👉There are two major Pavement Design Methods
🚧1. Empirical Design
⏺This is most used in the United States, developed by AASHTO.
⏺This method is based on historical performance data.
⏺It analyzes what worked in the past and assumes it to work under similar conditions.
⏺For example, AASHTO 1993 uses traffic load (ESALs), subgrade CBR, Subgrade numbers, and layer coefficients for the design of pavements.
🚧2. Mechanistic-Empirical Design (e.g., MEPDG)
⏺This combines mechanics (stress, strain) with empirical calibration to local conditions.
⏺It simulates how pavement layers deform or crack under traffic and climate.
⏺Helps design cost-effective pavements with longer service life.
@etconp
🚧1. Empirical Design
⏺This is most used in the United States, developed by AASHTO.
⏺This method is based on historical performance data.
⏺It analyzes what worked in the past and assumes it to work under similar conditions.
⏺For example, AASHTO 1993 uses traffic load (ESALs), subgrade CBR, Subgrade numbers, and layer coefficients for the design of pavements.
🚧2. Mechanistic-Empirical Design (e.g., MEPDG)
⏺This combines mechanics (stress, strain) with empirical calibration to local conditions.
⏺It simulates how pavement layers deform or crack under traffic and climate.
⏺Helps design cost-effective pavements with longer service life.
@etconp
👍9❤8🥰1
👉የአዲስ አበባ መንገዶች በ2017 ከሦስት ቢሊዮን ብር በላይ የሚገመት የግንባታ ግብዓቶችን አመረተ
🚧የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ መንገዶች ባለሥልጣን በ2017 በጀት ዓመት ላከናወናቸው የመንገድ ግንባታና ጥገና ሥራዎች አገልግሎት የሚውሉ ልዩ ልዩ የግንባታ ግብዓቶችን በራስ ኃይል በማምረት ጥቅም ላይ አውሏል።
💫ባለፉት 12 ወራት በባለስልጣኑ የተለያዩ ማምረቻ ሳይቶች ተመርተው ጥቅም ላይ ከዋሉት የግንባታ ግብዓቶች መካከል፤ ልዩ ልዩ የካባ ምርቶች፣ ገረጋንቲ፣ ሰብ ቤዝ፣ ቤዝ ኮርስ፣ የተለያየ መጠን ያላቸው የጠጠር ምርቶች፣ አስፋልት፤ የተለያዩ ቱቦዎችች እና ታይልስ ፣ እንዲሁም ማንሆልክዳን ውጤቶች ይገኙበታል፡፡
⏺በዚህም ቀደም ሲል በግዢ ይቀርብ የነበረውን የግንባታ ግብዓት በራስ አቅም መሸፈን ተችሏል፡፡
@etconp
🚧የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ መንገዶች ባለሥልጣን በ2017 በጀት ዓመት ላከናወናቸው የመንገድ ግንባታና ጥገና ሥራዎች አገልግሎት የሚውሉ ልዩ ልዩ የግንባታ ግብዓቶችን በራስ ኃይል በማምረት ጥቅም ላይ አውሏል።
💫ባለፉት 12 ወራት በባለስልጣኑ የተለያዩ ማምረቻ ሳይቶች ተመርተው ጥቅም ላይ ከዋሉት የግንባታ ግብዓቶች መካከል፤ ልዩ ልዩ የካባ ምርቶች፣ ገረጋንቲ፣ ሰብ ቤዝ፣ ቤዝ ኮርስ፣ የተለያየ መጠን ያላቸው የጠጠር ምርቶች፣ አስፋልት፤ የተለያዩ ቱቦዎችች እና ታይልስ ፣ እንዲሁም ማንሆልክዳን ውጤቶች ይገኙበታል፡፡
⏺በዚህም ቀደም ሲል በግዢ ይቀርብ የነበረውን የግንባታ ግብዓት በራስ አቅም መሸፈን ተችሏል፡፡
ባለሥልጣን መስሪያ ቤቱ ልዩ ልዩ የግንባታ ግብዓቶችን የራስ አቅም ማመረት መቻሉ፤ በግብዓት እጥረት ምክንያት በመንገድ ግንባታና ጥገና ሥራዎች ላይ ይፈጠር የነበረውን መጓተት በማስቀረት፣ በተመጣጣኝ ወጪ በራስ ኃይል የመንገድ ግንባታና ጥገና ሥራዎች በፍጥነት ለመፈፀም ከፍተኛ እገዛ ማድረጉን አስታውቋል፡፡
@etconp
❤10🥰1
👉Design Principles of Deep Foundation
🚧The design of deep foundations depends on a thorough geotechnical analysis and structural requirements.
📜Key principles include:
💫1. Load-Bearing Capacity
⏺The foundation must be able to support the vertical, horizontal, and uplift loads of the structure.
⏺This is determined by soil strength, pile material, and dimensions.
💫2. Settlement Analysis
⏺Excessive settlement can compromise structural integrity.
⏺Designers ensure that the foundation experiences uniform and minimal settlement, aligning with safety margins.
💫3. Depth of Foundation
⏺The depth is determined by factors such as the type of soil, groundwater levels, and the load of the structure.
⏺Deep foundations often extend to layers with high load-bearing capacity.
💫4. Material Selection
⏺Materials must withstand not only the structural loads but also environmental factors like corrosion, temperature fluctuations, and seismic activity.
⏺Concrete and steel are commonly used for their strength and durability.
💫5. Economic Efficiency
⏺Designers aim for cost-effective solutions without compromising safety or functionality.
⏺This involves balancing material costs, labor, and machinery.
@etconp
🚧The design of deep foundations depends on a thorough geotechnical analysis and structural requirements.
📜Key principles include:
💫1. Load-Bearing Capacity
⏺The foundation must be able to support the vertical, horizontal, and uplift loads of the structure.
⏺This is determined by soil strength, pile material, and dimensions.
💫2. Settlement Analysis
⏺Excessive settlement can compromise structural integrity.
⏺Designers ensure that the foundation experiences uniform and minimal settlement, aligning with safety margins.
💫3. Depth of Foundation
⏺The depth is determined by factors such as the type of soil, groundwater levels, and the load of the structure.
⏺Deep foundations often extend to layers with high load-bearing capacity.
💫4. Material Selection
⏺Materials must withstand not only the structural loads but also environmental factors like corrosion, temperature fluctuations, and seismic activity.
⏺Concrete and steel are commonly used for their strength and durability.
💫5. Economic Efficiency
⏺Designers aim for cost-effective solutions without compromising safety or functionality.
⏺This involves balancing material costs, labor, and machinery.
@etconp
❤18🥰1
👉Standard Steps for Measuring Slump of Concrete ( following ASTM C143 / AASHTO T119 ):
💫1. Prepare the Equipment:
● Slump cone (Abrams cone), base plate, tamping rod, and measuring scale.
● Ensure all tools are clean and damp to avoid sticking.
💫2. Position the Cone:
● Place the slump cone on a flat, non-absorbent surface.
● Hold the cone firmly by stepping on its footpieces.
💫3. Fill the Cone in Three Layers:
● Add fresh concrete in three equal layers (each 1/3rd of cone height).
● Avoid overfilling or underfilling.
💫4. Tamp Each Layer:
● Compact each layer with 25 uniform strokes of the tamping rod.
● Penetrate slightly into the layer below when tamping the upper layers.
💫5. Strike Off the Top:
● After the final layer, level the surface with the tamping rod to make it flush.
💫6. Lift the Cone Vertically:
● Carefully lift the cone straight upward in 5–10 seconds without twisting or tilting.
💫7. Measure the Slump:
● Immediately measure the vertical difference between the height of the cone and the highest point of the slumped concrete.
💫8. Record the Slump Type:
● True slump: Uniform subsidence ( desirable ).
● Shear slump: Concrete slides sideways ( may indicate lack of cohesion ).
● Collapse slump: Concrete collapses completely ( too wet or high workability ).
📜Summary:
⏺This procedure outlines the standardized method for determining the slump of fresh concrete using a slump cone apparatus.
⏺The test measures the vertical settlement of concrete under its own weight, which indicates its workability and consistency.
⏺Accurate measurement of slump is essential for assessing the suitability of the concrete mix for various construction applications, ensuring ease of placement and compaction without segregation.
⭐️Conclusion
⏺By adhering to the outlined procedure, the slump of concrete can be measured with precision, providing essential data on its consistency, cohesiveness, and workability. This measurement serves as a critical quality control parameter, ensuring that the concrete mix conforms to specified requirements and supports proper placement, compaction, and structural performance.
@etconp
💫1. Prepare the Equipment:
● Slump cone (Abrams cone), base plate, tamping rod, and measuring scale.
● Ensure all tools are clean and damp to avoid sticking.
💫2. Position the Cone:
● Place the slump cone on a flat, non-absorbent surface.
● Hold the cone firmly by stepping on its footpieces.
💫3. Fill the Cone in Three Layers:
● Add fresh concrete in three equal layers (each 1/3rd of cone height).
● Avoid overfilling or underfilling.
💫4. Tamp Each Layer:
● Compact each layer with 25 uniform strokes of the tamping rod.
● Penetrate slightly into the layer below when tamping the upper layers.
💫5. Strike Off the Top:
● After the final layer, level the surface with the tamping rod to make it flush.
💫6. Lift the Cone Vertically:
● Carefully lift the cone straight upward in 5–10 seconds without twisting or tilting.
💫7. Measure the Slump:
● Immediately measure the vertical difference between the height of the cone and the highest point of the slumped concrete.
💫8. Record the Slump Type:
● True slump: Uniform subsidence ( desirable ).
● Shear slump: Concrete slides sideways ( may indicate lack of cohesion ).
● Collapse slump: Concrete collapses completely ( too wet or high workability ).
📜Summary:
⏺This procedure outlines the standardized method for determining the slump of fresh concrete using a slump cone apparatus.
⏺The test measures the vertical settlement of concrete under its own weight, which indicates its workability and consistency.
⏺Accurate measurement of slump is essential for assessing the suitability of the concrete mix for various construction applications, ensuring ease of placement and compaction without segregation.
⭐️Conclusion
⏺By adhering to the outlined procedure, the slump of concrete can be measured with precision, providing essential data on its consistency, cohesiveness, and workability. This measurement serves as a critical quality control parameter, ensuring that the concrete mix conforms to specified requirements and supports proper placement, compaction, and structural performance.
@etconp
❤8
👉የኢትዮጵያ ኮንስትራክሽን ሥራዎች ኮርፖሬሽን በሁለተኛ ዙር ያሰለጠናቸውን 26 የፊውቸር ፕሮጀክት ማናጀሮችን አስመረቀ።
💫በምረቃ ፕሮግራሙ ላይ ንግግር ያደረጉት የኮርፖሬሽኑ ሥራ አመራር ቦርድ ሰብሳቢ እና የኢ.ፌ.ዲ.ሪ መከላከያ ሚኒስትር ኢንጂነር አይሻ መሀመድ ኮርፖሬሽኑ የፕሮጀክት ማኔጅመንት የስልጠና ማዕከልን በማቋቋም በዘርፉ ብቁ ባለሙያዎችን በማሰልጠን ያደረገው አስተዋጽዖ ፕሮጀክትን በጥራት እና በጊዜ ከመፈጸም ባሻገር በኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፉ ኢትዮጵያን በዓለም አቀፍ ደረጃ ተወዳዳሪ ያደርጋል ብለዋል።
የኮርፖሬሽኑ ዋና ሥራ አስፈጻሚ ኢንጂነር ዮናስ አያሌው በኮርፖሬሽኑ ኮንስትራክሽን ፕሮፌሽናልስ ዴቨሎፕመንት ኢንስቲትዩት ባለፉት 6 ወራት የተሰጠውን የንድፈ ሀሳብ እና የተግባር ስልጠና የተከታተሉ 26 የፊዩውቸር ፕሮጀክት ማናጀሮች መመረቃቸውን ገልጸው ተመራቂዎች በቀጣይ በኮንስትራክሽን ፕሮጀክቶች ማናጅመንት ሥራዎች ላይ በመሰማራት የኮርፖሬሽኑን ዓለም አቀፋዊ ተወዳዳሪነት እንደሚያሳድጉ ተናግረዋል፡፡
ተመራቂዎች በ27 የተለያዩ የፕሮጀክት ማኔጅመንት የስልጠና ሞጅሎች ላይ 30 በመቶ የንድፈ ሀሳብ እና 70 በመቶ የመስክ የተግባር ስልጠና የወሰዱ ናቸው።
በምረቃ ፕሮግራሙ ላይ የኮርፖሬሽኑ የሥራ አመራር ቦርድ አባላት፣ የመንግስት የሥራ ኃላፊዎች፣ የኮርፖሬሽኑ አመራሮች፣ የኮርፖሬሽኑ መሰረታዊ ሰራተኛ ማህበር አመራሮች እና የተመራቂ ቤተሰቦች ተገኝተዋል።
@etconp
💫በምረቃ ፕሮግራሙ ላይ ንግግር ያደረጉት የኮርፖሬሽኑ ሥራ አመራር ቦርድ ሰብሳቢ እና የኢ.ፌ.ዲ.ሪ መከላከያ ሚኒስትር ኢንጂነር አይሻ መሀመድ ኮርፖሬሽኑ የፕሮጀክት ማኔጅመንት የስልጠና ማዕከልን በማቋቋም በዘርፉ ብቁ ባለሙያዎችን በማሰልጠን ያደረገው አስተዋጽዖ ፕሮጀክትን በጥራት እና በጊዜ ከመፈጸም ባሻገር በኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፉ ኢትዮጵያን በዓለም አቀፍ ደረጃ ተወዳዳሪ ያደርጋል ብለዋል።
የኮርፖሬሽኑ ዋና ሥራ አስፈጻሚ ኢንጂነር ዮናስ አያሌው በኮርፖሬሽኑ ኮንስትራክሽን ፕሮፌሽናልስ ዴቨሎፕመንት ኢንስቲትዩት ባለፉት 6 ወራት የተሰጠውን የንድፈ ሀሳብ እና የተግባር ስልጠና የተከታተሉ 26 የፊዩውቸር ፕሮጀክት ማናጀሮች መመረቃቸውን ገልጸው ተመራቂዎች በቀጣይ በኮንስትራክሽን ፕሮጀክቶች ማናጅመንት ሥራዎች ላይ በመሰማራት የኮርፖሬሽኑን ዓለም አቀፋዊ ተወዳዳሪነት እንደሚያሳድጉ ተናግረዋል፡፡
ተመራቂዎች በ27 የተለያዩ የፕሮጀክት ማኔጅመንት የስልጠና ሞጅሎች ላይ 30 በመቶ የንድፈ ሀሳብ እና 70 በመቶ የመስክ የተግባር ስልጠና የወሰዱ ናቸው።
በምረቃ ፕሮግራሙ ላይ የኮርፖሬሽኑ የሥራ አመራር ቦርድ አባላት፣ የመንግስት የሥራ ኃላፊዎች፣ የኮርፖሬሽኑ አመራሮች፣ የኮርፖሬሽኑ መሰረታዊ ሰራተኛ ማህበር አመራሮች እና የተመራቂ ቤተሰቦች ተገኝተዋል።
@etconp
❤17👍5
2712. Which of the following methods used for finding the slope and deflection of beams is also called the ‘method of singularity function’?
Anonymous Quiz
41%
Moment area method
35%
Conjugate beam method
11%
Macaulay’s method
13%
Mohr’s Theorem method
❤13👍3👏1
2711. Which of the following statements is correct about measurement of the vertical angle while using a total station?
Anonymous Quiz
20%
An electronic digital theodolite is not able to measure the vertical angle.
30%
It is measured relative to the horizontal direction.
27%
It is usually measured as a zenith angle.
23%
It is measured from the instrument north in the horizontal plane.
👏6👍3❤1
2709. Which of the following conditions followed in making concrete reduces the workability of concrete?
Anonymous Quiz
35%
Higher water-cement ratio in concrete
13%
Use of superplasticisers
14%
Use of round aggregates
38%
Higher aggregate-cement ratio in concrete
👍8❤3🥰2
2707. The distance travelled by a vehicle after the application of brakes to a dead stop position is known as:
Anonymous Quiz
8%
distance to react
19%
deacceleration distance
39%
braking distance
34%
stopping distance
👍8
2706. The curve that is generally used to avoid the obstructions like hard rocks, deep cuttings, soft gradients is called
Anonymous Quiz
17%
simple curve
43%
transitional curve
23%
compound curve
17%
parabolic curve
❤6🥰3
2701. Which of the following options serves all the three objectives mentioned below?
I: To promote human health
II: To provide a cleaner environment III: To break the cycle of diseases
I: To promote human health
II: To provide a cleaner environment III: To break the cycle of diseases
Anonymous Quiz
15%
Scavenging system
13%
Distribution system
29%
Drainage system
43%
Sanitary system
👍4❤3
2700. Which of the following statements about the secondary treatment of sewage is INCORRECT?
Anonymous Quiz
17%
Oxidation of organic matter occurs in trickling filters under aerobic conditions.
19%
Activated sludge is biologically active.
45%
Primary treatment of sewage is not essential for efficient working of contact beds.
20%
Secondary treatment methods are broadly divided into filtration and activated sludge process.
❤10
2698. Plinth area is calculated for the covered area by taking
Anonymous Quiz
37%
external dimensions of the building at the floor level
20%
internal dimensions of the building at floor level
27%
both the external and internal dimension of the building at the floor level
16%
centre to centre length at floor level
🥰3👏3❤1
2697. In the laboratory determination of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test on soils as per IS : 2720 (Part 16) – 1987, the CBR values are usually reported for penetration values of:
Anonymous Quiz
21%
5.0 mm, 7.5 mm
21%
3.5 mm, 5.0 mm
24%
1.5 mm, 2.5 mm
34%
2.5 mm, 5.0 mm
👍6❤2
2692. Crushed stone, gravel and ordinary sand are examples of:
Anonymous Quiz
20%
Light-weight aggregate
33%
Normal-weight aggregate
21%
Heavy-weight aggregate
26%
Both Normal-weight aggregate and Heavy weight aggregate
👏3❤2
2688. Which of the following has more fire resisting characteristics:
Anonymous Quiz
24%
Marble
17%
Lime stone
28%
Compact sand stone
31%
Granite
❤9