Powering East Africa_ From Vision to Reality (1).pdf
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💫Article Spotlight: “Powering East Africa: From Vision to Reality” By Assefa M. Melesse, Ph.D., P.E., and Alemayehu Gebriel, Ph.D., P.E.
📜This article, published in the July/August 2025 issue of Civil Engineering magazine (ASCE), explores the engineering and regional impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD).
⏺It highlights the technical challenges, design solutions, and the potential of the dam to transform East Africa’s energy landscape by providing sustainable hydroelectric power.
⏺A great read for engineers interested in large-scale infrastructure, renewable energy, and development projects in Africa!
Via Yonatan Tadesse, PMP®
@etconp
💫Article Spotlight: “Powering East Africa: From Vision to Reality” By Assefa M. Melesse, Ph.D., P.E., and Alemayehu Gebriel, Ph.D., P.E.
📜This article, published in the July/August 2025 issue of Civil Engineering magazine (ASCE), explores the engineering and regional impact of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD).
⏺It highlights the technical challenges, design solutions, and the potential of the dam to transform East Africa’s energy landscape by providing sustainable hydroelectric power.
⏺A great read for engineers interested in large-scale infrastructure, renewable energy, and development projects in Africa!
Via Yonatan Tadesse, PMP®
@etconp
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● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall
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👉የጎባጢት ድልድይ ነገር
🚧ጎባጢት ድልድይ በማዕከላዊ ጎንደር ዞን በጎንደር ዙሪያ ወረዳ ከእንፍራዝ ከተማ በቅርብ ርቀት ይገኛል።
⏺ድልድዩ በእንፍራንዝ ከተማ እና በታሪካዊው የጉዛራ ቤተ መንግስት መካከል የጋርኖ ወንዝ ላይ የሚገኝ ነው፡፡
ጉዛራ ቤተመንግሥት እና እንፍራዝ ከተማም በቅርብ ርቀት ማዶ ለማዶ የሚገኙ ሲሆን፤ በተለይም በክረምት ወቅት ወንዙን መሻገር የማይቻል ነበር፡፡
የዐፄ ሰርፀ ድንግል ባለቤት እቴጌ ስነወርቅ ማርያም ከጉዛራ ወደ እንፍራዝ ልደታ ቤተክርስቲያን ለመሄድና ፀሎት ለማድረስ ይቸገሩ ስለነበረ ያን ታሳቢ ተደርጎ እንደተሠራ ይነገራል፡፡
የጎባጢት ድልድይ 12 ሜትር ርዝመት፣ 9 ሜትር ቁመት፣ 4 ሜትር ስፋትና 1 ሜትር ውፍረት ያለው ሲሆን የለምንም ብረት ከኖራ ብቻ የተሠራ ነው፡፡
📸Fanos Pictures
Via Abebaw Amebaye
@etconp
🚧ጎባጢት ድልድይ በማዕከላዊ ጎንደር ዞን በጎንደር ዙሪያ ወረዳ ከእንፍራዝ ከተማ በቅርብ ርቀት ይገኛል።
⏺ድልድዩ በእንፍራንዝ ከተማ እና በታሪካዊው የጉዛራ ቤተ መንግስት መካከል የጋርኖ ወንዝ ላይ የሚገኝ ነው፡፡
ከ457 ዓመታት በላይ ዕድሜ ያስቆጠረው የጎባጢት ድልድይ በዐፄ ሰርፀ ድንግል ዘመን በ1560ዎቹ የተገነባ ነው፡፡
ጉዛራ ቤተመንግሥት እና እንፍራዝ ከተማም በቅርብ ርቀት ማዶ ለማዶ የሚገኙ ሲሆን፤ በተለይም በክረምት ወቅት ወንዙን መሻገር የማይቻል ነበር፡፡
የዐፄ ሰርፀ ድንግል ባለቤት እቴጌ ስነወርቅ ማርያም ከጉዛራ ወደ እንፍራዝ ልደታ ቤተክርስቲያን ለመሄድና ፀሎት ለማድረስ ይቸገሩ ስለነበረ ያን ታሳቢ ተደርጎ እንደተሠራ ይነገራል፡፡
የጎባጢት ድልድይ 12 ሜትር ርዝመት፣ 9 ሜትር ቁመት፣ 4 ሜትር ስፋትና 1 ሜትር ውፍረት ያለው ሲሆን የለምንም ብረት ከኖራ ብቻ የተሠራ ነው፡፡
ዛሬ ድረስ "ማን ያሻግረኝ ብለሽ እንዳትጨነቂ፣
በጎባጢት ድልድይ በግንቡ ዝለቂ" እየተባለ ይዘፈንለታል፡፡
📸Fanos Pictures
Via Abebaw Amebaye
@etconp
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👉Ethiopia’s Natural Gas Breakthrough and The Road Ahead for Gas Line Construction
💫Exciting times for Ethiopia’s energy sector: The country is on the verge of marketing domestically produced natural gas for the first time in its history, marking a major milestone in national industrial growth.
⏺After years of exploration, the Ogaden Basin (notably the Calub and Hilala fields in the Somali region) has been verified to hold over 7 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves—a game changer for both Ethiopia’s energy independence and regional commerce.
⏺The initial focus is on domestic supply, with the government reprioritizing gas for industrial uses, power generation, and fertilizer production after previously stalling export plans due to strategic and financial constraints.
⏺Previously, projects were discussed for a 767-km natural gas pipeline from the Ogaden region to the port of Djibouti—a plan backed by international agreements and envisioned as a route to global markets. Recent policy has shifted emphasis toward national consumption, but understanding the technicalities of such a pipeline is vital for Ethiopia’s future energy infrastructure.
🏷Technical Overview: Designing and Constructing a Natural Gas Transmission Line
🚧1. Survey, Route, and Engineering:
- Engineering surveys map the pipeline right-of-way (ROW), establish temporary workspaces, and evaluate environmental conditions. Key data like elevation, river/creek crossings, and soil stability inform the design.
- Pipeline route selection is influenced by terrain, required ROW acquisition, and potential environmental impact.
🚧2. Design Codes and Safety:
- International standards such as ASME B31.8 and API 5L are employed for pipeline design and safety. Key considerations include gas composition, flow rate, operating pressure, temperature, and physical properties (e.g., carbon content, gas viscosity, specific gravity).
- Wall thickness, diameter, material grade, and external/internal corrosion protection are determined by hydraulic calculations and risk assessments.
🚧3. Construction Phases:
- Typical construction steps include clearing and grading the ROW, trenching, stringing pipes, welding, coating, laying in trench, backfilling, and hydrostatic testing for leaks and strength.
- Strict adherence to national and international pipeline safety regulations throughout the design, construction, and commissioning process ensures public and environmental safety.
🚧4. Route Logistics: Ogaden to Djibouti:
- The planned pipeline from Ogaden to Djibouti follows major regional roadways, roughly paralleling existing infrastructure used for Ethiopia’s import/export corridor.
- This corridor would enhance energy access for Ethiopia’s industrial heartland and provide new utility infrastructure benefiting regional development.
📍With Ethiopia’s growing expertise and the strategic importance of logistics between the production zone and Djibouti, engineering professionals have a unique opportunity to shape the region’s energy future. Stay tuned for more updates as projects evolve!
Via Yonatan Tadesse, PMP®
@etconp
💫Exciting times for Ethiopia’s energy sector: The country is on the verge of marketing domestically produced natural gas for the first time in its history, marking a major milestone in national industrial growth.
⏺After years of exploration, the Ogaden Basin (notably the Calub and Hilala fields in the Somali region) has been verified to hold over 7 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves—a game changer for both Ethiopia’s energy independence and regional commerce.
⏺The initial focus is on domestic supply, with the government reprioritizing gas for industrial uses, power generation, and fertilizer production after previously stalling export plans due to strategic and financial constraints.
⏺Previously, projects were discussed for a 767-km natural gas pipeline from the Ogaden region to the port of Djibouti—a plan backed by international agreements and envisioned as a route to global markets. Recent policy has shifted emphasis toward national consumption, but understanding the technicalities of such a pipeline is vital for Ethiopia’s future energy infrastructure.
🏷Technical Overview: Designing and Constructing a Natural Gas Transmission Line
🚧1. Survey, Route, and Engineering:
- Engineering surveys map the pipeline right-of-way (ROW), establish temporary workspaces, and evaluate environmental conditions. Key data like elevation, river/creek crossings, and soil stability inform the design.
- Pipeline route selection is influenced by terrain, required ROW acquisition, and potential environmental impact.
🚧2. Design Codes and Safety:
- International standards such as ASME B31.8 and API 5L are employed for pipeline design and safety. Key considerations include gas composition, flow rate, operating pressure, temperature, and physical properties (e.g., carbon content, gas viscosity, specific gravity).
- Wall thickness, diameter, material grade, and external/internal corrosion protection are determined by hydraulic calculations and risk assessments.
🚧3. Construction Phases:
- Typical construction steps include clearing and grading the ROW, trenching, stringing pipes, welding, coating, laying in trench, backfilling, and hydrostatic testing for leaks and strength.
- Strict adherence to national and international pipeline safety regulations throughout the design, construction, and commissioning process ensures public and environmental safety.
🚧4. Route Logistics: Ogaden to Djibouti:
- The planned pipeline from Ogaden to Djibouti follows major regional roadways, roughly paralleling existing infrastructure used for Ethiopia’s import/export corridor.
- This corridor would enhance energy access for Ethiopia’s industrial heartland and provide new utility infrastructure benefiting regional development.
📍With Ethiopia’s growing expertise and the strategic importance of logistics between the production zone and Djibouti, engineering professionals have a unique opportunity to shape the region’s energy future. Stay tuned for more updates as projects evolve!
Via Yonatan Tadesse, PMP®
@etconp
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👉Why Cement Has Specific Gravity ~3.15 but Unit Weight is Only 1440 kg/m³?
⭐️If you've ever asked: “Cement’s specific gravity is 3.15 so why is its unit weight only 1440 kg/m³?”
🔰Let’s break it down in simple terms 👇
✅ What is Specific Gravity of Cement?
▶️It's the ratio of cement’s density to water’s density.
⏺Water's density = 1000 kg/m³
So, Cement’s density = 3.15 × 1000 = 3150 kg/m³.
📍BUT This is the absolute density measured in lab, without air gaps, fully compacted and used in mix design calculations.
🚧What is Unit Weight (Bulk Density)?
⏺This is the actual weight per m³ of cement as stored or handled on site.
⏺Cement particles are not tightly packed in a bag there are air voids.
🏷That’s why the unit weight is only ~1440 kg/m³.
⏺It is used when calculating volume-based cement quantity on site.
@etconp
⭐️If you've ever asked: “Cement’s specific gravity is 3.15 so why is its unit weight only 1440 kg/m³?”
🔰Let’s break it down in simple terms 👇
✅ What is Specific Gravity of Cement?
▶️It's the ratio of cement’s density to water’s density.
⏺Water's density = 1000 kg/m³
So, Cement’s density = 3.15 × 1000 = 3150 kg/m³.
📍BUT This is the absolute density measured in lab, without air gaps, fully compacted and used in mix design calculations.
🚧What is Unit Weight (Bulk Density)?
⏺This is the actual weight per m³ of cement as stored or handled on site.
⏺Cement particles are not tightly packed in a bag there are air voids.
🏷That’s why the unit weight is only ~1440 kg/m³.
⏺It is used when calculating volume-based cement quantity on site.
@etconp
❤10👏10
👉Hydration Kinetics, Silica, and Local Resources in Ethiopian Concrete
⏺When cement and water mix, a process called hydration starts. This process controls how fast cement hardens and how strong it becomes.
⭐️There are a few main stages:
• Initial mixing: A quick reaction starts as soon as water touches cement.
• Dormancy: The mix becomes workable for transport and placement while reactions slow down.
• Acceleration: Concrete hardens rapidly and gains strength.
• Deceleration: Strength still increases, but the reactions slow as materials get used up.
• Steady growth: Strength develops slowly over time, enhancing durability.
Silica—especially in fine forms like silica fume or certain sand plays a major role.
⏺It reacts with a hydration byproduct (calcium hydroxide) to create more of the main binding material (C-S-H gel) that makes concrete strong and long-lasting.
🚧Silica’s small particles also fill gaps in concrete, reducing pores and making the material tougher and more durable.
📜In practice, this means:
• Higher early and long-term strength.
• Reduced cracks and better resistance to weather.
• Improved durability for structures like bridges and tall buildings.
💫Ethiopian Construction Resources:
🏷Ethiopia has abundant materials for concrete:
• Aggregates: Common types are scoria, pumice (lightweight), and basalt (normal weight), found near big cities like Addis Ababa.
• Cement Raw Materials: Major deposits of limestone, clay, gypsum, pumice, and most importantly for this post—silica sand—are locally available. Notable silica sites include the Lemi area (Blue Nile Basin), Fetera, Mugher Valley, Enticho, and Kella in the Gurage Zone.
• Industrial Byproducts: Some factories recover silica from waste.
⏺By understanding hydration and using Ethiopia’s rich silica deposits, the construction sector can produce stronger, more durable concrete suited to local needs.
⏺This helps build safer, longer-lasting structures throughout the country.
Via Yonatan Tadesse, PMP®
@etconp
⏺When cement and water mix, a process called hydration starts. This process controls how fast cement hardens and how strong it becomes.
⭐️There are a few main stages:
• Initial mixing: A quick reaction starts as soon as water touches cement.
• Dormancy: The mix becomes workable for transport and placement while reactions slow down.
• Acceleration: Concrete hardens rapidly and gains strength.
• Deceleration: Strength still increases, but the reactions slow as materials get used up.
• Steady growth: Strength develops slowly over time, enhancing durability.
Silica—especially in fine forms like silica fume or certain sand plays a major role.
⏺It reacts with a hydration byproduct (calcium hydroxide) to create more of the main binding material (C-S-H gel) that makes concrete strong and long-lasting.
🚧Silica’s small particles also fill gaps in concrete, reducing pores and making the material tougher and more durable.
📜In practice, this means:
• Higher early and long-term strength.
• Reduced cracks and better resistance to weather.
• Improved durability for structures like bridges and tall buildings.
💫Ethiopian Construction Resources:
🏷Ethiopia has abundant materials for concrete:
• Aggregates: Common types are scoria, pumice (lightweight), and basalt (normal weight), found near big cities like Addis Ababa.
• Cement Raw Materials: Major deposits of limestone, clay, gypsum, pumice, and most importantly for this post—silica sand—are locally available. Notable silica sites include the Lemi area (Blue Nile Basin), Fetera, Mugher Valley, Enticho, and Kella in the Gurage Zone.
• Industrial Byproducts: Some factories recover silica from waste.
⏺By understanding hydration and using Ethiopia’s rich silica deposits, the construction sector can produce stronger, more durable concrete suited to local needs.
⏺This helps build safer, longer-lasting structures throughout the country.
Via Yonatan Tadesse, PMP®
@etconp
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Playgrounds-for-Early-Years_compressed (1).pdf
14 MB
👉አዲስ መጽሀፍ
📜በነጻ የቀረበ
🚧ለቀዳማይ ልጆች መጫወቻ
የንድፍ እና መተግበሪያ ስራ መመርያ
⏺Playgrounds for Early Years
GUIDEBOOK FOR DESIGN
AND IMPLEMENTATION
IN ADDIS ABABA
💫በ Addis Ababa ECD Program
Superpool እና Van Leer Foundation
@etconp
📜በነጻ የቀረበ
🚧ለቀዳማይ ልጆች መጫወቻ
የንድፍ እና መተግበሪያ ስራ መመርያ
⏺Playgrounds for Early Years
GUIDEBOOK FOR DESIGN
AND IMPLEMENTATION
IN ADDIS ABABA
💫በ Addis Ababa ECD Program
Superpool እና Van Leer Foundation
@etconp
👍8❤2
👉የወሎ ኮምቦልቻ ኤርፖርት ተርሚናል ማስፋፊያ ግንባታ ተጠናቆ ተመርቋል
💫ከ 1 ነጥብ 8 ቢሊየን ብር በላይ ወጪ የተደረገበት የወሎ ኮምቦልቻ የመንገደኞች አውሮፕላን ማስፋፊያ ግንባታ ተጠናቆ ለአገልግሎት ክፍት ሆነ።
⏺ማስፋፊያ ፕሮጀክቱ የአማራ ክልል ርእሰ መስተዳድር አረጋ ከበደ እና የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንግድ ግሩፕ ዋና ስራ አስፈፃሚ መስፍን ጣሰው በተገኙበት በዛሬው ዕለት ሐምሌ 24/ 2017 ተመርቋል።
🚧ርእሰ መስተዳድር አረጋ ከበደ፤ በመርኃግብሩ ላይ ባደረጉት ንግግር የወሎ ኮምቦልቻ አውሮፕላን ማረፊያ ማስፋፊያ ግንባታ መጠናቀቁ ለክልሉም ይሁን ለሀገራዊ ፋይዳው የላቀ መሆኑን ገልጸዋል።
🏷በክልሉ የበርካታ ትልልቅ ፕሮጀክቶች ግንባታ በመከናወን ላይ መሆኑን አንስተው ተጠናቀው ለአገልግሎት እንዲበቁ ይደረጋል ብለዋል።
⏺የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ ዋና ሥራ አስፈጻሚ መስፍን ጣሰው በበኩላቸው፤ የአየር ትራንስፖርቱን በማዘመንና ተደራሽነቱን በማስፋት የተሰራው ስራ ውጤታማ መሆኑን ገልጸዋል ሲል ኢዜአ ዘግቧል።
@etconp
💫ከ 1 ነጥብ 8 ቢሊየን ብር በላይ ወጪ የተደረገበት የወሎ ኮምቦልቻ የመንገደኞች አውሮፕላን ማስፋፊያ ግንባታ ተጠናቆ ለአገልግሎት ክፍት ሆነ።
⏺ማስፋፊያ ፕሮጀክቱ የአማራ ክልል ርእሰ መስተዳድር አረጋ ከበደ እና የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንግድ ግሩፕ ዋና ስራ አስፈፃሚ መስፍን ጣሰው በተገኙበት በዛሬው ዕለት ሐምሌ 24/ 2017 ተመርቋል።
🚧ርእሰ መስተዳድር አረጋ ከበደ፤ በመርኃግብሩ ላይ ባደረጉት ንግግር የወሎ ኮምቦልቻ አውሮፕላን ማረፊያ ማስፋፊያ ግንባታ መጠናቀቁ ለክልሉም ይሁን ለሀገራዊ ፋይዳው የላቀ መሆኑን ገልጸዋል።
🏷በክልሉ የበርካታ ትልልቅ ፕሮጀክቶች ግንባታ በመከናወን ላይ መሆኑን አንስተው ተጠናቀው ለአገልግሎት እንዲበቁ ይደረጋል ብለዋል።
⏺የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ግሩፕ ዋና ሥራ አስፈጻሚ መስፍን ጣሰው በበኩላቸው፤ የአየር ትራንስፖርቱን በማዘመንና ተደራሽነቱን በማስፋት የተሰራው ስራ ውጤታማ መሆኑን ገልጸዋል ሲል ኢዜአ ዘግቧል።
@etconp
❤10👏2
👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals
● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall
● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall
❤1👍1
👉ውል ከተፈራረሙ በኋላ ጨረታ ሊሰረዝ ይችላልን?
👋ሰላም ጤና ይስጥልን እንደምን አላችሁ? አንድ የቻናላችን ቤተሰብ "ድርጅታችን በ egp ተወዳድሮ ጨረታ ከአሸነፈ በኋላ በግለሰቦች ጣልቃ ገብነት እስከ ቦርድ ደርሶ በጨረታው ሒደት ምንም ችግር እንደሌለበት ተረጋግጦ ውል ከገባን እና የጨረታ ማስከበሪያ ከአስያዝን በኋላ ከስነ-ምግባርና ፀረ-ሙስና በሰጠን ምክረ ሀሳብ መሠረት ጨረታውን ሠርዘናል ብሎ በግልባጭ ምንም ሳያማክረን ገለጸልን። ለመሆኑ በቅድሚያ ውሉን አሰሪ ስለሆነ ብቻ በራሱ መሠረዝ ይችላል ወይ?" የሚል ጥያቄ አርበዋል።
📌እኛም የጋራ ሀሳብ ይሆነን ዘንድ በዚህ ቻናል ላይ አቅርበንዋል።
📍በኮንስትራክሽን የጨረታ ሂደት ውስጥ ሦስት አይነት ዋና ዋና ሰነዶች የሚኖሩበትን ሂደት የሚያልፍ ነው። ይኸውም የመጀመሪያው አሠሪው አካል (employer/client/public body) የሚባለው አካል የሚያዘጋጀው ስለፕሮጀክቱ ዝርዝር ይዘት፣ ስለተጫራቾች መመሪያ፣ ስለተጫራጮች ተጠባቂ አቅም እና ስለሥራዎች ዝርዝር ልኬትና ንድፍ የሚያስረዳ ተጫራቾች የማይመለስ የሰነድ መግዢያ ከፍለው የሚገዙት ሰነድ ሲሆን የጨረታ ሰነድ (Tender or Bid Document) ይባላል። ሁለተኛው ሰነድ ተጫራቾች (Bidders) በጨረታ ሰነዱ መስፈርትና ልኬት መሰረት ያላቸውን ቴኪኒካዊ ማሙላት እና የግንባታ ዋጋ የሚያረጋግጡ ልዩ ልዩ ይዘቶችን የያዘ በተቋራጩ ማኅተም የተረጋገጠ ለአሰሪው አካል የሚገባ የጨረታ ምላሽ ሰነድ (Bid Response Document) ነው። ሦስተኛው ሰነድ አሠሪው አካል ከተሰበሰቡት የተጫራቾች ሰነዶች መካከል በውድድር አሳልፎ ከመረጠው ተጫራች ጋር የሚፈጽመው የግንባታ ውል ሰነድ (Contract Document) ይባላል።
በዚህ ይዘት የመጀመሪያዎቹ ሁለቱ ሰነዶች ጠቅላላ ሂደታቸው እስኪጠናቀቁ ድረስ ያለው ሂደት የጨረታ ጊዜ (ወቅት) ይባላል። ይህ ጊዜ በውድድሩ ሰዓት ቅሬታ ካለ ቅሬታው እስኪፈታ ድረስ ያለውን ስለሚያጠቃልል የቀረበው ቅሬታ በሙሉ ታይቶና ተገምግሞ የመጨረሻ አሸናፊ የሆነው አካል ውል እንዲፈርም እስከሚደረግበት ጊዜ ድረስ ያለው ያጠቃልላል። በጨረታ ጊዜ ውስጥ ባለው በማንኛውም ሰዓት አሠሪው አካል ጨረታውን የሚሰርዝበት ምክንያት ወይም ሕጋዊ አስገዳጅነት ወይም የተሻለ አማራጭ ካገኘ የመሰረዝ መብቱ ሙሉ ለሙሉ የተጠበቀ እስከመሆን ድረስ መብት ይኖረዋል።
ነገር ግን የጨረታ ጊዜ ተጠናቆ አሠሪው አካል ከተቋራጩ ጋር የሥራ (የግንባታ ወይም የማማከር ወይም የዲዛይን) አገልግሎት እንዲሰጠው ውል ከተፈራረመ በኋላ የውሉ ጉዳይ የጋራ ጉዳይ እንጂ የአንደኛው አካል ፍላጎትን ብቻ የሚተገብር አይሆንም። የሥራ ውል (Contract of Works) ውል ስለሚቋረጥባቸው ምክንያቶችም በዝርዝር የሚገልጽ ይዘት ያለው ስለሆነ ውል ሊቋረጥ የሚችለው በዚያ የውል ሁኔታ Contract Condition) መሰረት እንጂ ከዚያ ውጪ ከሆነ ለተጎጂው አካል ወይም ውል የሚቋረጥበት አካል ውል የማቋረጥ ፍላጎት ካሳየው አካል አስፈላጊውን ክፍያ ሊጠይቅ ይችላል። ውል ስለሚፈርስባቸው ምክንያቶች የሀገራችን የመንግሥት ግዢ እና ንብረት አስተዳደር ኤጀንሲ (PPPAA) ጠቅላላ ድንጋጌ አንቀጽ 21 (General Condition of Contract, Clause 21) ሥር ባሉት ሁኔታዎች ላይ ይመሰረታል። ውል ለመሰረዝም ሊከተላቸው የሚገቡ ቅደም ተከተሎች እና ፕሮቶኮሎች እንዳሉ በዚህ ድንጋጌ ላይ ተወስኗል።
በመንግሥት ግዢ መመሪያ ከተገለጸው በተጨማሪ ከውል ሁኔታዎች በተጨማሪ የሀገራችን የፍትሐ ብሔር ሕግ (Ethiopia Civil Code) ውል የመሰረዝ ሀሳብን ማንሳት ለማንኛውም ወገን የተፈቀደ ሲሆን በአንቀጽ 3055 ሥር በተገለጸው መሰረት አሰሪው አካል ሥራ ተቋራጩ አንዳችም ጥፋት ባይፈጽምም እንኳን ያለምንም ቅድመ ሁኔታ የፈረመውን ውል የማፍረስ መብት ተሰጥቶታል። ነገር ግን በቁጥር 3036 እንደተገለጸው ሥራ ተቋራጩ የውሉን ጅምላ ዋጋ (በተለይ ለላምፕ ሰም ውል) ወይም አቅራቢያ ዋጋ የማግኘት መብት ያለው ሲሆን ሥራ ተቋራጩ ከማውጣት የቀረለትን ወጪ ተቀናሽ ማድረግ አለበት። ቢሆንም ግን አቅራቢያ በሆነ ግምት ተሰልቶ እንደሆነ አሠሪው መክፈል ያለበትን ገንዘብ እስከ 20% ድረስ በመጨመር ሥራ ተቋራጩ ሊጠይቅ ይችላል" ተብሎ ተደንግጓል።
በመሆኑም አንድ አሠሪ አካል ሥራ ተቋራጩ አሸናፊ መሆኑን ገልጾ ውል እንዲፈርም ካደረገ በኋላ በውል ሰነዱ ውስጥ ከተጠቀሱ ወይም በሌሎች ቅቡል የሕግ ማእቀፎች የተደነገጉ ምክንያቶች ካልሆነ በቀር በማንኛውም ጊዜ ውል የማፍረስ መብት የለው። ውል ማፍረስ እና ጨረታ መዘረዝ በእጅጉ የሚለያዩ ናቸው። ነገር ግን ውል የማቋረጥ ፍላጎት ካለው ስለማይከለከል ሥራ ተቋራጩ በውል አፈጻጸም ሂደት ላባከናቸው ወጪዎች (ለምሳሌ፦ የሥራ ማስጀመሪያ ቦንድ ገንዘብ ወለድ፣ የውል ማስከበሪያ ወለድ፣ የብቃት ማስያዢያ ቦንድ ወለድ፣ በውል አፈጻጸም ሂደት ላወጣቸው የትራንስፖርት፣ የስቴሽነሪ፣ ለተጀመሩ የሥራ እንቅስቃሴዎች በሙሉ ክፍያ ... ) ወጪዎች የመጠየቅም መብት ይኖረዋል።
@etconp
👋ሰላም ጤና ይስጥልን እንደምን አላችሁ? አንድ የቻናላችን ቤተሰብ "ድርጅታችን በ egp ተወዳድሮ ጨረታ ከአሸነፈ በኋላ በግለሰቦች ጣልቃ ገብነት እስከ ቦርድ ደርሶ በጨረታው ሒደት ምንም ችግር እንደሌለበት ተረጋግጦ ውል ከገባን እና የጨረታ ማስከበሪያ ከአስያዝን በኋላ ከስነ-ምግባርና ፀረ-ሙስና በሰጠን ምክረ ሀሳብ መሠረት ጨረታውን ሠርዘናል ብሎ በግልባጭ ምንም ሳያማክረን ገለጸልን። ለመሆኑ በቅድሚያ ውሉን አሰሪ ስለሆነ ብቻ በራሱ መሠረዝ ይችላል ወይ?" የሚል ጥያቄ አርበዋል።
📌እኛም የጋራ ሀሳብ ይሆነን ዘንድ በዚህ ቻናል ላይ አቅርበንዋል።
📍በኮንስትራክሽን የጨረታ ሂደት ውስጥ ሦስት አይነት ዋና ዋና ሰነዶች የሚኖሩበትን ሂደት የሚያልፍ ነው። ይኸውም የመጀመሪያው አሠሪው አካል (employer/client/public body) የሚባለው አካል የሚያዘጋጀው ስለፕሮጀክቱ ዝርዝር ይዘት፣ ስለተጫራቾች መመሪያ፣ ስለተጫራጮች ተጠባቂ አቅም እና ስለሥራዎች ዝርዝር ልኬትና ንድፍ የሚያስረዳ ተጫራቾች የማይመለስ የሰነድ መግዢያ ከፍለው የሚገዙት ሰነድ ሲሆን የጨረታ ሰነድ (Tender or Bid Document) ይባላል። ሁለተኛው ሰነድ ተጫራቾች (Bidders) በጨረታ ሰነዱ መስፈርትና ልኬት መሰረት ያላቸውን ቴኪኒካዊ ማሙላት እና የግንባታ ዋጋ የሚያረጋግጡ ልዩ ልዩ ይዘቶችን የያዘ በተቋራጩ ማኅተም የተረጋገጠ ለአሰሪው አካል የሚገባ የጨረታ ምላሽ ሰነድ (Bid Response Document) ነው። ሦስተኛው ሰነድ አሠሪው አካል ከተሰበሰቡት የተጫራቾች ሰነዶች መካከል በውድድር አሳልፎ ከመረጠው ተጫራች ጋር የሚፈጽመው የግንባታ ውል ሰነድ (Contract Document) ይባላል።
በዚህ ይዘት የመጀመሪያዎቹ ሁለቱ ሰነዶች ጠቅላላ ሂደታቸው እስኪጠናቀቁ ድረስ ያለው ሂደት የጨረታ ጊዜ (ወቅት) ይባላል። ይህ ጊዜ በውድድሩ ሰዓት ቅሬታ ካለ ቅሬታው እስኪፈታ ድረስ ያለውን ስለሚያጠቃልል የቀረበው ቅሬታ በሙሉ ታይቶና ተገምግሞ የመጨረሻ አሸናፊ የሆነው አካል ውል እንዲፈርም እስከሚደረግበት ጊዜ ድረስ ያለው ያጠቃልላል። በጨረታ ጊዜ ውስጥ ባለው በማንኛውም ሰዓት አሠሪው አካል ጨረታውን የሚሰርዝበት ምክንያት ወይም ሕጋዊ አስገዳጅነት ወይም የተሻለ አማራጭ ካገኘ የመሰረዝ መብቱ ሙሉ ለሙሉ የተጠበቀ እስከመሆን ድረስ መብት ይኖረዋል።
ነገር ግን የጨረታ ጊዜ ተጠናቆ አሠሪው አካል ከተቋራጩ ጋር የሥራ (የግንባታ ወይም የማማከር ወይም የዲዛይን) አገልግሎት እንዲሰጠው ውል ከተፈራረመ በኋላ የውሉ ጉዳይ የጋራ ጉዳይ እንጂ የአንደኛው አካል ፍላጎትን ብቻ የሚተገብር አይሆንም። የሥራ ውል (Contract of Works) ውል ስለሚቋረጥባቸው ምክንያቶችም በዝርዝር የሚገልጽ ይዘት ያለው ስለሆነ ውል ሊቋረጥ የሚችለው በዚያ የውል ሁኔታ Contract Condition) መሰረት እንጂ ከዚያ ውጪ ከሆነ ለተጎጂው አካል ወይም ውል የሚቋረጥበት አካል ውል የማቋረጥ ፍላጎት ካሳየው አካል አስፈላጊውን ክፍያ ሊጠይቅ ይችላል። ውል ስለሚፈርስባቸው ምክንያቶች የሀገራችን የመንግሥት ግዢ እና ንብረት አስተዳደር ኤጀንሲ (PPPAA) ጠቅላላ ድንጋጌ አንቀጽ 21 (General Condition of Contract, Clause 21) ሥር ባሉት ሁኔታዎች ላይ ይመሰረታል። ውል ለመሰረዝም ሊከተላቸው የሚገቡ ቅደም ተከተሎች እና ፕሮቶኮሎች እንዳሉ በዚህ ድንጋጌ ላይ ተወስኗል።
በመንግሥት ግዢ መመሪያ ከተገለጸው በተጨማሪ ከውል ሁኔታዎች በተጨማሪ የሀገራችን የፍትሐ ብሔር ሕግ (Ethiopia Civil Code) ውል የመሰረዝ ሀሳብን ማንሳት ለማንኛውም ወገን የተፈቀደ ሲሆን በአንቀጽ 3055 ሥር በተገለጸው መሰረት አሰሪው አካል ሥራ ተቋራጩ አንዳችም ጥፋት ባይፈጽምም እንኳን ያለምንም ቅድመ ሁኔታ የፈረመውን ውል የማፍረስ መብት ተሰጥቶታል። ነገር ግን በቁጥር 3036 እንደተገለጸው ሥራ ተቋራጩ የውሉን ጅምላ ዋጋ (በተለይ ለላምፕ ሰም ውል) ወይም አቅራቢያ ዋጋ የማግኘት መብት ያለው ሲሆን ሥራ ተቋራጩ ከማውጣት የቀረለትን ወጪ ተቀናሽ ማድረግ አለበት። ቢሆንም ግን አቅራቢያ በሆነ ግምት ተሰልቶ እንደሆነ አሠሪው መክፈል ያለበትን ገንዘብ እስከ 20% ድረስ በመጨመር ሥራ ተቋራጩ ሊጠይቅ ይችላል" ተብሎ ተደንግጓል።
በመሆኑም አንድ አሠሪ አካል ሥራ ተቋራጩ አሸናፊ መሆኑን ገልጾ ውል እንዲፈርም ካደረገ በኋላ በውል ሰነዱ ውስጥ ከተጠቀሱ ወይም በሌሎች ቅቡል የሕግ ማእቀፎች የተደነገጉ ምክንያቶች ካልሆነ በቀር በማንኛውም ጊዜ ውል የማፍረስ መብት የለው። ውል ማፍረስ እና ጨረታ መዘረዝ በእጅጉ የሚለያዩ ናቸው። ነገር ግን ውል የማቋረጥ ፍላጎት ካለው ስለማይከለከል ሥራ ተቋራጩ በውል አፈጻጸም ሂደት ላባከናቸው ወጪዎች (ለምሳሌ፦ የሥራ ማስጀመሪያ ቦንድ ገንዘብ ወለድ፣ የውል ማስከበሪያ ወለድ፣ የብቃት ማስያዢያ ቦንድ ወለድ፣ በውል አፈጻጸም ሂደት ላወጣቸው የትራንስፖርት፣ የስቴሽነሪ፣ ለተጀመሩ የሥራ እንቅስቃሴዎች በሙሉ ክፍያ ... ) ወጪዎች የመጠየቅም መብት ይኖረዋል።
@etconp
❤32👍10
👉Understanding Ribbed Slab Load Transfer Why Beams Look "Oversized"
🚧Ever been on-site and noticed this?
✨ Girders wider than the columns, or
✨ Beams that look too wide compared to their depth...
Especially in ribbed slab systems?
🔰It’s not poor design it’s a structural necessity. Here’s why 👇
🔄 Load Transfer in Ribbed Slabs Unlike solid slabs, ribbed slabs (also called waffle or voided slabs) follow this path:
➡️ Topping Slab ➡️ Ribs ➡️ Beams ➡️ Girders ➡️ Columns
📌 Unlike solid slab systems that transfer loads more uniformly in both directions, ribbed slabs concentrate loads along the ribs.
⏺These ribs act like joists, channeling loads directly to secondary beams, which then deliver the concentrated forces to the main girders.
💡 So why do girders appear wider?
Because they’re receiving multiple concentrated point loads from the ribs.
✅To spread these loads and avoid punching shear or localized failures, the girder's width will be increased, sometimes even wider than the supporting columns.
🏷Also, these wider beams may appear shallow compared to typical T-beams under solid slabs, but their width ensures:
✅ Better load distribution
✅ Reduced deflection
✅ Efficient rib anchorage
💫Why Use Ribbed Slabs?
✅ Lighter dead load
✅ Material savings (less concrete)
✅ Longer span capability
✅ Easier MEP integration
✅ Better thermal & sound insulation
✅ Cost-effective for repetitive layouts
Via ECEM Solutions
@etconp
🚧Ever been on-site and noticed this?
✨ Girders wider than the columns, or
✨ Beams that look too wide compared to their depth...
Especially in ribbed slab systems?
🔰It’s not poor design it’s a structural necessity. Here’s why 👇
🔄 Load Transfer in Ribbed Slabs Unlike solid slabs, ribbed slabs (also called waffle or voided slabs) follow this path:
➡️ Topping Slab ➡️ Ribs ➡️ Beams ➡️ Girders ➡️ Columns
📌 Unlike solid slab systems that transfer loads more uniformly in both directions, ribbed slabs concentrate loads along the ribs.
⏺These ribs act like joists, channeling loads directly to secondary beams, which then deliver the concentrated forces to the main girders.
💡 So why do girders appear wider?
Because they’re receiving multiple concentrated point loads from the ribs.
✅To spread these loads and avoid punching shear or localized failures, the girder's width will be increased, sometimes even wider than the supporting columns.
🏷Also, these wider beams may appear shallow compared to typical T-beams under solid slabs, but their width ensures:
✅ Better load distribution
✅ Reduced deflection
✅ Efficient rib anchorage
💫Why Use Ribbed Slabs?
✅ Lighter dead load
✅ Material savings (less concrete)
✅ Longer span capability
✅ Easier MEP integration
✅ Better thermal & sound insulation
✅ Cost-effective for repetitive layouts
Via ECEM Solutions
@etconp
❤17🥰1
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