እና 12 ዋሻዎች፣ 52 ድልድዮች፣ ስምንት የኃይል መቆጣጠሪያ ጣቢያዎች፣ 12 የራዲዮ መገናኛ ምሰሶዎች እና አንድ የጥገና ማዕከልን የያዘ ነው።
ይህ 1.7 ቢሊዮን ዶላር የተመደበለት የባቡር መስመሩ ማዕከላዊ ኢትዮጵያን ከሰሜን ኢትዮጵያ ጋር የሚያገናኝ እና 392 ኪ.ሜ ርዝመት ያለው ነው።
ዘገባው የቢቢሲ አማርኛ ነው
@etconp
❤17🎉3👍2🔥2
Which of the following statements is correct?
Anonymous Quiz
21%
The greater the unit weight, the greater is permeability
16%
Unit weight does not affect permeability
21%
The greater the viscosity, the greater is permeability
43%
The greater the unit weight, the smaller is permeability
👍6❤1
128. Minimum spacing of vertical stiffeners is limited to _____. (Where, d is the distance between flange angles)
Anonymous Quiz
42%
(a) d/4
24%
(b) d/3
15%
(c) d/2
18%
(d) 2d/3
👏6
127. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Anonymous Quiz
22%
(a) Minimum cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement in a column is 0.8%
23%
(b) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of column should not exceed 300 mm
19%
(c) Reinforced bars in a column should not be less than 12 mm in diameter
35%
(d) The number of longitudinal bars provided in a circular column should not be less than 4
❤7🥰1🎉1