6) When the area to be surveyed is large having
undulating grounds and higher accuracy is not
required, then the best method suitable for surveying will be
undulating grounds and higher accuracy is not
required, then the best method suitable for surveying will be
Anonymous Quiz
24%
(a) chain survey
21%
(b) compass survey
29%
(c) plane table survey
26%
(d) theodolite survey
👏6👍4❤1
7)In a simply supported beam, maximum shear
stress in a triangular cross-section (altitude h)
occurs at a distance :
stress in a triangular cross-section (altitude h)
occurs at a distance :
Anonymous Quiz
37%
(a) h/3 from bottom of beam
41%
(b) h/3 from top of the beam
18%
(c) h/6 from neutral axis
3%
(d) h/5 from top the beam
❤4🥰3
8) The ratio of moment of inertia about the
neutral axis to the distance of the most distant
point of the section from the neutral axis is called____:
neutral axis to the distance of the most distant
point of the section from the neutral axis is called____:
Anonymous Quiz
20%
a) Polar modulus
43%
(b) Section modulus
22%
(c) Modulus of rupture
15%
(d) Flexural rigidity
👍6❤4
9)Which of the following is an assumption made
in the theory of simple bending?
in the theory of simple bending?
Anonymous Quiz
30%
(a) The value of Young's modulus varies in tension and compression
17%
(b) The material of the beam is not homogeneous
23%
(c) Beam material within elastic limit does not obey Hooke's law
30%
(d) The beam is in equilibrium
❤5🔥4
10)Increase in permeability of a soil results due to
change from
change from
Anonymous Quiz
29%
(a) Large to small size particular for the same void ratio.
28%
(b) High to a low viscous fluid at the same temperature
25%
(c) Dry side of optimum to wet side in a compacted specimen at the same porosity
17%
(d) Flocculated to dispersed structure at the same dry density
❤7
11)In order to balance a traverse in which angular
measurements are more precise than the linear
measurements, the most suitable method is
measurements are more precise than the linear
measurements, the most suitable method is
Anonymous Quiz
26%
(a) Arbitrary method
35%
(b) Axis correction
19%
(c) Bowditch's rule
20%
(d) Transit rule
❤4🙏2
12) The strength of the welded joint
Anonymous Quiz
34%
(a) is always less than the strength of the elements
24%
(b) cannot exceed 80% the strength of the elements
18%
(c) cannot exceed 90% of the strength elements
25%
(d) may be more than the strength of the elements
👍5❤1
14)The maximum permissible slenderness ratio
for steel ties likely to be subjected to
compression is :
for steel ties likely to be subjected to
compression is :
Anonymous Quiz
45%
(a) 400
20%
(b) 350
19%
(c) 250
15%
(d) 180
👏5👍1
15)Levelling deals with measurement is
Anonymous Quiz
5%
(a) inclined plane
50%
(b) both horizontal and vertical planes
20%
(c) horizontal plane
25%
(d) vertical plane
❤9
20)The method of finding out the difference in
elevation between two points for eliminating
the effect of curvature and refraction, is-
elevation between two points for eliminating
the effect of curvature and refraction, is-
Anonymous Quiz
10%
(a) Precise leveling
59%
(b) Differential leveling
27%
(c) Reciprocal leveling
3%
(d) Fly leveling
🥰4❤3
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Here you will find:
🔺 News about Africa and around the world;
🔺 The latest information on the Ukrainian conflict;
🔺 Exclusive interviews, analyses and expert insights;
🔺 Podcasts, videos with subtitles, and simple explanations of key issues.
Read us:
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● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall
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👉Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
💫It is a highly flowable, non-segregating concrete that spreads and fills formwork under its own weight without the need for mechanical vibration.
⏺It maintains homogeneity and achieves full compaction even in densely reinforced structures.
🚧Key Properties of SCC
🏷1. High Flowability – Flows easily into complex forms and tight spaces.
🏷2. Passing Ability – Moves through reinforcement without blocking.
🏷3. Resistance to Segregation– Stays uniform without separating aggregates or bleeding.
⭐️Advantages of SCC:
⏺No vibration required reducing labor and equipment costs.
⏺Better surface finish with fewer defects like honeycombing.
⏺Faster construction due to rapid placement.
⏺Improved durability (less porosity and better compaction).
⏺Ideal for complex shapes and congested reinforcement**.
🔰Disadvantages:
▶️Higher cost due to special mix design (more fines, admixtures).
▶️Strict quality control needed to prevent segregation.
▶️Sensitive to mix proportions (requires precise testing).
❇️Applications:
🎲Precast concrete (beams, columns, panels).
🎲Heavily reinforced structures (bridges, tunnels).
🎲Architectural concrete** (smooth finishes).
🎲Repair works (hard-to-reach areas).
📜Mix Design:
⚡️SCC typically includes:
-High powder content (cement + supplementary materials like fly ash or slag).
- Superplasticizers (for high workability).
- Viscosity-modifying agents (to prevent segregation).
-Fine aggregates (improve flowability).
📍Testing Methods:
- Slump Flow Test (measures flow diameter, typically 550–850 mm).
-J-Ring Test (checks passing ability).
-V-Funnel Test (assesses viscosity and segregation resistance).
⏺SCC is widely used in modern construction due to its efficiency and superior performance in challenging applications.
@etconp
💫It is a highly flowable, non-segregating concrete that spreads and fills formwork under its own weight without the need for mechanical vibration.
⏺It maintains homogeneity and achieves full compaction even in densely reinforced structures.
🚧Key Properties of SCC
🏷1. High Flowability – Flows easily into complex forms and tight spaces.
🏷2. Passing Ability – Moves through reinforcement without blocking.
🏷3. Resistance to Segregation– Stays uniform without separating aggregates or bleeding.
⭐️Advantages of SCC:
⏺No vibration required reducing labor and equipment costs.
⏺Better surface finish with fewer defects like honeycombing.
⏺Faster construction due to rapid placement.
⏺Improved durability (less porosity and better compaction).
⏺Ideal for complex shapes and congested reinforcement**.
🔰Disadvantages:
▶️Higher cost due to special mix design (more fines, admixtures).
▶️Strict quality control needed to prevent segregation.
▶️Sensitive to mix proportions (requires precise testing).
❇️Applications:
🎲Precast concrete (beams, columns, panels).
🎲Heavily reinforced structures (bridges, tunnels).
🎲Architectural concrete** (smooth finishes).
🎲Repair works (hard-to-reach areas).
📜Mix Design:
⚡️SCC typically includes:
-High powder content (cement + supplementary materials like fly ash or slag).
- Superplasticizers (for high workability).
- Viscosity-modifying agents (to prevent segregation).
-Fine aggregates (improve flowability).
📍Testing Methods:
- Slump Flow Test (measures flow diameter, typically 550–850 mm).
-J-Ring Test (checks passing ability).
-V-Funnel Test (assesses viscosity and segregation resistance).
⏺SCC is widely used in modern construction due to its efficiency and superior performance in challenging applications.
@etconp
❤8👍1
👉ፌሮ ብረት Vs አርማታ
[Reinforcement bar Vs Concrete mix]
⭕️የኮንክሬት መዋቅር (Concrete Skeletons) የተለያዩ የግንባታ ግብአቶችን የሚጠቀሙ ቢሆንም በአብዛኛው የተለመደው የፌሮ ብረት እና የአርማታ ሙሌት ያለው መዋቅር ነው።
ይህ አይነቱ ስትራክቸር «Reinforced Concrete Structure ወይም ባለፌሮብረት የአርማታ ውቅር» ተብሎ ይጠራል።
በመሆኑም እነዚህ ሁለት ዋና ዋና የግንባታ ግብአቶች (ፌሮ ብረት እና አርማታ) ለውቅሩ የየራሳቸው የሆነ አስፈላጊ ጥቅም አላቸው።
📌ከዚህ አንጻር፦
🔗የፌሮ ብረት (Reinforcement bar) በባህርዩ ተለጣጭ አይነት ባህርይ ስላለው በኮንክሬት ውቅሩ ላይ የሚተገበረውን ጫና (load) በቀላሉ እንዳይፈረካከስ በማድረግ እና ባለው ወጥነት የተነሳቭየተወሰነ የመለጠጥ ነጻነትን (Ductile Property) በማበልጸግ የመለጠጥ ጥንካሬን (Tensile Strength) እንዲኖረው ያደርጋል። በዚህ አግባብ የአርማታ ውቅሩ Tension ላይ ልዩ የመቻል አቅም እንዲኖረው የሚያደርግ ግብአት ነው፡
🔗አርማታ (Concrete Mix) በፌሮ ብረት መዋቅሩ ውስጥ እና ዙሪያ የሚሞላው አርማታ ደግሞ የኮንክሬት መዋቅሩ (Concrete Structure) የመኮማተር አቅም (Compressive Strength) እንዲኖረው የሚያደርግ ነው። በመሆኑም አርማታ በመዋቅሩ ላይ የሚተገበረው ጫና በአንጻራዊ ስፋት ላይ አርፎ ማዕከላዊ የፍሰት ሥርዓትን (Centerline load transfer system) ተከትሎ እንዲፈስ የሚያስችል የመድረቅ ወይም የመኮማተር ሂደትን የሚይዝ ነው።
🗞ማጠቃለያ፦ አርማታ ጠንካራ የማይለጠጥ ጸባይ ስላለው ፌሮ ካልገባበት ጫና ሲበዛበት የመሰበር ወይም የመቀንጠስ አደጋ ይገጥመዋል። ፌሮ ብረትም ብቻውን ቢሆን የመለጠጥ ጸባይ ስላለው አርማታ ባይኖርበት ተጣጥፎ ይተኛል ወይም ጎብጦ ይቀራል እንጂ ራሱን ችሎ ደረቅ መዋቅር የመሆን አቅሙን አያስቀጥልም። በመሆኑም አርማታ ብቻውን ቢሆን ወይም አርማታው በዝቶ ፌሮ ብረት ካነሰ የመለጠጥ አስፈላጊ ባህርዩን ስለሚያጣ «Tensile Failure» ይገጥማል።
⚡️በተቃራኒው ፌሮ ብቻውን ከሆነ ወይም ፌሮ በዝቶ አርማታ ካነሰ "Compressive Failure" ይከሰታል ማለት ነው።
@etconp
[Reinforcement bar Vs Concrete mix]
⭕️የኮንክሬት መዋቅር (Concrete Skeletons) የተለያዩ የግንባታ ግብአቶችን የሚጠቀሙ ቢሆንም በአብዛኛው የተለመደው የፌሮ ብረት እና የአርማታ ሙሌት ያለው መዋቅር ነው።
ይህ አይነቱ ስትራክቸር «Reinforced Concrete Structure ወይም ባለፌሮብረት የአርማታ ውቅር» ተብሎ ይጠራል።
በመሆኑም እነዚህ ሁለት ዋና ዋና የግንባታ ግብአቶች (ፌሮ ብረት እና አርማታ) ለውቅሩ የየራሳቸው የሆነ አስፈላጊ ጥቅም አላቸው።
📌ከዚህ አንጻር፦
🔗የፌሮ ብረት (Reinforcement bar) በባህርዩ ተለጣጭ አይነት ባህርይ ስላለው በኮንክሬት ውቅሩ ላይ የሚተገበረውን ጫና (load) በቀላሉ እንዳይፈረካከስ በማድረግ እና ባለው ወጥነት የተነሳቭየተወሰነ የመለጠጥ ነጻነትን (Ductile Property) በማበልጸግ የመለጠጥ ጥንካሬን (Tensile Strength) እንዲኖረው ያደርጋል። በዚህ አግባብ የአርማታ ውቅሩ Tension ላይ ልዩ የመቻል አቅም እንዲኖረው የሚያደርግ ግብአት ነው፡
🔗አርማታ (Concrete Mix) በፌሮ ብረት መዋቅሩ ውስጥ እና ዙሪያ የሚሞላው አርማታ ደግሞ የኮንክሬት መዋቅሩ (Concrete Structure) የመኮማተር አቅም (Compressive Strength) እንዲኖረው የሚያደርግ ነው። በመሆኑም አርማታ በመዋቅሩ ላይ የሚተገበረው ጫና በአንጻራዊ ስፋት ላይ አርፎ ማዕከላዊ የፍሰት ሥርዓትን (Centerline load transfer system) ተከትሎ እንዲፈስ የሚያስችል የመድረቅ ወይም የመኮማተር ሂደትን የሚይዝ ነው።
🗞ማጠቃለያ፦ አርማታ ጠንካራ የማይለጠጥ ጸባይ ስላለው ፌሮ ካልገባበት ጫና ሲበዛበት የመሰበር ወይም የመቀንጠስ አደጋ ይገጥመዋል። ፌሮ ብረትም ብቻውን ቢሆን የመለጠጥ ጸባይ ስላለው አርማታ ባይኖርበት ተጣጥፎ ይተኛል ወይም ጎብጦ ይቀራል እንጂ ራሱን ችሎ ደረቅ መዋቅር የመሆን አቅሙን አያስቀጥልም። በመሆኑም አርማታ ብቻውን ቢሆን ወይም አርማታው በዝቶ ፌሮ ብረት ካነሰ የመለጠጥ አስፈላጊ ባህርዩን ስለሚያጣ «Tensile Failure» ይገጥማል።
⚡️በተቃራኒው ፌሮ ብቻውን ከሆነ ወይም ፌሮ በዝቶ አርማታ ካነሰ "Compressive Failure" ይከሰታል ማለት ነው።
@etconp
❤18👍4👏2
👉The Proctor test is used in geotechnical engineering to determine the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) of soil.
💫This helps in knowing how much water should be added to a soil for achieving maximum compaction during construction.
🚧Types
🏷1. Standard Proctor Test
⏺Hammer weight: 2.5 kg
⏺Drop height: 305 mm
⏺Number of layers: 3 layers (each compacted with 25 blows)
⏺Mold volume: ~945 cc
🏷2. Modified Proctor Test (for heavier compaction like highways and airfields)
⏺Hammer weight: 4.54 kg
⏺Drop height: 457 mm
⏺Number of layers: 5 layers (each compacted with 25 blows)
⏺Higher compaction energy than the standard test
📜Procedure
1. Sample preparation – Air-dried soil is sieved (usually 19 mm sieve).
2. Moisture addition – Add water in measured amounts and mix thoroughly.
3. Compaction – Place soil in mold and compact in specified layers using the rammer.
4. Weighing – Record the weight of the compacted soil + mold.
5. Moisture determination – Take a small soil sample and find its water content in an oven.
6. Repeat – Perform the test with varying moisture contents.
7. Plot curve – Draw a graph of dry density vs. moisture content to find:
📍MDD → peak point of the curve
📍OMC → corresponding moisture content at MDD
⭐️Importance
▶️Ensures proper soil compaction for roads, embankments, foundations, etc.
▶️Prevents settlement and increases load-bearing capacity.
@etconp
💫This helps in knowing how much water should be added to a soil for achieving maximum compaction during construction.
🚧Types
🏷1. Standard Proctor Test
⏺Hammer weight: 2.5 kg
⏺Drop height: 305 mm
⏺Number of layers: 3 layers (each compacted with 25 blows)
⏺Mold volume: ~945 cc
🏷2. Modified Proctor Test (for heavier compaction like highways and airfields)
⏺Hammer weight: 4.54 kg
⏺Drop height: 457 mm
⏺Number of layers: 5 layers (each compacted with 25 blows)
⏺Higher compaction energy than the standard test
📜Procedure
1. Sample preparation – Air-dried soil is sieved (usually 19 mm sieve).
2. Moisture addition – Add water in measured amounts and mix thoroughly.
3. Compaction – Place soil in mold and compact in specified layers using the rammer.
4. Weighing – Record the weight of the compacted soil + mold.
5. Moisture determination – Take a small soil sample and find its water content in an oven.
6. Repeat – Perform the test with varying moisture contents.
7. Plot curve – Draw a graph of dry density vs. moisture content to find:
📍MDD → peak point of the curve
📍OMC → corresponding moisture content at MDD
⭐️Importance
▶️Ensures proper soil compaction for roads, embankments, foundations, etc.
▶️Prevents settlement and increases load-bearing capacity.
@etconp
❤14👍5
👉ዜና እረፍት😢
ህንጻ ነዳፊዋ ወይዘሮ መታሰቢያ ቶሎሳ ቆቱ አርፈዋል።
መታሰቢያ ቶሎሳ ከቀድሞው ህንጻ ኮሌጅ በ2001 ዓም በኪነህንጻ ትምህርት የባችለር ዲግሪአቸውን ያገኙ ሲሆን በዚያው ኮሌጅ በተለያዩ መስኮች አስተማሪ ሆነው ከመስራታቸው ባሻገር በተለያየ አማካሪ ድርጅቶች ውስጥ በሙያቸው አገልግለዋል።
በመጨረሻም በ ILRI ድርጅት ውስጥ በፋሲሊቲ ማኔጀርነት ይሰሩ ነበር።
ነፍስዎ በሰላም ትረፍ❤️
@etconp
ህንጻ ነዳፊዋ ወይዘሮ መታሰቢያ ቶሎሳ ቆቱ አርፈዋል።
መታሰቢያ ቶሎሳ ከቀድሞው ህንጻ ኮሌጅ በ2001 ዓም በኪነህንጻ ትምህርት የባችለር ዲግሪአቸውን ያገኙ ሲሆን በዚያው ኮሌጅ በተለያዩ መስኮች አስተማሪ ሆነው ከመስራታቸው ባሻገር በተለያየ አማካሪ ድርጅቶች ውስጥ በሙያቸው አገልግለዋል።
በመጨረሻም በ ILRI ድርጅት ውስጥ በፋሲሊቲ ማኔጀርነት ይሰሩ ነበር።
ነፍስዎ በሰላም ትረፍ❤️
@etconp
😭16❤8
👉WHY ROADS CRACKS
⚡️Roads can crack due to various factors, including:
🚧ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
1. TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS: Repeated expansion and contraction of pavement materials due to temperature changes can cause cracks.
2. WATER INFILTRATION: Water seeping into the pavement can cause erosion, weakening the road structure, and leading to cracks.
3. FREEZE-THAW CYCLES: Water freezing and expanding in the pavement can cause cracks and damage.
🚧TRAFFIC AND LOAD
1. HEAVY TRAFFIC: Repeated heavy loads can cause fatigue and cracking in the pavement.
2. OVERLOADING: Exceeding the design load capacity of the road can lead to premature cracking.
🚧MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION
1. POOR MATERIAL QUALITY: Using low-quality materials can lead to premature cracking and deterioration.
2. INADEQUATE CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES: Insufficient compaction, poor drainage, or inadequate curing can contribute to cracking.
🚧MAINTENANCE AND AGE
1. LACK OF MAINTENANCE: Failing to seal cracks, repair potholes, or perform routine maintenance can accelerate deterioration.
2. AGING INFRASTRUCTURE: Older roads may experience more cracking due to wear and tear over time.
🚧OTHER FACTORS
1. SOIL SETTLEMENT: Settlement or shifting of the underlying soil can cause cracks in the pavement.
2. POOR DESIGN: Inadequate design or planning can lead to cracking and other structural issues.
💫Addressing these factors through proper design, construction, and maintenance can help minimize road cracking and extend the lifespan of the pavement.
@etconp
⚡️Roads can crack due to various factors, including:
🚧ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
1. TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS: Repeated expansion and contraction of pavement materials due to temperature changes can cause cracks.
2. WATER INFILTRATION: Water seeping into the pavement can cause erosion, weakening the road structure, and leading to cracks.
3. FREEZE-THAW CYCLES: Water freezing and expanding in the pavement can cause cracks and damage.
🚧TRAFFIC AND LOAD
1. HEAVY TRAFFIC: Repeated heavy loads can cause fatigue and cracking in the pavement.
2. OVERLOADING: Exceeding the design load capacity of the road can lead to premature cracking.
🚧MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION
1. POOR MATERIAL QUALITY: Using low-quality materials can lead to premature cracking and deterioration.
2. INADEQUATE CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES: Insufficient compaction, poor drainage, or inadequate curing can contribute to cracking.
🚧MAINTENANCE AND AGE
1. LACK OF MAINTENANCE: Failing to seal cracks, repair potholes, or perform routine maintenance can accelerate deterioration.
2. AGING INFRASTRUCTURE: Older roads may experience more cracking due to wear and tear over time.
🚧OTHER FACTORS
1. SOIL SETTLEMENT: Settlement or shifting of the underlying soil can cause cracks in the pavement.
2. POOR DESIGN: Inadequate design or planning can lead to cracking and other structural issues.
💫Addressing these factors through proper design, construction, and maintenance can help minimize road cracking and extend the lifespan of the pavement.
@etconp
❤16👍1🔥1