Ethio Construction Engineering
32.4K subscribers
6.23K photos
359 videos
1.99K files
3.22K links
๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
Latest updates, tips, and tutorials on building, civil engineering, and construction in World.
Learn, build, and grow with us!

๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

For Ad:- https://telega.io/c/etconp
Download Telegram
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แˆตแ‹ฐแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹œแŠ“ แˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ

๐Ÿ’ซแ‹จ "Quantity Surveying" Full Course แ‰  แŠฆแŠ•แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆžแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฃแŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ› แ‹™แˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆˆแŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŒ€แˆแˆจแŠ“แˆโค

๐Ÿ“ฉแˆ˜แˆ˜แ‹แŒˆแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒ‰ @Philemona7 แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‰  0925446661 แ‹ฐแ‹แˆˆแ‹ แ‹ซแŒแŠ™แŠ•๐Ÿ™

@etconp
๐Ÿ™15โค4๐Ÿ‘Œ1
This media is not supported in your browser
VIEW IN TELEGRAM
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆญแˆดแˆŽแŠ“ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹จแˆ "แŠ‘ แŠซแˆแ•" แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แˆฐแŠ แ‹•แ‹ตแˆณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แˆตแ‹แŠแ‹ซ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ญแ‹˜แ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠซแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต 105 แˆบแˆ… แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆญแˆณแˆแข

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‰ แˆตแ”แŠ•แˆ แˆ†แА แ‰ แŠ แ‹แˆฎแ– แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹ แŠ‘ แŠซแˆแ• แ‰€แ‹ณแˆš แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

@etconp
โค8๐Ÿ‘7๐Ÿ‘4
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

โ™ง แˆแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

โ™ง แ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹แˆ‰แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ›แŠญแˆฉแŠ•

0904040477
0994941708
โค3
"Purpose of Stirrups during construction?" ๐Ÿ‘‡

@etconp
๐Ÿ™6๐Ÿ‘1
Ethio Construction Engineering
"Purpose of Stirrups during construction?" ๐Ÿ‘‡ @etconp
๐Ÿ‘‰This image explains the "Purpose of Stirrups during construction?" in the context of reinforced concrete beams, specifically by illustrating two common types of failure in beams:  Failure and Shear Failure. Stirrups are crucial for preventing the latter.

๐ŸทLet's break down each part:

๐Ÿ“œOverall Context:

โบThe image focuses on a beam supported by two columns, a common structural element in buildings.

โบThe text aims to explain why steel stirrups (small, closed loops of rebar) are incorporated into concrete beams.

๐ŸšงPart (a): Flexure Failure

* Illustration: Shows a beam bending significantly downwards in the middle, creating a curved shape.
    * "Beam" is labeled, indicating the horizontal structural member.
    * "Column" are the vertical supports at each end.
    * The bottom face of the beam is depicted with a mesh-like pattern, and small vertical lines extend upwards, representing cracks.
* Description: "Bottom face stretches in tension and vertical cracks develop."
    * When a beam is subjected to a load (e.g., from above), its top face is compressed (in compression), and its bottom face is stretched (in tension).
    * Concrete is very strong in compression but weak in tension. Therefore, as the bottom face stretches, it cracks vertically.
    * The "Flexure Failure" label highlights that this type of failure is due to bending moments.
* Relevance to Stirrups: While longitudinal (horizontal) rebar at the bottom of the beam is primarily designed to resist these tensile forces and prevent flexure failure, stirrups play a secondary role in maintaining the integrity of the concrete cover around this rebar, especially after significant cracking. However, their main purpose is not primarily for flexural strength.

๐ŸšงPart (b): Shear Failure

* Illustration: Shows a beam near one of its supporting columns.
    * A prominent "Inclined crack" is visible, typically forming at an angle of approximately 45ยฐ to the beam's longitudinal axis. This crack starts near the column and propagates upwards and inwards.
* Description: "Shear Failure"
    * Shear forces are concentrated near the supports of a beam. These forces tend to cause one part of the beam to slide past another.
    * Concrete's weakness in tension also makes it susceptible to diagonal tension stresses caused by shear forces. When these stresses exceed the concrete's tensile strength, inclined cracks form.
    * These inclined cracks are characteristic of shear failure and can lead to a sudden and brittle collapse of the beam if not properly reinforced.

โญ๏ธPurpose of Stirrups (Implicit in the explanation):

    * The smaller diagram on the left shows a multi-story building frame with a highlighted area indicating a beam-column joint. An arrow points to the beam, suggesting that the integrity of these connections is crucial.
    * Stirrups (also known as shear reinforcement or ties) are typically vertical or U-shaped closed loops of rebar placed perpendicularly to the main longitudinal rebar within the concrete beam.
    * Their primary purpose is to resist the diagonal tension stresses that cause shear cracks. They "tie" the concrete together, preventing the inclined cracks from widening and leading to failure.

โบBy providing a tension resistance in the direction perpendicular to the inclined crack, stirrups help the beam withstand shear forces.
    * Without adequate stirrups, shear failure can be sudden and catastrophic, making them essential for the safety and ductility of reinforced concrete structures.

๐Ÿ“œIn summary, the image effectively conveys that while longitudinal rebar addresses flexural (bending) stresses, it is the stirrups that are critical for resisting shear stresses and preventing brittle shear failure in concrete beams, particularly near their supports where shear forces are highest.

@etconp
โค18
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆฅแˆซ (rebar work) แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ›แ‹ˆแ‰… แŠซแˆ‰แ‰ฃแ‰ฝแˆ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ฑ

๐Ÿ’ซMain bars แ‰ แ‹‹แŠ“แАแ‰ต  แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹แŠ• แ‰ดแŠ•แˆณแ‹ญแˆ แˆตแ‰ตแˆจแˆต แ‹จแˆšแˆธแŠจแˆ™ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•
Distribution bars แ‹ฐแŒแˆž main bar' แŠฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แˆตแˆฎ แˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแŠ•แŒฅแ‰…แŠ•(crack) แˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆ แАแ‹‰ แŠฅแŠ“แˆ แˆณแ‹ญแ‹›แ‰ธแ‹ แŠจmain bars แ‹ซแŠ•แˆณแˆ::

โœ…Negative bars แ‹ฐแŒแˆž slab/beam แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹แŠ• negative bending moment แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆธแŠจแˆ™ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ก แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹::

โบแ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰กแ‰ตแˆ support แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹‰:: แˆˆ slab แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆ beam แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ (Top) แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แˆˆ mat slab แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠจแˆตแˆญ (bottom) แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹‰ แˆšแ‰€แˆ˜แŒกแ‰ต::

โœณ๏ธแˆŒแˆ‹แŠ›แ‹ แАแŒˆแˆญ top แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต span แˆ‹แ‹ญ bottom แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ฐแŒแˆž support แˆ‹แ‹ญ  lap แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆ‰::

โœณ๏ธLap length แˆˆvertical member (แˆแŠญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ column แŠฅแŠ“ shear wall) 50*D (diameter of bar) แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆhorizontal member (slab แŠฅแŠ“ beam) แ‹ฐแŒแˆž 40*D (diameter of bar) แАแ‹‰::

๐ŸทแŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แˆ†แŠ– แŠซแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ต share แ‹ซแ‹ตแˆญแŒ‰ ๐Ÿ‘‡

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp
โค26๐Ÿ‘2
Ethio Construction Engineering
๐Ÿ‘‰Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) ๐Ÿ” What is PERT? โบThe Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a project scheduling method that helps managers handle uncertainty in estimating task durations. โบIt was developed by the U.S. Navy inโ€ฆ
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠจแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆแ‹ แ‹จแ‰€แŒ แˆˆ

โญ๏ธLine of Balance (LOB):

โบImagine youโ€™re building a 20story hotel, and every floor needs the same work: plumbing, electrical, drywall, painting, etc. Now, if all your teams (electricians, plumbers, painters) are moving at different speeds or bunching up on the same floorsโ€”chaos!

โบLine of Balance helps you avoid that by creating a flow of work across the floors (or units). Itโ€™s like setting up a schedule for each crew to move from one floor to the next at a steady paceโ€”without stepping on each otherโ€™s toes.

๐Ÿ’ซWhat it looks like:

โœ…You use a graph where the X-axis is time and the Y-axis is floor or unit number.
โœ…Each trade's progress is drawn as a line, and if the lines donโ€™t intersect or overlap, you're golden.
โœ…If one team is faster or slower than the others, the lines crossโ€”meaning delays or conflicts.

๐Ÿ’ซWhy itโ€™s useful:

๐ŸŒŸKeeps trades moving efficiently.
๐ŸŒŸCuts down waiting time and site crowding.
๐ŸŒŸGreat for repetitive workโ€”like sections in transport,communication and electric lines,floors in a tower or units in a housing complex.

๐Ÿ”ฐCritical Chain Method (CCM):

โบItโ€™s like building with real-life delays in mind We all know that in construction, things rarely go exactly as planned. Weather, labor issues, or materials arriving late can throw off even the best schedule.

โบThe Critical Chain Method helps deal with this by focusing not just on the order of tasks, but also on resource availability and realistic buffersโ€”time cushions built into the plan.

๐Ÿทhow it works

โœ…First, plan out your project like normal (the critical path).
โœ…Then, check for resource overallocation โ€”like needing the same crew on two tasks at once.
โœ…Rearrange things to avoid overloading anyone. This gives you your โ€œcritical chain.โ€
โœ…Then, strip out the extra padding people normally add to each task.
โœ…Instead, add buffer time at the end or between task groups to absorb delays where it matters most.

๐Ÿ’ซWhy it's useful:

๐ŸŒŸPrevents workers from being pulled in too many directions.
๐ŸŒŸStops people from โ€œpaddingโ€ their tasks with unnecessary time.
๐ŸŒŸHelps you monitor how delays affect the overall scheduleโ€”you track buffer usage, not just deadlines.

@etconp
โค14
#ADVERTISEMENT

๐Ÿญ๐Ÿ TSEGAYE and YOHANNES J-Bolt & PLATE ๐Ÿš๐Ÿ— ๐ŸŒ๐ŸŒ†

๐Ÿงฟ OUR SERVICES โคต๏ธ

๐Ÿ”ฒPlate

โš™๏ธ  J-Bolt

โš“Anchor Bolt

โžฝTie Rod

Phone : ๐Ÿคณ0938494506 
              ๐Ÿคณ 0951087077
              ๐Ÿคณ 0929044037

๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแฆ  แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ แˆแŠ•แŠ แˆˆแˆฝ แ‰ฐแˆซ แŠจแŒญแ‹ต แ‰ฐแˆซ แŠจแ แ‰ฅแˆŽ

https://t.me/tsegaye2016Jbolt
๐Ÿ‘3
๐Ÿ‘‰Statically Determinate vs Indeterminate Structures

๐Ÿ“Œ Statically Determinate Structures

โ€ข A structure is statically determinate if all internal forces and reactions can be found using only the three equations of equilibrium.
โ€ข These structures are simpler to analyze and often used for small spans or basic bridges.
โ€ข They become unstable if any member or support is removed.
โ€ข Common examples include simply supported beams and pin-jointed trusses.
โ€ข In Ethiopia, rural pedestrian bridges often use determinate truss systems for easy maintenance.

๐Ÿ“Œ Statically Indeterminate Structures

โ€ข A structure is statically indeterminate if the equilibrium equations are not enough to find all internal forces.
โ€ข These require additional compatibility conditions and material properties for analysis.
โ€ข They provide better performance in terms of load redistribution and stiffness.
โ€ข Examples include continuous beams, fixed-end frames, and rigid multi-story frames.
โ€ข ERA and EBCS recommend indeterminate designs for urban flyovers and seismic-prone buildings in Addis Ababa.

๐Ÿ“Œ Key Differences

โ€ข Determinate: Easier to analyze and cheaper to build but less safe under unexpected loads.
โ€ข Indeterminate: Harder to analyze but stronger, stiffer and safer under variable conditions.
โ€ข Design choice depends on safety, economy and expected structural behavior.

๐Ÿ“Œ How to Classify a Structure as Determinate or Indeterminate

1. Count the Unknowns (Reactions + Internal Forces)
โ€ข Identify all support reactions and internal forces (like axial force, shear, and moment).

โ€ข External reactions depend on support types:
โ€ƒโ€ƒ๐Ÿงฑ Hinge = 2 reactions, Roller = 1 reaction, Fixed = 3 reactions.

2. Apply the Equilibrium Equations


โ€ข In 2D structures:
โ€ƒโ€ƒฮฃFx = 0โ€ƒโ€ƒฮฃFy = 0โ€ƒโ€ƒฮฃM = 0 (Only 3 equations total)
โ€ข In 3D structures:
โ€ƒโ€ƒฮฃFx = 0โ€ƒโ€ƒฮฃFy = 0โ€ƒโ€ƒฮฃFz = 0โ€ƒโ€ƒฮฃMx = 0โ€ƒโ€ƒฮฃMy = 0โ€ƒโ€ƒฮฃMz = 0 (6 equations total)

3. Compare the Number of Equations and Unknowns

โ€ข If the number of unknowns = number of equations โ†’ Statically Determinate
โ€ข If unknowns > equations โ†’ Statically Indeterminate
โ€ข If unknowns < equations โ†’ Unstable (Mechanism)

4. Special Case for Trusses

โ€ข Use: m + r = 2j
โ€ƒโ€ƒ๐Ÿงฐ m = members,โ€ƒr = reactions,โ€ƒj = joints
โ€ข If the equation balances โ†’ Determinate Truss
โ€ข If left side > right side โ†’ Indeterminate
โ€ข If left side < right side โ†’ Unstable Truss

@etconp
โค14๐Ÿ‘6๐Ÿฅฐ1
๐Ÿ‘‰ INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

โ— Concrete Admixtures
โ— Bonding Agents
โ— Waterproofings
โ— Wall Putty, Prime Coat
โ— Concrete Repair Mortar
โ— Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ— Grout, Self-level mortar
โ— Quartz paint, Contextra
โ— Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
โ— Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall
โค2
Federal Government Owned Enterprises_1070_2017.pdf
3 MB
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แŠ แˆแƒแ€แˆ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ (1070/2017)

๐ŸšจแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แ‰ แŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ฃแ‰คแ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹™ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ  แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹›แˆฌ แ‹ญแ‹ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ“แˆแข

๐Ÿšจแ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ (1070/2017) แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ  แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฅแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆฌแŠญแ‰ฐแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ฆแˆญแ‹ต แ‰ แˆ›แŒธแ‹ฐแ‰… แˆฒแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ  แŠญแแ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แŠจแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ  แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰น แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆปแˆˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ˆแŒฅ แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ–แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแข

๐Ÿšจแ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑ แ‹จแŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒแ‹ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ•แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠ แ‹‹แŒ… 1333/2016 แ‹ญแ‹ แŠจแˆ†แА แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŠ แ‹‹แŒแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŒฃ แˆถแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แАแ‹แข

๐Ÿ‘†แ‹จแŒแ‹ฅ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ซแ‹ญแ‹˜แŠ•แˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ‹แˆ!

@etconp
โค5
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฒแŠ“แ‹‹ แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แŒปแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ›แ‹ แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แˆˆแˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠ แ‹แˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ™ 1 แˆบ 210 แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แŒป แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ…แŒแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฐแˆฉ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆˆแŒธ

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ก แˆ…แŠ•แƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ›แ‹ แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠชแŠ“ แ–แˆญแŠชแŠ•แŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹แˆ‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแ‹ตแ‹ต แˆ…แŒแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆแˆแ‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ™ 1 แˆบแˆ… 280 แˆ…แŠ•แƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ 1 แˆบแˆ… 210 แ‰ แ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ›แ‹ แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แƒแ‹ แŠญแแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠชแŠ“ แˆ›แ‰†แˆšแ‹ซ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฐแŒก แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แŠ• แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‰ตแˆซแŠแŠญ แˆ›แŠ”แŒ…แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€แกแก

แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แŒป แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ…แŒ‰แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆˆแ แ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ›แ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แƒ แŠญแแˆ แˆˆแˆฑแแˆญแˆ›แˆญแŠฌแ‰ต แฃ แˆˆแˆ†แ‰ดแˆแŠ“ แˆˆแŠซแŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‰ตแˆญแ แˆˆแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแŠ™ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹แˆ‰ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‰ แˆ…แŠ•แƒแ‹ แˆตแˆญ แˆŠแ‰†แˆ™ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แŠชแŠ–แ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแ‹แˆแ‰ต แ‹ณแˆญ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰†แˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠแŠญ แˆ˜แŒจแŠ“แАแ‰… แˆฒแ‹ซแŒ‹แŒฅแˆ แˆ˜แ‰†แ‹จแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‰ตแˆซแŠแŠญ แˆ›แŠ”แŒ…แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แˆแŠญแ‰ตแˆ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแŠชแ‹ซแŒ… แŠขแŠ•แŒ‚แАแˆญ แŠคแˆแ‹ซแˆต แ‹˜แˆญแŒ‹ แˆˆแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แˆšแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แŠ”แ‰ตแ‹ŽแˆญแŠญ แŠคแ แŠคแˆ 96.3 แˆซแ‹ฒแ‹ฎ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰€แˆช 70 แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฑแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰€แˆช แˆ…แŠ•แƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฐแŒก แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆฐแˆซแˆ แŠ แˆ˜แˆแŠญแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ แกแก

แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ แˆฒแˆ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แŠญแแ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹ แ‹จแŒ แ‰†แˆ™แ‰ต แˆแŠญแ‰ตแˆ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแŠชแ‹ซแŒ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ…แŒ แŠญแแ‰ฐแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰…แˆจแ แ‰ 2016 แ‹“.แˆ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ฅ แ‰แŒฅแˆญ 165/2016 แ‹จแ–แˆญแŠชแŠ•แŒ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แŠ แ‹‹แŒ… แˆ˜แ‹แŒฃแ‰ฑแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ก แŠจแ‹ˆแŒฃ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แŒแŠ• แ‹แŒคแ‰ณแˆ› แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แˆ…แŒแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆแˆแ‹ แ‹จแ“แˆญแŠชแŠ•แŒ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠซแ‹‹แˆ‰ 183 แˆ…แŠ•แƒ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ก แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰€แŒฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แŠจ18.3 แˆšแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒˆแ‰ข แˆ˜แˆฐแ‰ฅแˆฐแ‰กแŠ•แˆ แАแ‹ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแŠชแ‹ซแŒ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉแ‰ตแกแก

Via Addis Media Network

@etconp
โค13๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆšแˆŠแŠ•แ‹จแˆ แŠ แ‹ณแˆซแˆฝ แˆแˆญแˆถ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แˆŠแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ แАแ‹

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ แˆšแ‹ตแˆฎแŠญ แŠขแŠ•แ‰จแˆตแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แŒแˆฉแ•แฃ  แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แ“แˆญแŠญ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ›แŠ”แŒ…แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แˆฅแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แˆšแˆŠแŠ’แ‹จแˆ แŠ แ‹ณแˆซแˆฝ แŠจแˆ˜แŒชแ‹ แŠจแ‰ณแˆ…แˆณแˆต 2018 แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แˆแˆญแˆถ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ แŠซแ’แ‰ณแˆ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฃ แ‹˜แŒแ‰งแˆแข

แ‰ 2000 แ‹“.แˆ. แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‹จแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ… แŒแ‹™แ แŠ แ‹ณแˆซแˆฝ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‰ณแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰… แŠ แ‹ณแˆซแˆพแ‰ฝ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแˆญ แ‰€แ‹ฐแˆ™ แАแ‹แข


๐ŸšงแŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ณแˆซแˆนแŠ• แŠ แ‰…แˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŒฅ แ‹ซแˆณแ‹ตแŒ‹แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แฃ แˆˆแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒฃแ‹ แŠขแŠ•แ‰จแˆตแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉ แˆ›แŠ•แАแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰€แŒฃแ‹ญ แ‹ญแ‹ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‹แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆแˆแข

แˆšแˆŠแŠ’แ‹จแˆ แŠ แ‹ณแˆซแˆฝ แ‰ 20 แˆบแˆ… แˆตแŠฉแ‹Œแˆญ แˆœแ‰ตแˆญ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆจแˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒŠแ‹œ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 25,000 แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแ‹ต แŠ แ‰…แˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‹แข


โบแ‹ญแˆ… แŠ แ‹ณแˆซแˆฝ แŠจแ‰ตแˆแˆแ‰… แ‰ฅแˆ”แˆซแ‹Š แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆžแ‰ฝแฃ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แˆตแ‰ฅแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ แŠคแŒแ‹šแ‰ขแˆฝแŠ–แ‰ฝแฃ แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ›แŠ–แ‰ณแ‹Š แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆžแ‰ฝแฃ แ‹จแˆแˆญแ‰ƒแ‰ต แˆตแАแˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆชแฃ แ‰ณแˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰… แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆฒแ‹ซแˆแ แˆˆแˆฝแŠแ‰ต แˆตแАแˆตแˆญแ‹“แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒญแˆแˆญ แˆšแŠ“แ‹แŠ• แˆฒแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ทแˆแข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘8โค5
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆ›แˆฉ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แŠ แАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแ‰แŠ• แˆˆแˆ™แˆตแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹ซแŒ‹แˆˆแŒ  แАแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆ

๐Ÿšงแ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰แŠ• แˆˆแˆ™แˆตแŠ“ แŠจแˆšแ‹ซแŒ‹แˆแŒกแ‰ต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆ›แˆฉ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แˆˆแˆฅแˆซแ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แŠ แАแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แ‰‹แˆแข

แ‹จแˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆฉ แ‹จแˆ•แ‹แ‰ฅ แŒแŠ•แŠ™แАแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠฎแˆ™แŠ’แŠฌแˆฝแŠ• แˆฅแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแƒแˆš แŠ แ‰ถ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‰ แ‹ดแ‰ปแค แ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆ›แˆฉ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŠฅแ‹แ‰€แ‰ต แˆ›แАแˆตแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹แŒช แˆแŠ•แ‹›แˆฌ แŠฅแŒฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆˆแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แˆˆแˆ™แˆตแŠ“ แŠจแˆšแŒ‹แˆˆแŒกแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‹ซแАแˆฑแ‰ต แŠƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹แค "แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‰ แ‰ต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆˆแˆšแˆฐแˆซแ‹ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แˆ›แŒˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแŒ แˆจ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แАแ‹" แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแข แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‰ แˆ™แˆตแŠ“แŠ“ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹ฅ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹ แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠ แ‰…แˆ™ แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซแ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซแ‰คแ‰ฑ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ฝแŒแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠ แˆตแ‹ˆแŒแ‹ถแค แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹ตแŒ แŠจแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠ แŠ•แƒแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ แˆจ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‰ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆตแ‰ตแˆช แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแŒฅแˆฌ แŠฅแ‰ƒ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ต แ‹จแŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆŒแˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹จแŒˆแˆˆแŒนแ‰ต แˆฅแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแƒแˆšแ‹แค แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆแข

แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠจแˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แŠ แŠ•แƒแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŠ•แАแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹แค แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰ฐแŠซแ‰ต แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแŠ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹แ‰€แ‹‹แˆแข

แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‹จแˆ•แŠ•แŒป แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแฃ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆฅแˆซแฃ แ‹จแ‹แˆ€ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ต แˆฒแˆ†แŠ•แค แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆตแ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แˆˆแˆ™แˆตแŠ“แŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆแˆน แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŒ‹แˆ‹แŒญ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒ‹แŒ‹แˆš แ‹ญแАแŒˆแˆซแˆแกแก

Via แŠ แˆแ‹ฑ แˆฌแ‹ฒแ‹ฎ

@etconp
โค9๐Ÿ‘3
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•


0904040477
0994941708
โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰Pile Testing

๐Ÿ’ซA. Pile load tests shall be conducted to provide data regarding the load-deformation characteristics of the pile up to failure or ultimate load, and to determine or establish the safe design pile capacity.

๐Ÿ’ซB. The head of the test pile shall be brought to the required level and provided with a pile cap having a level and plane surface with adequate space for proper seating of the jack and dial gauges.

๐ŸšงTypes of Pile Load Tests

โบa. Static Axial Compressive Load Test
โบb. Static Axial Tension Load Test
โบc. Lateral Load Test
โบd. High-Strain Dynamic Testing of Piles
โบe. Low-Strain Sonic Integrity Testing on Working Piles

โญ๏ธMagnitude of Test Loads on Piles

โบA. Test piles shall be tested up to failure or 250% of the working load, whichever occurs first.
โบB. Working piles identified for testing shall be tested up to failure or 150% of the working load, whichever occurs first.

โ‡๏ธStandards for Pile Load Testing

โบStatic Axial Compressive Load Test โ†’ To be carried out in accordance with ASTM D1143.
โบStatic Axial Tension Load Test (Pull-Out Test) โ†’ To be conducted in accordance with ASTM D3689.
โบLateral Pile Load Test โ†’ To be performed as per ASTM D3966 and BS EN 1997.

@etconp
โค3๐Ÿ‘2
แ‹จแŒแ‹ดแˆซแˆ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฎแˆญแ–แˆฌแˆฝแŠ• แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹Š แŒˆแ‰ข แŠจ9.3 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแˆปแŒˆแˆจ

แ‹จแŒแ‹ดแˆซแˆ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฎแˆญแ–แˆฌแˆฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‰€แŠ“แ‰ต แˆฒแ‹ซแŠซแˆ‚แ‹ต แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‹จ2017 แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แŒ แ‰ƒแˆˆแ‹ซ แŒแˆแŒˆแˆ› แ‹จ2018 แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแ‰…แ‹ตแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แˆแŒปแŒธแˆ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฅ แŠ แŒ แŠ“แ‰‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แŠฎแˆญแ–แˆฌแˆฝแŠ‘ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆฅแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแŒปแˆš แŠญแ‰กแˆญ แŠ แ‰ถ แˆจแˆปแ‹ต แŠจแˆ›แˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแ‹ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแˆ›แŒ แ‰ƒแˆˆแ‹ซ แŒแˆแŒˆแˆ›  แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‹Š แˆชแŽแˆญแˆ™ แŠจแŠ แŒˆแˆซแ‹Š แˆชแŽแˆญแˆ™ แŠฅแŠฉแˆ แŒแˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ• แŒ แ‰ฅแ‰† แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒ“แ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ปแˆ แˆจแŒˆแ‹ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ  แˆตแŠฌแ‰ณแˆ› แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ซแˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒก แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆแˆ‰แˆ แˆ˜แˆตแŠญ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒแˆŸแˆแกแก

แŠฎแˆญแ–แˆฌแˆฝแŠ‘ แ‹ซแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แŠจ9.3 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒˆแ‰ข แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‹Š แˆชแŽแˆญแˆ™ แˆฒแŒ€แˆ˜แˆญ แŠจแАแ‰ แˆจแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹จ2010 แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต (300 แˆšแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ) แŒ‹แˆญ แˆฒแАแŒปแŒธแˆญ แŠจ30 แŒŠแ‹œ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŒฅแ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ข แ‹•แ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‹แŒแ‰งแˆแกแก

แˆˆแŒˆแ‰ข แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ฑแฆ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ข แˆ›แŒแŠ› แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฑแŠ“ แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแ‹แ‰ฑแฃ  แŠจแŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆชแАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹•แ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹จแ‰ฑ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰แˆŸแˆแกแก 
แ‰ แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‰ แŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‹ˆแŒช แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แˆฑแ‰†แ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŒˆแ‰ข แŠจแˆ›แˆตแŒˆแŠ˜แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆปแŒˆแˆญ แŠฎแˆญแ–แˆฌแˆฝแŠ‘ แŠจ4.5 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต แˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แ‰ฐแ‰ฝแˆแˆแกแก

แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แ‹ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แŠ•แŒนแˆ… แ‹จแŠฆแ‹ฒแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แˆแˆ™แŠ’แ‹จแˆ แŽแˆญแˆแ‹ˆแˆญแŠญ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹จ3แ‹ฒ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ•แˆชแŠ•แ‰ต แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ•แˆชแŠซแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆˆแˆ›แˆ‹แˆ˜แ‹ต แ‰ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ‘ แ‹จแ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แ‹แŒแŒ…แ‰ต แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰ƒแ‰ธแ‹แˆ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแกแก

แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แˆ•แŠ•แŒปแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ›แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ‰แŠ“ แŒแ‹™แ‰แŠ• แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ต แˆ›แˆแˆจแ‰ป แˆ›แ‹•แŠจแˆ แŠ แŒ แŠ“แ‰† แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆญ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แˆฅแˆซ แˆ›แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ปแˆ‰แŠ“ แŠ แˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠ แ‰…แˆ™ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆแˆญแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒˆแ‰ฃ แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‰ปแˆ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆฉ แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ต แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹แŒคแ‰ณแˆ› แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แˆ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰แˆŸแˆแกแก
โค11๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แˆตแ‹ฐแˆณแ‰ฝ แ‹œแŠ“ แˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ปแŠ“แˆ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ

๐Ÿ’ซแ‹จ "Quantity Surveying" Full Course แŠฆแŠ•แˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰  แŠ แˆ›แˆญแŠ› แ‰‹แŠ•แ‰‹ แˆ˜แˆ›แˆญ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จ แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆžแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฃแŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ› แ‹™แˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แˆˆแŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŒ€แˆแˆจแŠ“แˆ
               
๐Ÿ”ฅ แ‹ญแˆ… แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“ แˆแŠ• แˆแŠ• แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆ?
๐Ÿ’ซTakeoff sheet
๐Ÿ’ซBill of Quantity(BOQ)
๐Ÿ’ซPayment Certificate

๐Ÿทแ‰ แ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ณแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆตแ‰†แŒ แˆฉ แˆ˜แˆแˆ…แˆซแŠ• แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“แ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‹แŒแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แŒจแˆญแˆฐแŠ• แŠฅแˆญแˆถแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ฃแ‰ แ‰… แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แŒˆแŠ›แˆแŠ• แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‹›แˆฌ แАแŒˆ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ‰ แˆแŒฅแŠ•แ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ˜แ‹แŒˆแ‰ฅ แŠฅแˆซแˆถแ‹Žแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ณแ‰ฅแˆจแ‹ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆตแˆซแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰€แˆ‹แ‰€แˆ‰ แŠ แŠ•แˆญแ‹ณแ‹Žแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แˆ‹แˆˆแŠ•แข

๐Ÿ“แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แˆแŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแˆ‰ แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ• แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‹แˆตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰€แ‹ตแˆ˜แ‹ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ซแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ˜แ‹แŒˆแ‰ก                       

๐Ÿ“ฉแˆ˜แˆ˜แ‹แŒˆแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแˆแˆแŒ‰ @Philemona7 แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‰  0925446661 แ‹ฐแ‹แˆˆแ‹ แ‹ซแŒแŠ™แŠ•๐Ÿ™

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘12๐Ÿ™4โค2