PRP pool = 60,000 ETB
Weights: Schedule = 40%, Quality = 30%, Safety = 30%
Performance: Schedule = 90%, Quality = 80%, Safety = 100% What is the PRP earned?
Weights: Schedule = 40%, Quality = 30%, Safety = 30%
Performance: Schedule = 90%, Quality = 80%, Safety = 100% What is the PRP earned?
Anonymous Quiz
20%
A) 53,000 ETB
42%
B) 54,000 ETB
25%
C) 52,000 ETB
12%
D) 55,000 ETB
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PRP scheme:
Base bonus = 20,000 ETB Early completion < 10% of planned duration â 25% bonus Early completion âĨ 10% â 40% bonus Planned duration = 12 months Project completed in 10 months What is the PRP earned?
Base bonus = 20,000 ETB Early completion < 10% of planned duration â 25% bonus Early completion âĨ 10% â 40% bonus Planned duration = 12 months Project completed in 10 months What is the PRP earned?
Anonymous Quiz
21%
A) 22,500 ETB
31%
B) 25,000 ETB
40%
C) 28,000 ETB
8%
D) 30,000 ETB
đ4â¤3
PRP pool = 60,000 ETB
Schedule 40%, Cost 30%, Safety 30% Performance: Schedule 95%, Cost 85%, Safety 70% Safety penalty = 10% deduction Calculate final PRP.
Schedule 40%, Cost 30%, Safety 30% Performance: Schedule 95%, Cost 85%, Safety 70% Safety penalty = 10% deduction Calculate final PRP.
Anonymous Quiz
23%
A) 50,850 ETB
36%
B) 48,600 ETB
29%
C) 49,440 ETB
12%
D) 51,000 ETB
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If the unit weight (Îŗ) of sand and clay samples
are increased by 10% which of the following is
true ?
are increased by 10% which of the following is
true ?
Anonymous Quiz
22%
(a) More volume reduction occurs in sand
33%
(b) More volume reduction occurs in clay
24%
(c) Equal volume reduction in sand and clay
21%
(d) Volume reduction is independent of Îŗ
đ2â¤1
The ratio of average shear stress to maximum
shear stress in a prismatic beam of rectangular
cross section is :
shear stress in a prismatic beam of rectangular
cross section is :
Anonymous Quiz
43%
(a) 3/4
25%
(b) 4/3
14%
(c) 3/2
18%
(d) 2/3
â¤1đ1
Two beams of same material have equal crosssectional area. If one beam has square crosssection and the other has circular cross section-
Anonymous Quiz
9%
(a) Both the beam will be equally strong
39%
(b) Circular section will be stronger
25%
(c) Square section will be stronger
28%
(d) Strength depends on loading condition
â¤2đ1
Influence line for any stress function are used
for obtaining maximum value because of :
for obtaining maximum value because of :
Anonymous Quiz
23%
(a) Uniform live load only
20%
(b) Multiple point loads
49%
(c) Single point load, uniform live load and multiple point loads
9%
(d) Unit point load only
â¤6
Slope deflection method is suitable for analysis
of_______?
of_______?
Anonymous Quiz
33%
(a) Continuous beam
32%
(b) Simply supported beam
14%
(c) Fixed beam
21%
(d) Cantilever beam
â¤8
The flexibility of an element can be defined as
Anonymous Quiz
44%
(a) Flexural moment per unit rotation
20%
(b) Rotation per unit moment
31%
(c) Flexibility for unit translation
5%
(d) None of these
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đĢá ááĩᥠááááĢáĩ á¨á°áá á¨á á¨á°á á°áĢáŊ ááá á¨ááŗ áĩááą 1874 áĩáŠá¨á áĒ.ááĩá áááĸ
đ§á¨ááĩᥠáĢá áĨáĩᨠáĨáĩᨠááá áĢá 240km áĨáááĩ á áá áá áááĩ á¨á á˛áĩ á á áŖ áááŗ áááĩ áááĸ
âēáá á¨ááá áĩááĩ á¨á á˛áĩ á á áŖá á á ááá á¨ááŗ áĩááĩá á 3.5 áĨáĨá áá ááŖááĸ
âēá á°á¨ááĒá á¨áá á°á á°áĢáŊ ááá áĩááĩ áá á áááĢáĩá áá ááŖááĸ áá á áááŗáŖá˛á¸ááĩáŖáŽááŽáĩáŖá˛áááááŖááááŽáá...á¨ááŗá°á áááĢáĩá á ááŗ áĩááĩ áá ááŖááĸ
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âī¸áááĨáĩ ááá˛áą á°á´áĩáŖ á á ááááĩáá´ á°á´áĩáŖáááá á°á´áĩáŖ á áŖá áá á°á´áĩ...á¨ááŗá°ááĩ áááá áŗááĸ
@etconp
đĢá ááĩᥠááááĢáĩ á¨á°áá á¨á á¨á°á á°áĢáŊ ááá á¨ááŗ áĩááą 1874 áĩáŠá¨á áĒ.ááĩá áááĸ
đ§á¨ááĩᥠáĢá áĨáĩᨠáĨáĩᨠááá áĢá 240km áĨáááĩ á áá áá áááĩ á¨á á˛áĩ á á áŖ áááŗ áááĩ áááĸ
âēáá á¨ááá áĩááĩ á¨á á˛áĩ á á áŖá á á ááá á¨ááŗ áĩááĩá á 3.5 áĨáĨá áá ááŖááĸ
âēá á°á¨ááĒá á¨áá á°á á°áĢáŊ ááá áĩááĩ áá á áááĢáĩá áá ááŖááĸ áá á áááŗáŖá˛á¸ááĩáŖáŽááŽáĩáŖá˛áááááŖááááŽáá...á¨ááŗá°á áááĢáĩá á ááŗ áĩááĩ áá ááŖááĸ
âēá ááá ááááĢáĩ á¨á°áá አá°á´áļáŊ á áĸáĩáŽáĩáĢ áá áá áááĩáŗáĩ á°á°áááááĸ
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@etconp
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á áá áááááĸ
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đĩ á ááĩᥠá¨á°áĢáá áá áá°áá á¨246 áĒá ááĩá á áá áá°ááᤠáĨáĩáĢáá áŖáá 240 áĒá ááĩá áá á°á°ááˇááĸ áááą á¨á á˛áĩ á á áŖ áĨáĩᨠáģá¸áá áááááĸ
(#á˛ááĢá _áĸáĩáŽáĩáĢ)
áĸáĩáŽáĩáĢ áááĨáŗ áŖá ááááŊá á¨áŗáá á¨áĸáĩáŽáĩáĢ á áŗá´ ááĩáĨ á ááĢáááĩ ááá áĨáĢáááŊ áĩááááŊáĸ á¨ááá ááááĢ ááĩᥠááá´ 24/2017 áá 2530 áá ááĩ á áááá¨áĩ ááá ááĩá áĩ áŊáááĸ
áááá ááĩᥠá°á ááá á˛áŖá áá áááĩ áá ?
á¨áŗáá á¨áĸáĩáŽáĩáĢ á áŗá´ ááĩáĨ ááá ááĩáĨ á 1.8 áĒá ááĩá áĨááááá 145 ááĩá á¨ááŗ á°áááĨáļ á°á ááááĸ á á á ááá á¨10 ááá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá áĢá á áŽáááĒáĩ (RCC) áááĩ á°áĢááˇááĸ
á¨ááĩᥠá¨áĩá¨áá ááá 150 ááĩá áĩááĩ á áááĸ á¨áááá ááá á°áá 11 ááĩá áĩááĩ á˛áá¨á áááĩ ááĒááŊá áá ááá ááŗáá ááŊáááĸ
ááá áááá¨áĩ á¨ááŊá 13 á°ááŖáááŊ á°á¨á á¨á°á ááá á˛áá á¨áĨááá á°ááŖáááŊ 5150 áá ááĩ ááá áááá¨áĩ ááģáááĸ
á ááĩᥠá¨áá¨áá ááá á¨ááŗáŠáĩ á¨áĨá¨áĩ á á¸ááŗááŊ á ááĢ áĨá á áá á áŠá áá ááá á¨ááĢááአá°ááŖáááŊ áá á¨áá°ááááŖá¸á á˛áá áĨáĢááŗááŗá¸á 8.5 ááĩá á˛áĢááĩá áĩááĩ á áá¸ááĸ 300 ááĩá áĒáŠáĨ á á°á¨ááĩ ááŗáá á á á á áá¸ááĸ
á ááĢ á¨ááá ááááĢ 7 á°ááŖáááŊ á˛áአá áá á¨ááá ááááĢ á°áá 6 á°ááŖáááŊ áá ááá á°á¨áá¸á á°á ááááĸ á¨áá ááĩáĨ 3áą á¨á áĩá ááá á°ááŖáááŊ á áá á á ááĩ áĢá á˛áá ááĒááš 10 á°ááŖáááŊ áĨáĢááŗááŗá¸á 400 áá ááĩ á¨áááá¨áĩ á á á á áá¸ááĸ
ááĩᥠáĢááá¨á ááá á áááĩ ááĩááŽáŊ áááĩá á áŖá á ááĩ á áĩáá á á°áĨᨠááááĩ áĨáá°ááá á á áļáŗ á áĩáá áá° á á˛áĩ á á áŖ áĨááĢá á¨ááá ááĩ á áááŖáĩ áá áááááĸ
á¨ááá ááĩáĨ á á°á¨ááĒ á¨á áŗá´ ááĩᥠá¨áŽáŦáģ ááĩáĨ (Saddle Dam) á¨ááá ááĩáĨ á 15 áĒá ááĩá áááĩ áá áááááĸ
ááááą 5.2 áĒá ááĩá áĨá 50 ááĩá á¨ááŗ áá áá áá ááá á 15 ááá¨á ááĩáĒá áĒáŠáĨ áĩááá á¨á°áá áááĸ á¨á°áĢáá áá ážáᎠáĨááŗáĢáá á¨30-40 á´áᲠááĩá ááá¨áĩ áŖáá áŽáááĒáĩ á°ááĨá§ááĸ
áĨáĩáĢáá á¨71 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá á áá áá á°ááááĸ á á ááá ááĩᥠá¨áááá 74 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá áá ááᤠá¨ááá¨á á¨2.1 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá áĢáá áá áááĸ
ááĒá 2.1 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá áá á ááĒááš 7-10 áááĩ ááĩáĨ ááĢáááĸ
á ááĩᥠá¨á°áĢáá áá áá°áá á¨246 áĒá ááĩá á áá áá°áááĸ áĨáĩáĢáá áŖáá 240 áĒá ááĩá áá á°á°ááˇááĸ áááą á¨á á˛áĩ á á áŖ áĨáĩᨠáģá¸áá áĢááááĸ
á¨áŽáŦáģ (saddle dam) 74 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá áá áááĢá ááá á¨ááĢááá¨áá 5150 ááááĩ ááááá¨áĩ á¨ááĢáĩááááá á¨áá áá á áááĢá á áŖá á áĩááá áááĸ
Via á˛ááĢá áĸáĩáŽáĩáĢ
@etconp
đ§áĨáĩáĢáá á¨71 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá á áá áá á°ááááĸ ááĒá 2.1 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá áá á ááĒááš 7-10 áááĩ ááĩáĨ ááĢáááĸ
đĩ á ááĩᥠá¨á°áĢáá áá áá°áá á¨246 áĒá ááĩá á áá áá°ááᤠáĨáĩáĢáá áŖáá 240 áĒá ááĩá áá á°á°ááˇááĸ áááą á¨á á˛áĩ á á áŖ áĨáĩᨠáģá¸áá áááááĸ
(#á˛ááĢá _áĸáĩáŽáĩáĢ)
áĸáĩáŽáĩáĢ áááĨáŗ áŖá ááááŊá á¨áŗáá á¨áĸáĩáŽáĩáĢ á áŗá´ ááĩáĨ á ááĢáááĩ ááá áĨáĢáááŊ áĩááááŊáĸ á¨ááá ááááĢ ááĩᥠááá´ 24/2017 áá 2530 áá ááĩ á áááá¨áĩ ááá ááĩá áĩ áŊáááĸ
áááá ááĩᥠá°á ááá á˛áŖá áá áááĩ áá ?
á¨áŗáá á¨áĸáĩáŽáĩáĢ á áŗá´ ááĩáĨ ááá ááĩáĨ á 1.8 áĒá ááĩá áĨááááá 145 ááĩá á¨ááŗ á°áááĨáļ á°á ááááĸ á á á ááá á¨10 ááá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá áĢá á áŽáááĒáĩ (RCC) áááĩ á°áĢááˇááĸ
á¨ááĩᥠá¨áĩá¨áá ááá 150 ááĩá áĩááĩ á áááĸ á¨áááá ááá á°áá 11 ááĩá áĩááĩ á˛áá¨á áááĩ ááĒááŊá áá ááá ááŗáá ááŊáááĸ
ááá áááá¨áĩ á¨ááŊá 13 á°ááŖáááŊ á°á¨á á¨á°á ááá á˛áá á¨áĨááá á°ááŖáááŊ 5150 áá ááĩ ááá áááá¨áĩ ááģáááĸ
á ááĩᥠá¨áá¨áá ááá á¨ááŗáŠáĩ á¨áĨá¨áĩ á á¸ááŗááŊ á ááĢ áĨá á áá á áŠá áá ááá á¨ááĢááአá°ááŖáááŊ áá á¨áá°ááááŖá¸á á˛áá áĨáĢááŗááŗá¸á 8.5 ááĩá á˛áĢááĩá áĩááĩ á áá¸ááĸ 300 ááĩá áĒáŠáĨ á á°á¨ááĩ ááŗáá á á á á áá¸ááĸ
á ááĢ á¨ááá ááááĢ 7 á°ááŖáááŊ á˛áአá áá á¨ááá ááááĢ á°áá 6 á°ááŖáááŊ áá ááá á°á¨áá¸á á°á ááááĸ á¨áá ááĩáĨ 3áą á¨á áĩá ááá á°ááŖáááŊ á áá á á ááĩ áĢá á˛áá ááĒááš 10 á°ááŖáááŊ áĨáĢááŗááŗá¸á 400 áá ááĩ á¨áááá¨áĩ á á á á áá¸ááĸ
ááĩᥠáĢááá¨á ááá á áááĩ ááĩááŽáŊ áááĩá á áŖá á ááĩ á áĩáá á á°áĨᨠááááĩ áĨáá°ááá á á áļáŗ á áĩáá áá° á á˛áĩ á á áŖ áĨááĢá á¨ááá ááĩ á áááŖáĩ áá áááááĸ
á¨ááá ááĩáĨ á á°á¨ááĒ á¨á áŗá´ ááĩᥠá¨áŽáŦáģ ááĩáĨ (Saddle Dam) á¨ááá ááĩáĨ á 15 áĒá ááĩá áááĩ áá áááááĸ
ááááą 5.2 áĒá ááĩá áĨá 50 ááĩá á¨ááŗ áá áá áá ááá á 15 ááá¨á ááĩáĒá áĒáŠáĨ áĩááá á¨á°áá áááĸ á¨á°áĢáá áá ážáᎠáĨááŗáĢáá á¨30-40 á´áᲠááĩá ááá¨áĩ áŖáá áŽáááĒáĩ á°ááĨá§ááĸ
áĨáĩáĢáá á¨71 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá á áá áá á°ááááĸ á á ááá ááĩᥠá¨áááá 74 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá áá ááᤠá¨ááá¨á á¨2.1 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá áĢáá áá áááĸ
ááĒá 2.1 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá áá á ááĒááš 7-10 áááĩ ááĩáĨ ááĢáááĸ
á ááĩᥠá¨á°áĢáá áá áá°áá á¨246 áĒá ááĩá á áá áá°áááĸ áĨáĩáĢáá áŖáá 240 áĒá ááĩá áá á°á°ááˇááĸ áááą á¨á á˛áĩ á á áŖ áĨáĩᨠáģá¸áá áĢááááĸ
á¨áŽáŦáģ (saddle dam) 74 áĸáá¨á áĒáŠáĸá ááĩá áá áááĢá ááá á¨ááĢááá¨áá 5150 ááááĩ ááááá¨áĩ á¨ááĢáĩááááá á¨áá áá á áááĢá á áŖá á áĩááá áááĸ
Via á˛ááĢá áĸáĩáŽáĩáĢ
@etconp
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đá áĢáááēáĩ áĨá áĄáĢá¤á á ááĢá áĻáŗ áá á¨á°áááŖ ááá ááá á°áá¨á
đĢá áĢáááēáĩ áĨá áĄáĢá¤á á ááĢá áĻáŗ áá á¨650 áááŽá áĨá á áá ááĒ á¨á°áááŖá "á áąáĩ áŽáááááĩ" á°áá¨ááĸ
âēá¨á áąáĩ áĒáááĩá áá´ááŊ áááááą á¨á°áá°á á¨áá áá á á á áĢá á¨ááá áá á ááĨ ááá 18 ááááŊ á ááĩáĸ
âēá á°á¨ááĒá á¨á ááĩá°á áĨáĩᨠ8á áá áĩá¨áĩ á¨60 á áá áĸáŽááŊáŖ á¨áá áá áĨáĩᨠá áĩáĢ á áĢá°á áá áĩá¨áĩ 48 á¨áááĒáĢ á áááĩáááĩ á¤áļáŊáŖ á á áĩáĢ á ááĩá°áá áá 1350 áĢáŦ ááĩá áá áĢá¨á áá áĢá áĨááĩ áĨáá áĩáá´áŖ ááááĻáŖ ááŗáá áĨá áĨáĩá˛á á áááááĩ á¨áá°áĨ áá á°áĨáááĸ
@etconp
đĢá áĢáááēáĩ áĨá áĄáĢá¤á á ááĢá áĻáŗ áá á¨650 áááŽá áĨá á áá ááĒ á¨á°áááŖá "á áąáĩ áŽáááááĩ" á°áá¨ááĸ
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ADVERTISMENT
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đ á áĻááĩ (áĨááĩ áááŖáĩá áá á)
đ á¨á°ááĢአ[modefic] áĩáĢááŊá áĨáá°áĢáááĸ
âĻī¸ áááááá áĨá¨áŗ áĨá¨áĩ áĨááááááĸ
âī¸áĩáá 0904040477 ááá 0911016833 á°ááá áĢááá
đąá´áááĢá áá áĻhttps://t.me/heavenic1
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áŗááĢáĩ áááĩ áĨá á áĻááĩ á á áĢáĸ
â á¨ááá°áŖá¸á á áááááļáŊ
đ áááĩ any Size & thickness
đ á áĻááĩ (áĨááĩ áááŖáĩá áá á)
đ á¨á°ááĢአ[modefic] áĩáĢááŊá áĨáá°áĢáááĸ
âĻī¸ áááááá áĨá¨áŗ áĨá¨áĩ áĨááááááĸ
âī¸áĩáá 0904040477 ááá 0911016833 á°ááá áĢááá
đąá´áááĢá áá áĻhttps://t.me/heavenic1
á áĩáĢáģáĻ á 1.áááĢáļ
á.2 á á¨á á¤á áĒáŗá áá á¨áĩ
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â¤6
Road longitudinal cracking and edge distress Problem:
This is common pavement failures.
Possible reasons include:
1. Poor Joint Construction
If the road was built in sections (lane-by-lane or in strips), poor bonding at the longitudinal joint can lead to cracks along the seam.
2. Differential Settlement
Uneven support from the subgrade or sub-base, possibly due to poor compaction or variable soil conditions, causes one side to sink slightly.
3. Inadequate Drainage
Water infiltration weakens the base and subgrade, reducing load-carrying capacity and leading to cracking along weaker zones.
4. Thermal Expansion and Contraction
Asphalt expands and contracts with temperature changes, creating stress along joints and edges if not properly designed or sealed.
5. Traffic Loading
Heavy or repeated loads (especially trucks) accelerate cracking along weak joints and edges where pavement support is less.
6. Poor Quality Materials
Use of low-quality asphalt mix/ insufficient binder can cause premature cracking.
This is common pavement failures.
Possible reasons include:
1. Poor Joint Construction
If the road was built in sections (lane-by-lane or in strips), poor bonding at the longitudinal joint can lead to cracks along the seam.
2. Differential Settlement
Uneven support from the subgrade or sub-base, possibly due to poor compaction or variable soil conditions, causes one side to sink slightly.
3. Inadequate Drainage
Water infiltration weakens the base and subgrade, reducing load-carrying capacity and leading to cracking along weaker zones.
4. Thermal Expansion and Contraction
Asphalt expands and contracts with temperature changes, creating stress along joints and edges if not properly designed or sealed.
5. Traffic Loading
Heavy or repeated loads (especially trucks) accelerate cracking along weak joints and edges where pavement support is less.
6. Poor Quality Materials
Use of low-quality asphalt mix/ insufficient binder can cause premature cracking.
đ9â¤6
đSITE BOOK
đĢIn construction, a site book (sometimes called a site diary, site log, or site register) is an official record used to document daily activities, progress, issues, and instructions on a construction site.
đKey Purposes
đ˛1. Daily Progress Tracking
âēRecords work completed each day, weather conditions, manpower, and machinery used.
đ˛2. Communication & Instructions
âēUsed by the Resident Engineer (RE), Project Manager, or Supervisors to issue instructions or note observations for the contractor.
đ˛3. Quality & Safety Documentation
âēLogs inspections, tests, safety incidents, and compliance with specifications.
đ˛4. Evidence & Dispute Resolution
âēActs as legal evidence in case of claims, delays, or disputes between parties.
đ§Typical Entries
*Date, weather, and site conditions
*Manpower and equipment on site
*Work completed (by section or activity)
*Instructions given by RE or Consultant
*Safety incidents or quality control checks
*Delays, disruptions, or variations
*Visitor records (e.g., inspectors)
âī¸Who Maintains It?
âēUsually kept on site and maintained by the Contractor or Site Engineer, but entries can be made by the Consultant, RE, or Client Representative as well.
@etconp
đĢIn construction, a site book (sometimes called a site diary, site log, or site register) is an official record used to document daily activities, progress, issues, and instructions on a construction site.
đKey Purposes
đ˛1. Daily Progress Tracking
âēRecords work completed each day, weather conditions, manpower, and machinery used.
đ˛2. Communication & Instructions
âēUsed by the Resident Engineer (RE), Project Manager, or Supervisors to issue instructions or note observations for the contractor.
đ˛3. Quality & Safety Documentation
âēLogs inspections, tests, safety incidents, and compliance with specifications.
đ˛4. Evidence & Dispute Resolution
âēActs as legal evidence in case of claims, delays, or disputes between parties.
đ§Typical Entries
*Date, weather, and site conditions
*Manpower and equipment on site
*Work completed (by section or activity)
*Instructions given by RE or Consultant
*Safety incidents or quality control checks
*Delays, disruptions, or variations
*Visitor records (e.g., inspectors)
âī¸Who Maintains It?
âēUsually kept on site and maintained by the Contractor or Site Engineer, but entries can be made by the Consultant, RE, or Client Representative as well.
@etconp
â¤11đ1đĨ°1
đWhat problems occur in the higher grade of concrete mix design?
đĢHigher grades of concrete mix design, such as those with a compressive strength of 40 MPa (megapascals) and above, can present several challenges.
âī¸Here are some common problems associated with high-grade concrete:
đ§1. Workability Issues
âēReduced Workability: Higher strength concrete typically has lower water content, which can make it more difficult to mix, place, and finish.
âēNeed for Admixtures: To improve workability, chemical admixtures like superplasticizers may be necessary, which can complicate the mix design.
đ§2. Segregation and Bleeding
âēSegregation: The use of lower water-to-cement ratios can lead to segregation of aggregates, especially in highly fluid mixes.
âēBleeding: Higher grades may also experience bleeding, where excess water rises to the surface, potentially affecting the surface finish.
đ§3. Curing Challenges
Curing
âēRequirements: Higher-grade concrete requires careful curing to achieve desired strength. Insufficient curing can lead to cracking and reduced durability.
Temperature
âēSensitivity: High-strength mixes are sensitive to temperature variations during curing, which can affect hydration and strength development.
đ§4. Shrinkage and Cracking
âēHigher Shrinkage: The lower water content can lead to increased shrinkage, resulting in cracking, especially in large pours.
âēThermal Cracking: Rapid temperature changes during curing can also cause thermal cracking, necessitating temperature control measures.
đ§5. Cost Implications
âēMaterial Costs: Higher-grade concrete often requires more expensive materials, such as higher-quality aggregates and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), increasing overall costs.
âēLabor Costs: The need for skilled labor to handle and place the concrete effectively can also add to project expenses.
đ§6. Durability Considerations
âēPermeability Issues: While higher grades can be more durable, they may also be more susceptible to permeability issues if not designed correctly, leading to potential durability problems over time.
âēLong-Term : Ensuring that the concrete maintains its strength and durability over its service life requires careful selection of materials and mix design.
đ§7. Mix Design Complexity
âēComplexity in Design: Designing a high-strength mix requires a thorough understanding of materials and their interactions, making the mix design process more complex.
âēTesting Requirements: More rigorous testing and quality control measures are often needed to ensure that the mix meets the desired specifications.
đConclusion
âēOverall, while high-grade concrete offers advantages in strength and performance, it also presents several challenges that must be carefully managed through appropriate mix design, material selection, and construction practices.
@etconp
đĢHigher grades of concrete mix design, such as those with a compressive strength of 40 MPa (megapascals) and above, can present several challenges.
âī¸Here are some common problems associated with high-grade concrete:
đ§1. Workability Issues
âēReduced Workability: Higher strength concrete typically has lower water content, which can make it more difficult to mix, place, and finish.
âēNeed for Admixtures: To improve workability, chemical admixtures like superplasticizers may be necessary, which can complicate the mix design.
đ§2. Segregation and Bleeding
âēSegregation: The use of lower water-to-cement ratios can lead to segregation of aggregates, especially in highly fluid mixes.
âēBleeding: Higher grades may also experience bleeding, where excess water rises to the surface, potentially affecting the surface finish.
đ§3. Curing Challenges
Curing
âēRequirements: Higher-grade concrete requires careful curing to achieve desired strength. Insufficient curing can lead to cracking and reduced durability.
Temperature
âēSensitivity: High-strength mixes are sensitive to temperature variations during curing, which can affect hydration and strength development.
đ§4. Shrinkage and Cracking
âēHigher Shrinkage: The lower water content can lead to increased shrinkage, resulting in cracking, especially in large pours.
âēThermal Cracking: Rapid temperature changes during curing can also cause thermal cracking, necessitating temperature control measures.
đ§5. Cost Implications
âēMaterial Costs: Higher-grade concrete often requires more expensive materials, such as higher-quality aggregates and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), increasing overall costs.
âēLabor Costs: The need for skilled labor to handle and place the concrete effectively can also add to project expenses.
đ§6. Durability Considerations
âēPermeability Issues: While higher grades can be more durable, they may also be more susceptible to permeability issues if not designed correctly, leading to potential durability problems over time.
âēLong-Term : Ensuring that the concrete maintains its strength and durability over its service life requires careful selection of materials and mix design.
đ§7. Mix Design Complexity
âēComplexity in Design: Designing a high-strength mix requires a thorough understanding of materials and their interactions, making the mix design process more complex.
âēTesting Requirements: More rigorous testing and quality control measures are often needed to ensure that the mix meets the desired specifications.
đConclusion
âēOverall, while high-grade concrete offers advantages in strength and performance, it also presents several challenges that must be carefully managed through appropriate mix design, material selection, and construction practices.
@etconp
â¤12
đá 14 áááŗáĩ á¨áŗáá á¨ááŗá´ ááĩáĨ áááŖáŗ áá ááĩáĨ á¨15áē á áá á°ááŊ ááááŗá¸á á ááá !!
đĨááŗá´ á¨á°á ááá á°á¨ááá áŗá !
áĒááá°á á¨áĨáááááá ááŊááĩ á¨ááá áĸááá áááĩáĩአáĸáááá ááĨáŗá áĸá°á áá áĢá°á¨ááá áááŗ á ááĨáˇááĸ
á áááŗá ááĨááĢ á áĢáá ááá á á áĨáááĩ á á á áá á á á¨á ...áĨááŗá¸áá áááą
Is it true that as many as 15,000 people died while building the dam over the past 14 years?
Yes, that is true.
á ááááĨ á ááá á áĨá ááĩáááĩááĩ áĨáģ á áá°áá ááŗá´ á 15 áē á¨á ááĢáŊá áááŊ á°áá ááá áá á¨á°ááá áđĸâ¤
Šī¸ á¤áááĢáĩ á ááģá áá°á°
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https://thereportermagazines.com/4076/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR5S6q17e_MubeBe6FwfpnOGpkMwpRxlipphXfneiSHIpYNitSAJ5MadMPygKg_aem_pDAw4-7glxVrzIgiOqC4SA
@etconp
đĨááŗá´ á¨á°á ááá á°á¨ááá áŗá !
áĒááá°á á¨áĨáááááá ááŊááĩ á¨ááá áĸááá áááĩáĩአáĸáááá ááĨáŗá áĸá°á áá áĢá°á¨ááá áááŗ á ááĨáˇááĸ
á áááŗá ááĨááĢ á áĢáá ááá á á áĨáááĩ á á á áá á á á¨á ...áĨááŗá¸áá áááą
Is it true that as many as 15,000 people died while building the dam over the past 14 years?
Yes, that is true.
á ááááĨ á ááá á áĨá ááĩáááĩááĩ áĨáģ á áá°áá ááŗá´ á 15 áē á¨á ááĢáŊá áááŊ á°áá ááá áá á¨á°ááá áđĸâ¤
Šī¸ á¤áááĢáĩ á ááģá áá°á°
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https://thereportermagazines.com/4076/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR5S6q17e_MubeBe6FwfpnOGpkMwpRxlipphXfneiSHIpYNitSAJ5MadMPygKg_aem_pDAw4-7glxVrzIgiOqC4SA
@etconp
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