Ethio Construction Engineering
32.4K subscribers
6.23K photos
359 videos
1.99K files
3.21K links
๐Ÿ”จ World Construction Engineering
Latest updates, tips, and tutorials on building, civil engineering, and construction in World.
Learn, build, and grow with us!

๐Ÿ“จ @Philemona7 Or @ETCONpBOT

For Ad:- https://telega.io/c/etconp
Download Telegram
There are two types of energy losses through
pipes, major losses and minor losses. Major
losses through pipes are due to ______.
Anonymous Quiz
19%
(a) contraction of pipe
25%
(b) sudden enlargement of pipe
30%
(c) leakage of pipe
26%
(d) friction
๐Ÿ™4โค3
Which of the following formulas is used for
calculation of earthwork volume and is also
known as the average end area formula?
Anonymous Quiz
51%
(a) Trapezoidal formula
18%
(b) Mid-section formula
17%
(c) Prismoidal formula
14%
(d) Simpsons formula
๐Ÿ™6โค1
The impact value of aggregate is calculated for
understanding which one of the following
characteristic property of aggregate?
Anonymous Quiz
23%
(a) Specific Gravity
36%
(b) Resistance to sudden dynamic load
31%
(c) Abrasion
10%
(d) Porosity
๐Ÿ”ฅ3๐Ÿ™3
Which of the given options is NOT a type of
water distribution network?
Anonymous Quiz
40%
(a) Perpendicular system
23%
(b) Grid iron system
16%
(c) Ring system
20%
(d) Radial system
๐Ÿ‘5โค1
Which type of rollers are most effective for the
compaction of sands?
Anonymous Quiz
19%
(a) Pneumatic rollers
26%
(b) Smooth wheeled rollers
32%
(c) Vibratory rollers
24%
(d) Sheep foot rollers
๐Ÿ‘4โค1
The design value of limiting span to effective
depth ratio for deflection control of a beam is
independent of:
Anonymous Quiz
26%
(a) span of the beam
25%
(b) area of compression reinforcement
19%
(c) service stress in tension reinforcement
29%
(d) creep and shrinkage
โค5๐Ÿ‘3๐Ÿ™1
Which of the these benefits is absent in rapid
hardening cement?
Anonymous Quiz
13%
(a) Faster construction
19%
(b) Short curing period
30%
(c) Light in weight
38%
(d) Higher final setting time
โค8๐Ÿ™2๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰ INTERCON Construction Chemicals 

โ— Concrete Admixtures
โ— Bonding Agents
โ— Waterproofings
โ— Wall Putty, Prime Coat
โ— Concrete Repair Mortar
โ— Floor hardener, Epoxy
โ— Grout, Self-level mortar
โ— Quartz paint, Contextra
โ— Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers 
โ— Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials

Tel: 0961955555
Address: Signal, around signal mall
โค4๐ŸŽ‰1
#ADVERTISEMENT

๐Ÿญ๐Ÿ TSEGAYE and YOHANNES J-แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต & PLATE ๐Ÿš๐Ÿ— ๐ŸŒ๐ŸŒ†

๐Ÿงฟ OUR SERVICES โคต๏ธ

๐Ÿ”ฒPlate

โš™๏ธ  J-Bolt

โš“Anchor Bolt

โžฝTie Rod

๐Ÿญ๐Ÿ›–๐ŸŒ‰scrap๐Ÿšง๐Ÿช๐Ÿ”—
Phone : ๐Ÿคณ0938494506 
              ๐Ÿคณ 0951087077
              ๐Ÿคณ 0929044037
แŠฅแŠ“แˆ˜แˆฐแŒแŠ“แˆˆแŠ•::
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแฆ  แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ แˆแŠ•แŠ แˆˆแˆฝ แ‰ฐแˆซ แŠจแŒญแ‹ต แ‰ฐแˆซ แŠจแ แ‰ฅแˆŽ

https://t.me/tsegaye2016Jbolt
โค1
๐Ÿ‘‰Damp-proof materials are essential in construction to prevent moisture from penetrating buildings, which can cause structural damage and health issues.

๐Ÿ“œHere are the main types of damp-proof materials:

๐Ÿท1. Flexible Damp-Proof Materials: These are used in damp-proof courses (DPC) and membranes (DPM) to block rising or lateral moisture.

โบBituminous Materials (Asphalt/Bitumen):
- Hot-laid bitumen
- Bituminous felts (reinforced or non-reinforced)
- Cold-applied bituminous coatings
โบPlastic Sheets (Polythene, PVC, HDPE):
- Low-density & high-density polyethylene (LDPE/HDPE)
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membranes
โบRubberized Asphalt:
- Self-adhesive membranes with rubberized bitumen
โบComposite Membranes:
- Aluminum foil-backed bitumen or plastic sheets

๐Ÿท2. Rigid Damp-Proof Materials : These are used in foundations, basements, and floors.
โบCementitious Coatings:
- Polymer-modified cement slurry
- Crystalline waterproofing compounds
โบMetal Sheets (Lead, Copper, Aluminum):
- Used in older constructions but less common now
โบBrick & Slate Layers:
- Dense engineering bricks or slate strips in mortar

๐Ÿท3. Liquid Damp-Proofing Compounds :Applied as coatings or injections for waterproofing.

โบEpoxy & Polyurethane Coatings:
- Used for basements, roofs, and terraces
โบSilane-Siloxane Penetrating Sealers:
- For concrete and masonry walls
โบAcrylic & Polymer-Based Coatings:
- Flexible and breathable for external walls

๐Ÿท4. Integral Damp-Proofing Compounds : Added to concrete/mortar during mixing to reduce permeability.

โบCrystalline Waterproofing Admixtures:
- React with water to form crystals that block pores
โบPozzolanic Admixtures (Fly Ash, Silica Fume):
- Enhance concreteโ€™s resistance to water penetration

๐Ÿท5. Injection Damp-Proofing Materials: Used for treating rising damp in walls.

โบSiliconate & Siloxane-Based Injections:
- Hydrophobic gels or liquids that repel water
โบAcrylic & Polyurethane Resin Injections:
- Expands to fill cracks and voids

๐Ÿท6. Cavity Wall & Drainage Membranes

โบDimpled High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE):
- Allows moisture to drain away from walls
โบGeotextile Fabrics:
- Used with drainage systems to filter and divert water

๐ŸšงSelection Factors

- Location (below-ground, walls, floors)
- Type of Damp (rising, penetrating, condensation)
- Material Compatibility (masonry, concrete, wood)
- Durability & Cost

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘6โค5๐Ÿฅฐ3๐Ÿ”ฅ1
๐Ÿ‘‰แŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑ แ‹จแŠ แ‹แˆฎแ•แˆ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŠแ‹ซโ€ผ๏ธ

๐Ÿ’ซแ‰  10 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ (1.4 แ‰ตแˆชแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ) แ‰ขแˆพแแ‰ฑ แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ขแ‹ซ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ฃแ‹  แ‹จแŠ แˆ…แŒ‰แˆชแ‰ฑ แŒแ‹™แ แŠคแˆญแ–แˆญแ‰ต แˆฒแ‰ฒ  แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‰ แ‹›แˆฌแ‹ แŠฅแˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ต แˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ต แŠจแŠ แแˆชแŠซ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ“แˆแข 

๐Ÿšงแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ฑ 3,975 แˆ„แŠญแ‰ณแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• 100 แˆšแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฐแŒ“แ‹ฆแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแ‹ณแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆแข

๐Ÿทแ‹ญแˆ… แŒแ‹™แ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹จแŠคแˆญแ–แˆญแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‹แŠ• แ‰  12 แ‹ฐแ‰‚แ‰ƒ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ“แŠ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แˆแŒฃแŠ• แ‰ฃแ‰กแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ก แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆแข

โ‡๏ธแŠคแˆญแ–แˆญแ‰ฑ แˆฒแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰…  แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ•  แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ  แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒˆแ‰ข แ‰ 3 แŠฅแŒฅแ แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแŒ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ แ‹“แˆ˜แ‰ต  แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 25 แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‹ถแˆ‹แˆญ (3.5 แ‰ตแˆชแˆŠแ‹จแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ) แŒˆแ‰ข แ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแŠ›แˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ แ‰ƒแˆแข

@etconp
โค13๐Ÿ‘5
๐Ÿ‘‰Construction chemicals

๐Ÿ’ซare specialized chemical compounds used in construction projects to enhance the properties of building materials, improve durability, and ensure structural integrity.

โบThey play a crucial role in modern construction by improving workability, strength, water resistance, and longevity of structures.

๐ŸšงCommon Types of Construction Chemicals:

1. Concrete Admixtures

- Water Reducers (Plasticizers & Superplasticizers) โ€“ Improve workability without adding water.
- Accelerators โ€“ Speed up concrete setting time (e.g., calcium chloride).
- Retarders โ€“ Slow down setting time for long-distance transportation.
- Air-Entraining Agents โ€“ Introduce tiny air bubbles to improve freeze-thaw resistance.

2. Waterproofing Compounds

- Used in basements, roofs, and wet areas to prevent water seepage.
- Types: Cementitious coatings, liquid membranes, bituminous coatings, polyurethane sealants.

3. Repair & Rehabilitation Mortars

- Epoxy, polymer-modified mortars for fixing cracks and restoring damaged concrete.

4. Floor Hardeners & Toppings

- Increase abrasion resistance in industrial floors (e.g., metallic & non-metallic hardeners).

5. Sealants & Joint Fillers

- Prevent leaks in joints (silicone, polyurethane, acrylic sealants).

6. Adhesives & Bonding Agents

- Epoxy and polymer-based adhesives for tile fixing, structural bonding, and anchoring.

7. Protective Coatings

- Anti-corrosive, fire-resistant, and UV-resistant coatings for steel and concrete.

8. Grouts & Anchoring Chemicals

- Used for machinery foundation, post-tensioning, and crack injection.

9. Curing Compounds

- Retain moisture in concrete to ensure proper hydration.

10. Mould Release Agents

- Prevent concrete from sticking to formwork.

โญ๏ธBenefits of Construction Chemicals:

โœ” Improve strength & durability
โœ” Enhance workability & finish
โœ” Reduce water usage in concrete
โœ” Prevent corrosion & chemical attacks
โœ” Extend the lifespan of structures

โ–ถ๏ธThese chemicals are essential for modern construction, ensuring safety, sustainability, and cost-efficiency in projects ranging from residential buildings to large infrastructure.

@etconp
โค15๐Ÿ‘3
๐Ÿ‘‰Mat foundations also known as raft foundations, are large, continuous slabs that support the entire structure.

โบThey are used when soil bearing capacity is low or when the structure requires uniform support.

โญ๏ธHere are the main types of mat foundations:

๐Ÿท1. Flat Plate Mat (Uniform Thickness Slab)

- Simplest type, with a constant thickness.
- Suitable for light to moderate loads with uniform column spacing.
- Requires less reinforcement but may need thickening under heavy columns.

๐Ÿท2. Flat Plate Thickened Under Columns

- Similar to a flat plate but with additional thickness beneath columns to handle higher shear and bending moments.
- More economical for structures with varying column loads.

๐Ÿท3. Beam and Slab Mat (Ribbed Mat Foundation)

- Consists of a slab with reinforced beams (ribs) running along column lines.
- Provides greater stiffness and is used for heavy or uneven column loads.
- Reduces slab thickness by concentrating reinforcement in beams.

๐Ÿท4. Cellular Mat Foundation (Box-Type Mat)

- Consists of interlocking top and bottom slabs with vertical ribs, forming a rigid box-like structure.
- Used for very heavy loads (e.g., high-rise buildings, industrial structures).
- Provides high resistance to differential settlement.

๐Ÿท5. Piled Raft Foundation (Combined Pile-Mat Foundation)

- Combines a mat foundation with deep piles to enhance load-bearing capacity.
- Used in very weak soils where a conventional mat would settle excessively.
- Piles help reduce settlement and improve stability.

๐Ÿท6. Slab with Basement Walls as Deep Beams

- Uses perimeter basement walls as deep beams to stiffen the foundation.
- Suitable for buildings with basements where walls contribute to structural rigidity.

๐Ÿ’ซSelection Factors:

- Soil conditions
- Load distribution
- Column spacing
- Construction cost & complexity

โบEach type is chosen based on structural requirements and geotechnical conditions to ensure stability and minimize settlement.

@etconp
โค9
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต  แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข

โ™ง แˆแˆ‰แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

โ™ง แ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹แˆ‰แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ›แŠญแˆฉแŠ•

0904040477
0994941708
โค4
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹˜แˆแ‹˜แˆ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แ‰ แˆฐแŠ•แŒ‹แ‰ฐแˆซ แ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แˆ˜แŠ•แ‹ฐแˆญ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆฅแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆŠแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ แАแ‹

๐Ÿšงแ‹˜แˆแ‹˜แˆ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แˆˆแ‹‹แŠ“แ‹ แˆ˜แˆฅแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆ•แŠ•แƒ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แ‹แˆ แˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆแˆซแˆญแˆŸแˆแข

แ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฉแŠ• แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆ˜/แ‰คแ‰ต แŠ•แ‹ตแ แˆˆแˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แŠ แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠขแˆšแˆฌแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ แ‰ฑแˆญแŠญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ปแ‹ญแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ 48 แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ•แ‹ตแ แˆฅแˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ แ‹ แ‹แ‹ตแ‹ตแˆญ แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแกแก


๐Ÿ’ซแˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ…แŠ•แƒ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆ›แŠจแˆญ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆแˆแ‹ต แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹ แ‹ณแŠžแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆถแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ˆแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŒฅแˆแ‰€แ‰ต แŒแˆแŒˆแˆ› แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒŽแ‰ แ‰ต แАแ‰ แˆญแข

แ‹จแŠ แ‹ตแ‹‹ แˆ™แ‹šแ‹จแˆแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ…แŠ•แƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แ‹ฐแ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹ซแˆตแˆ˜แˆฐแŠจแˆจแ‹ แŠฅแˆตแŠญแŠ•แ‹ตแˆญ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ตแˆต แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŠ แˆธแŠ“แŠ แˆ†แŠ—แˆแข


๐Ÿทแ‹จแŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆชแАแ‰ต แˆตแˆแˆแАแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฉ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆฅแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆแŒปแˆš แ‹ˆ/แˆฎ แˆ˜แˆŠแŠซ แ‰ แ‹ตแˆช แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆญแŠญแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ต แŠฅแˆตแŠญแŠ•แ‹ตแˆญ แ‹แ‰ แ‰ฑ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ“แŠ•แ‰ตแŠ“แ‹ แŠฅแˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆธแˆซแ‰ฐแŠ• แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แˆ†แ‰ดแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€แ‹ แ•แˆฎแŒแˆซแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฉ แ‹จแ‹ณแ‹ญแˆฌแŠญแ‰ฐแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ฆแˆญแ‹ตแฃ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ณแ‹ณแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆแˆญแˆŸแˆแข

โบแ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฉ แ‹จแ‹ณแ‹ญแˆฌแŠญแ‰ฐแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ฆแˆญแ‹ต แˆฐแ‰ฅแˆณแ‰ข แ‹ถ/แˆญ แŠ“แˆตแˆญ แ‹ฒแŠ– แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŒˆแˆˆแแ‰ตแฃ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ‘ แ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฉแŠ• แˆแˆˆแŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ“แ‹Š แŠจแแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ˜แŒฅแŠ• แˆแˆญแŒซแ‹ แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰„ แ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹แŠ—แˆแข

โบแ‹ญแˆ… แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แˆ…แŠ•แƒ แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฉ แ‰ แ‹แ‹ญแŠ“แŠ•แˆต แ‹ฒแˆตแ‰ตแˆชแŠญแ‰ฑ แ‹จแŠฃแŠซแ‰ณแ‰ฝแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆแˆณแˆŒแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แˆแ‹ฉ แ‹ตแˆแ‰€แ‰ตแŠ• แŠจแˆ›แˆแŒฃแ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญแฃ แ‹จแ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฉแŠ• แŠขแŠฎแŠ–แˆšแ‹ซแ‹Š แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ…แŠฆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ‹แ‰€ แˆแ‹•แˆซแ แ‹ซแˆธแŒ‹แŒแˆซแˆแข

@etconp
๐Ÿ‘4โค3
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แŠญแแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ซแˆตแ‰€แˆจแ‰ฝ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ

๐Ÿทแˆ‰แŠญแˆฐแˆแ‰ แˆญแŒ แ‰ แ‰คแˆแŒ‚แ‹จแˆแฃ แ‰ แˆแˆจแŠ•แˆณแ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŒ€แˆญแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ แ‰ แ‰ฝ 680 แˆบแˆ… แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝแ‹ฌ แ‹จแŠ แ‹แˆฎแ“ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แАแ‰ฝแข

๐Ÿšงแˆ€แŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แŒˆแŒ แˆซแˆ› แˆตแ‰ตแˆ†แŠ•แฃ แ‰ แˆฐแˆœแŠ• แŒฅแ‰…แŒฅแ‰… แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แˆญแ‹ฐแŠ•แˆต แ‹ฐแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแŒฅแˆฎ แ“แˆญแŠฎแ‰ฝแฃ แ‰ แˆแˆตแˆซแ‰… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ›แˆซแŠช แ‹จแ‰‹แŒฅแŠ แŒˆแ‹ฐแˆŽแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹ฐแ‰กแ‰ฅ แˆแˆตแˆซแ‰… แ‹จแˆžแˆดแˆŒ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ แˆธแˆˆแ‰† แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ณแˆ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แАแ‰ฝแข

แˆ‰แŠญแˆฐแˆแ‰ แˆญแŒ แ‰ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แ‹แ‰ถแ‰กแˆถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฃแ‰กแˆญ แ‹จแˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แ‹œแŒ“แ‰พ แŠจแŠญแแ‹ซ แАแƒ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹‹ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆ†แŠ“แˆˆแ‰ฝแข


๐Ÿ’ซแ‹ญแˆ… แ‹จแАแƒ แ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แ‹‹แŠ“ แ‰ฐแАแˆณแˆฝแАแ‰ฑ แŒ‰แ‹žแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แ‰ฐแˆตแˆ›แˆš แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆแฃ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆดแŠ• แ‹ซแ‰ แˆจแ‰ณแ‰ณแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠแŠญ แˆ˜แŒจแŠ“แАแ‰…แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠซแˆญแ‰ฆแŠ• แˆแ‰€แ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แ‹ญแˆจแ‹ณแˆ แ‰ แˆšแˆ แ‰ณแˆแŠ–แ‰ แ‰ณแˆแฃ แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แŠจแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แŒฅแ‰ แ‰ƒ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆตแˆ›แˆ› (eco friendly) แ‹จแ‰ตแˆซแŠ•แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แ–แˆŠแˆฒ แ‰ตแŒแ‰ แˆซ แŠจแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แˆˆแˆ แŠ แ‰€แ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆŠแŒ แ‰€แˆต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แˆ†แŠ—แˆแข

@etconp
โค10