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๐Ÿ“Œแ•แˆŒแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ€ แŠ แˆˆแŠ•

๐Ÿ“แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แˆแŠญแˆŽแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

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แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆปแฆ  แ‰ 1.แˆ˜แˆญแŠซแ‰ถ
                แ‰.2 แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŒคแŠ“  แŠชแ‹ณแА แˆแˆ…แˆจแ‰ต

แŒฅแˆซแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ณแˆ›แŠแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซแ‰ฝแŠ• แАแ‹แข
แ‰ณแˆแˆซแ‰ต แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„ แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข
โค2
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŠขแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆตแ‰ตแˆชแ‹ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ

๐Ÿ’ซ1.แ‹จแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต /Financial Resource or fund/:-

แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซแ‹ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ณแˆ แ‹ญแˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แ‹‹แ‹‹แˆช แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‹ญแ‰€แ‹ แ‹จแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แ‹ˆแŒช แАแ‹แกแก แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ›แŒญ แ‰ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ณแฃ  แ‰ แŠจแŠแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆ™แˆ‰ แˆˆแˆ™แˆ‰ แŠจแ‰ฅแ‹ตแˆญแฃแ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแˆตแŒฆแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠจแˆŒแˆ‹ แˆ…แŒ‹แ‹Š แŠจแˆ†แА แ‹จแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆแŠ•แŒญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ• แŠจแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‰ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ณแ‹Šแ‹แŠ“ แ‹‹แАแŠ›แ‹ แАแ‹แกแก

๐Ÿ’ซ2. แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต /Human Resource/Labour or Workmanship/:-

แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แŠจแ‹˜แˆญแ‰ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแˆฐแˆˆแŒ แŠ‘ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆžแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ/Proffesionals/ แฃ แ‰ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŠ แˆ˜แˆซแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠ แŒ‹แ‹ฅ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แŠ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซ แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆžแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ“ แŠฅแˆตแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ›แ‹ แŠฅแˆญแŠจแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ฑ แ‹จแˆฅแˆซแ‹ แ‰€แŒฅแ‰ณ แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ณแŠ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ แŠจแŠแˆ แ‹จแˆฐแˆˆแŒ แŠ‘แŠ“/Semi skilled/ แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“ แ‹จแˆŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŒ‰แˆแ‰ แ‰ต แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝแŠ•/Unskilled/ แˆแˆ‰ แ‹ซแŒ แ‰ƒแˆˆแˆˆ แАแ‹แกแกแ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต แˆˆแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซ แŠจแˆšแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แ‹ แ‹จแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฃแŒ€แ‰ต แŠจ5-7% แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰‹แ‹ฐแˆต แАแ‹แกแก

๐Ÿ’ซ3. แ‹จแˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต /Information Resource/:-

แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠจแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‰ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฅแˆŽแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ตแŠ“แฃ แ‰ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แˆฅแˆซ แŠญแŠ•แ‹แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แŒ‰แ‹žแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆแˆ‰ แŠ แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠแŠ“ แˆˆแ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ฑ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰…แˆ™แฃ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซแŠ•  แŠ แ‹‹แŒญแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆˆแ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆˆแˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แ‹จแˆšแˆจแ‹ฑ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แกแก
แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆณแ‹ญแˆฐแ‰ แˆฐแ‰ก แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซ แˆแˆ‰ แŠ แŒ แˆซแŒฃแˆช แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แˆตแŒŠแАแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแŠซแ‹ต แАแ‹แกแก

๐Ÿ’ซ4. แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‹Š /แŒแ‹˜แ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ/Physical Resources/:-

แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‹Š แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŒแ‹˜แ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ต แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ›แˆฝแАแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ /Materials and Machinaries/ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แกแก แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŒแ‹ข แ‹จแˆšแŠซแˆ„แ‹ตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ“แฃ แ‹จแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒˆแŠ•แ‹˜แ‰ฅ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ฃแŒ€แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰‹แ‹ฐแˆฑ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ญแ‹™แ‰ต แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แกแกแˆˆแˆแˆณแˆŒ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แŒแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠ แŠ•แŠณแŠ• แ‰ฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ต แŠจ50-65% แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แАแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ แŒ€แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ญแ‹™ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แกแก

๐Ÿ’ซ5. แ‹จแŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆซแ‹Š แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ /Survices and Management/:-

แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแ‹แˆƒ แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแŠคแˆŒแŠญแ‰ตแˆชแŠญ แŠƒแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ตแฃ แ‹จแˆตแˆแŠญ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฆแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ต แˆ†แŠ– แ‹จแŒแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ข แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆ›แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆซแ‹Š แˆแ‰ƒแ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‹ญแ‰แŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‰€แˆญแ‰กแค แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒฅแˆซแ‰ตแฃ แ‰…แˆแŒฅแแŠ“แŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แŠ แ‹‹แŒญแАแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ•แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แ‹จแˆšแˆจแ‹ฑ แˆ€แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แกแก

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โค10๐Ÿ‘2
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๐Ÿ‘‰Today Tip

๐Ÿ’ซ1. What is bearing capacity of soil?

โบThe maximum load per unit area that the soil or rock can safely carry without shear failure or excessive settlement. Itโ€™s crucial for foundation design! ๐Ÿ—๏ธ๐ŸŒ

๐Ÿ’ซ2. Define workability!

โบWorkability is the ease with which concrete can be mixed, transported, placed, compacted, and finished without segregation. Think smooth handling! ๐Ÿ›ค๏ธ๐Ÿ”ง

๐Ÿ’ซ3. What is Grade of Concrete?

โบThe grade indicates the compressive strength of concrete after 28 days, like C-20 (20 MPa). Higher grade = stronger concrete! ๐Ÿ’ฅ๐Ÿงฑ

๐Ÿ’ซ4. What is water cement ratio in concrete?

โบItโ€™s the ratio of water weight to cement weight in the mix (e.g., 0.45). Lower ratio means higher strength but less workability! ๐Ÿ’ง๐Ÿ—๏ธ

๐Ÿ’ซ5. What is density of water?

โบ1000 kg/mยณ (or 1 g/cmยณ) at standard temperature. The gold standard for concrete calculations! ๐ŸŒŠ๐Ÿ“

๐Ÿ’ซ6. Buckling of sand?

โบ(I think you mean Bulking of sand! ๐Ÿ˜Š) Bulking is the sudden increase in sand volume (up to 20-30%) when moist due to air voids between particles. Always account for it in mixes! ๐Ÿ–๏ธ๐Ÿ“ˆ

๐Ÿ’ซ7. Define Bending Moment and Shear force?

โบBending Moment: The internal moment that causes a beam to bend (like twisting force).

โบShear Force: The vertical force that tends to shear (cut) the beam cross-section. Key for structural analysis! ๐Ÿ”„โœ‚๏ธ

๐Ÿ’ซ8. Types of staircase?

โ—ฆ Straight flight ๐Ÿƒโ€โ™‚๏ธ
โ—ฆ L-shaped (quarter turn) โ†ฉ๏ธ
โ—ฆ U-shaped (half turn) โ†ช๏ธ
โ—ฆ Spiral (curved) ๐ŸŒ€
โ—ฆ Winder (space-saving) ๐Ÿ”„

๐ŸŽฒChoose based on space and aesthetics! ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

๐Ÿ’ซ9. What is Bond?

โบIn RCC, bond is the adhesion between concrete and reinforcement bars (steel), ensuring they act as one unit under load. Strong bond = no slips! ๐Ÿ”—๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

๐Ÿ’ซ10. What is foundation and Types of Foundation?

โบFoundation transfers structure load to the ground safely.

๐ŸšงTypes:

โ—ฆ Shallow: Strip footing (for walls), Pad/isolated (for columns), Raft/mat (for large areas).
โ—ฆ Deep: Pile (for weak soil), Caisson (for waterlogged areas). Pick wisely! โš“๐ŸŒฑ

๐Ÿ’ซ11. What is bleeding and segregation in concrete?

โบBleeding: Excess water rising to the surface during compaction (like sweating concrete).

โบSegregation: Separation of aggregates from cement paste, leading to weak mix. Avoid by proper mixing! ๐Ÿšซ๐Ÿ’ฆ

๐Ÿ’ซ12. What is the Minimum curing for slab?

โบMinimum 7 days for basic strength, but ideally 14-28 days for full hydration and durability. Keep it moist! ๐ŸŒง๏ธ๐Ÿ•

๐Ÿ’ซ13. What formwork and also defined shutting?

โบFormwork: Temporary molds (wood, steel, etc.) to shape fresh concrete until it hardens.

โบShuttering: Specifically the vertical part of formwork (sides) that holds the concrete in place. Essential for clean finishes! ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ๐Ÿ“ฆ

๐Ÿ’ซ14. What is Mix design concrete?

โบThe scientific process to find the optimal proportions of cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures for desired strength, workability, and durability. Tailor-made for every project! ๐Ÿงช๐Ÿ—๏ธ

๐Ÿ’ซ15. What are the Types of Concrete?

โ—ฆ Normal/Ordinary Portland ๐Ÿ’ง
โ—ฆ High-strength (HSC) ๐Ÿ‹๏ธโ€โ™‚๏ธ
โ—ฆ Lightweight (for insulation) โ˜๏ธ
โ—ฆ Heavyweight (for radiation shielding) โšก
โ—ฆ Self-compacting (flows on its own) ๐ŸŒŠ
โ—ฆ And more like fiber-reinforced or precast!

#CivilEngineering #InterviewTips #EngineeringLife

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๐Ÿ‘‰$445 Million 62 Story Tower

๐Ÿ’ซEthiopia Plans Sub-Saharan Africaโ€™s Tallest Skyscraper at 1,074 Feet in Addis Ababa ๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡น

๐Ÿ—๏ธ Ethiopia plans to build a 62-story skyscraper, set to be the tallest in sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting its modernization efforts.

๐ŸŒ The tower, designed by Dar Al-Handasah, will rise to 1,074 feet, surpassing Johannesburgโ€™s Leonardo as the tallest building in the region.

๐Ÿ’ผ The project, estimated at $445 million, involves a stringent bidding process, requiring contractors with substantial experience.

๐Ÿ™๏ธ Located in Addis Ababaโ€™s Kirkos district, the building will feature a sky garden and restaurant, blending business with leisure.

@etconp
โค7๐Ÿ‘6
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Šแ‹ แ‹จแŠขแŠ•แŒ‚แАแˆชแŠ•แŒ แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แแŒฅแАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆปแˆˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ˜แŒฃ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฝแˆแˆแข

๐Ÿ’ซแˆ•แŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ แˆแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แแŒฅแАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแˆตแ‹แ‰ แŠจแˆ˜แŒก แˆ€แŒˆแˆซแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‰ แ‰€แ‹ณแˆšแАแ‰ต แ‰ตแŒˆแŠ›แˆˆแ‰ฝแข

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@etconp
โค10
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (Materials on Site) แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แŠญแแ‹ซ แŠจ50 แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ 60 แŠจแˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒˆ

๐Ÿ’ซแŠ แ‹ฒแˆฑ แ‹จแŒแ‹ฐแˆซแˆ แŒแ‹ฅ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แАแŒฅแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠซแ‰ทแˆแข

แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ (แˆ›แ‰ดแˆชแ‹ซแˆŽแ‰ฝ) แŠจแ‹‹แŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แˆตแˆแˆณ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ (60%) แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆต แŠญแแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆแ€แˆ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆ‹แˆแกแก

โบแˆ†แŠ–แˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜/แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆตแˆแˆณ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ (60%) แŠญแแ‹ซ แŠจแˆ˜แˆแ€แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแŒฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰„ แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แกแก


1โƒฃ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠญแแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠจแˆแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‹ญแ‰… แˆ›แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แˆ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‹™แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆˆแŠญแ‰ต แ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแŠ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ›แАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜/แ‰คแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŠ แˆ›แŠซแˆชแ‹ แˆ˜แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแกแก

2โƒฃ แŠญแแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแ€แˆ˜แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ‹•แ‰ƒ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹แˆ แˆฒแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแ€แˆ˜แ‹ แŠญแแ‹ซ แŠจแˆšแ‰€แŒฅแˆˆแ‹ แŠญแแ‹ซ แˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแกแก

3โƒฃ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆŒแˆ‹ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แ‰ แŒแ‰ฅแŠ แ‰ตแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆแˆ แˆ†แА แˆˆแˆŒแˆ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹จ แ‹“แˆ‹แˆ› แˆ›แ‹‹แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ปแˆแˆแข

4โƒฃ แˆฅแˆซ แ‰ฐแ‰‹แˆซแŒฉ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠญแแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠจแˆแˆˆแ‹ แŠจแˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ แ‹ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰น แ‰ แŠญแˆแ‰ฝแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‰ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‰ขแ‹ฐแˆญแˆตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แฃ แ‰ขแˆฐแˆจแ‰แฃ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแˆจแ‹ฅแˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆณแ‹ญแ‹แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰…แˆจแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ขแ‰ แˆ‹แˆน แ‹จแŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŠซแŠซแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ปแˆ แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆฅแˆซ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ› แ‹จแŒจแˆจแ‰ณ แˆฐแАแ‹ต แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‹แˆ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ตแŠ•แŒ‹แŒŒ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆฐแ‹ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แŠขแŠ•แˆนแˆซแŠ•แˆต แ‰ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต แ‹•แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰น แŠขแŠ•แˆนแˆซแŠ•แˆต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆˆแŠญแ‰ต แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‹ญแŠ–แˆญแ‰ แ‰ณแˆแกแก

Via Infranco Media

@etconp
โค15๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแŠ•แŒ แ‰… แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆตแŠค

‎แ‹ซแŒ‹แŒ แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแŠ•แŒ แ‰… แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆตแŠค แ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ข แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแแˆณแˆฝ แˆ›แˆตแ‹ˆแŒˆแŒƒ แ‹˜แ‹ด แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆฉ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆญ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ™ แˆดแ‰ณ แŒˆแˆˆแŒน

แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆแ‹ฉ แˆตแˆ™ แˆšแŠชแˆŠแˆ‹แŠ•แ‹ต แŠฎแŠ•แ‹ถแˆแŠ•แ‹จแˆ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰ แˆšแŒ แˆซแ‹ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‹ซแŒ‹แŒ แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแŠ•แŒ แ‰… แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แˆ˜แŠ•แˆตแŠค แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ข แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‹จแแˆณแˆฝ แˆ›แˆตแ‹ˆแŒˆแŒƒ แ‹˜แ‹ด แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆฉ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‰ แˆแŠญแ‰ตแˆ แŠจแŠ•แ‰ฒแ‰ฃ แˆ›แŠฅแˆจแŒ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแŠชแ‹ซแŒ… แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆญ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ™ แˆดแ‰ณ แŠจแŠค แŠคแˆ แŠคแŠ• แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แАแ‰ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ณ แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‰ แАแˆ€แˆด แ‹ˆแˆญ 2017 แ‹“.แˆ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แ‹แŠ“แ‰ฅ แˆ˜แŒฃแˆ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆฉแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆŽ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆฐแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแŠ•แŒ แ‰… แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แฃ แ‹จแŠจแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ซแˆตแŠจแ‰ตแˆ แŠจแŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แŠ• แ‹จแŒˆแˆˆแŒนแ‰ต แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆญ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ™แฃ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฐแŠ•แŒ แ‰… แˆแˆแŠญแ‰ฑ แŠ แŠซแ‰ แ‰ข แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แ‹ถแˆšแŠ’แ‹จแˆ™ แАแ‹‹แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŒŠแ‹œแ‹ซแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰… แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ˆแˆฉ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ“แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แŠจแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ซแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แแ‰ตแˆ„แ‹ แ‰ฃแˆปแŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹แŠ• แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› แˆ˜แŠ•แˆตแŠค แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ˆแ‰… แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒ แ‹จแŒ‚แŠฆแˆŽแŒ‚ แˆณแ‹ญแŠ•แˆต แˆแˆแˆซแŠ• แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ„แ‹ต แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ•แˆ แŒˆแˆแŒธแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‹ฉแŠ’แ‰จแˆญแˆตแ‰ฒแ‹ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽ แ‰ฃแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ตแค แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฐแŠ•แŒ แ‰… แˆแˆแŠญแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ณแ‹จแ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแฃ แŠฎแŠ•แ‹ถแˆšแŠ•แ‹จแˆžแ‰น แˆฒแŒˆแАแ‰ก แˆแˆแˆต แŠ แˆแˆญแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‹จแŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆจแˆ แˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ธ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแ‰แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แˆ˜แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒกแŠ• แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆญ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ™ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆ แกแก

แ‰ แŠฎแŠ•แ‹ถแˆšแŠ’แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแŒŽแˆญแ แˆ›แ‹แˆฐแˆป แ‰ฑแ‰ฆแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹Žแ‰น แ‰ แŠ แˆจแˆแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰†แˆปแˆป แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆแŠ‘ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแˆญแ‹ฐแ‹ แ‹จแ‹แŠ“แ‰ฅ แ‹แˆƒ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแˆจแŒ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆแˆฉแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ฑ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ฑ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฐแŠ•แŒ แ‰…แฃ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แŒฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แˆธแˆซแ‰ฐแ‰ต แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆแŒ แˆจ แ‰ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ฑ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰แˆŸแˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆแกแก

แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆฐแ‰ฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแŠ•แŒ แ‰… แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹แŠ• แ‹แˆƒ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŒŽแˆญแ แ‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ก แ‰ฐแ‰†แŒฃแŒฅแˆฎ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆˆแŠ› แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹แˆฐแˆต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆแ‰€แ‰… แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹›แŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ˜แ‰ตแŠจแˆ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แ‰ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ฑ แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆ‹แŠจแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแ‹ แŒˆแˆแ€แ‹‹แˆแกแก

Via AMN

@etconp
โค9๐Ÿ‘2
๐Ÿ‘‰แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆˆแŒธ

แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŒญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแАแ‰ก แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒธแกแก

แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ-แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹ˆ/แˆฎ แŒซแˆแ‰ฑ แˆณแŠ’ แ‰ แˆแ‹ดแˆซแˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆ…แŠ•แŒป แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ต แŒฝ/แ‰คแ‰ต แŠ แˆ›แŠซแŠแАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแАแ‰ฃ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆฐแАแ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒซแŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ…แŠ•แŒป แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠจแ‰ต แŠ แˆแŒธแŒธแˆ แŠ แˆตแˆ˜แˆแŠญแ‰ถ  แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ต แŠ แŠซแˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‹‹แˆ แกแก

แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ฑ แŠฅ.แŠค. แŠ แ‰†แŒฃแŒ แˆญ แˆ˜แˆตแŠจแˆจแˆ 26 แ‰€แŠ• 2020 แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ 1แАแŒฅแ‰ฅ 4แ‰ขแˆŠแ‹ฎแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ€แˆ˜แˆจ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แˆšแ‰€แŒฅแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แŒ‹แ‰ขแ‰ต 15 แ‰€แŠ• 2018 แ‹“.แˆ แ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰† แˆˆแŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แ‹แŒแŒ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แ‹แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแกแก

แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹˜แˆˆแ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰… แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆšแˆแˆˆแŒˆแ‹ แŠ แˆ‹แˆ› แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแ‹แˆ แ‹จแˆตแˆซ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แ‹จแˆฐแŒกแ‰ต แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ“ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ฐ-แˆแˆ›แ‰ต แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ตแˆญ แ‹ˆ/แˆฎ แŒซแˆแ‰ฑ แˆณแŠ’  แˆตแˆซแ‹ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆแŠญแŠ’แ‹ซแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒ“แ‰ฐแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ณแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ›แˆจแˆ แŠ แˆ‹แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠ แˆฐแ‰ แ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ตแ‰ฐแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒจแ‰ แŒฅ แˆตแˆซแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แˆณแ‹จแ‰ต แˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ตแˆญแˆป แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแˆจแ‹แฃ แ‰ฐแˆจแ‹ณแ‹ตแ‰ฐแ‹แฃ แ‰ฐแ‰€แŠ“แŒ…แ‰ฐแ‹ แ•แˆฎแŒ€แŠญแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠจแแŒปแˆœ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆแŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠ แˆณแˆตแ‰ แ‹‹แˆ

Via แˆ˜แˆแˆš

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๐Ÿ”ง๐Ÿ“๐Ÿ“แ€แŒแˆฝ แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต ๐Ÿ“๐Ÿ“  
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๐Ÿ› ๐Ÿ› ๐Ÿ› แ‹จแˆแŠ•แˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆŽแ‰ถแ‰ฝ๐Ÿ› ๐Ÿ› ๐Ÿ› 

1 แˆ˜แŒˆแˆˆแŒซแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹ แ‹จแˆžแ‹ฐแŠแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ

2 แŠฅแ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠจ 1แˆšแˆŠแˆ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 30 แˆšแˆŠแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰†แˆญแŒฃแˆˆแŠ• แŠฅแ‰ แˆณแˆˆแŠ•

3 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แŒ แˆ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต 12แˆš แŠฅแˆตแŠจ 32แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŒฅแˆญแˆต แŠ แ‹แŒฅแ‰ฐแŠ• แŠ แŒฅแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“แ‰€แˆญแ‰ฃแˆˆแŠ•

4 แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆแˆˆแŒ‰แ‰ต แˆ˜แŒฅแŠ•


๐Ÿ“ แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแˆป แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ›แ‰ฝแŠ•


แ‰1. แ‰ แŠฅแŒ†แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆตแˆแŠญ แˆˆแŠ“แ‰ฐ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ

แ‰2. แ‰ แ‰ณแ‰ณแˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ› แŠฎแˆญแ‰ป แ‰ฐแˆซ

แ‰3. แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แŒคแŠ“ แŠชแ‹ณแŠ• แˆแˆ…แˆจแ‰ต แŒŠแ‰ข แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แˆแˆœแˆซ แŠฅแ‹›แ‹ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แˆ›แˆฝแŠ• แŠฅแ‰†แˆญแŒฃแˆˆแŠ•

แ‰4. แˆดแˆšแ‰ต แแ‹จแˆ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฃ แ‰ฃแˆซแ‰ฑแˆ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ

แˆ›แˆณแˆฐแ‰ฅแ‹ซ

แŠจแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แŠ แŠ•แƒแˆญ แ‹จแ‹‹แŒ‹ แŠ•แˆจแ‰ต แŠซแˆณแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ›แŒ‹ แŠฅแˆšแŒˆแˆญแˆ แˆ˜แแ‰ตแˆ„ แŠ แˆˆ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ซแˆตแ‰กแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆแŠญ แˆตแˆซแ‹ŽแŠ• แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ‰ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแ‹แˆ‰

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แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แˆตแˆซ แˆˆแˆซแˆต แАแ‹ แ‰ธแˆญ แ‹ญแŒแŒ แˆ›แ‰น แ€แŒแˆฝ   
แ•แˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ„แ‰ฆแˆแ‰ต!
๐Ÿ‘‰BIM Technology Overview

๐Ÿ’ซBIM stands for Building Information Modeling.

โบIt is a digital process that involves creating and managing intelligent 3D models of buildings or infrastructure projects.
โบBIM is not just about 3D drawingsโ€”it integrates information, geometry, scheduling, cost, and lifecycle management in a collaborative environment.


โœ… Key Features of BIM

1. 3D Modeling โ€“ Detailed digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility.
2. Collaboration โ€“ Architects, engineers, contractors, and owners work on the same model in real-time or coordinated phases.
3. Information-Rich Models โ€“ Every element (wall, door, pipe, etc.) has embedded data (materials, cost, supplier info, etc.).
4. 4D and 5D BIM โ€“ Integration of time (scheduling) and cost data.
5. Clash Detection โ€“ Identifies design conflicts (e.g., HVAC vs. structure) early, before construction.
6. Lifecycle Management โ€“ Supports operation, maintenance, and renovation during a buildingโ€™s entire life.

๐ŸŒ Global BIM Use:

โบBIM is increasingly mandated by governments and institutions globally, especially in the EU, UK, USA, and parts of Asia, for public infrastructure projects due to its cost-saving, time-efficiency, and quality improvement benefits.

๐Ÿ‡ช๐Ÿ‡น BIM in Ethiopia โ€“ Current Status and Developments:

๐ŸŸก Adoption Level: Emerging
โ€ข BIM is still in its early stages in Ethiopia, but growing awareness and limited adoption exist among large firms, public agencies, and higher education institutions.
โ€ข Adoption is driven by international consultants, contractors, and donor-funded projects that require BIM-based collaboration (especially in infrastructure, airports, and industrial facilities).

๐Ÿ”ง Tools in Use:

โ€ข Software such as Autodesk Revit, Navisworks, Tekla Structures, Civil 3D, and ArchiCAD is increasingly used by private firms.
โ€ข Most firms, however, still rely on 2D CAD tools due to skill gaps, cost, and limited awareness.

โ— Challenges in Ethiopia:

1. Lack of Skilled Professionals โ€“ Limited training opportunities for architects, engineers, and contractors.
2. Software Cost and Accessibility โ€“ High licensing costs and limited access to proper hardware.
3. Resistance to Change โ€“ Traditional workflows and design practices dominate.
4. Regulatory Gaps โ€“ No national BIM standard or policy mandating BIM use.
5. Low Digital Infrastructure โ€“ Inconsistent access to high-speed internet and collaboration platforms.

โœ… Recent Positive Developments:

โ€ข BIM workshops, seminars, and training centers are being launched by professional associations and private institutions.
โ€ข Ethiopian Engineering Institutions (like EACE or AECEA) are beginning to recognize BIM in their professional development programs.
โ€ข Donor and FDI-funded infrastructure projects (like airports, energy, and rail) are pushing the use of BIM by hiring foreign consultants with BIM expertise.
โ€ข Smart city and housing programs under various ministries are also exploring BIM for planning efficiency.

๐Ÿ“ˆ What Needs to Be Done:

โ€ข Government needs to develop a national BIM policy or roadmap.
โ€ข Invest in training centers and certification programs.
โ€ข Encourage BIM pilot projects in public infrastructure.
โ€ข Integrate BIM into university and TVET curricula more systematically.
โ€ข Promote public-private partnerships to build local BIM capacity.

Who are
using BIM in Ethiopia?

@etconp
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๐Ÿ‘‰Common interview questions a Construction Project Manager expected to be asked๐Ÿ‘ทโ€โ™‚๏ธ

๐Ÿ’ซThese questions categorized in 5 portion

๐ŸšงI. General & background questions

๐ŸšงII. Planing and execution questions

๐ŸšงIII. Team and leadership questions

๐ŸšงIV. Technical & compliance

๐Ÿšงv. problem solving & performance

๐Ÿ’ซQuestions

๐ŸทGeneral & Background

1. Can you walk us through your experience managing construction projects?

2. What types of projects (residential, commercial, infrastructure) have you managed?

3. What was the largest budget youโ€™ve handled, and how did you manage it?

๐ŸทPlanning & Execution

4. How do you prepare a project schedule, and which software/tools do you use?

5. How do you ensure a project stays within budget and on time?

6. What steps do you take to manage project risks?

7. How do you deal with project delays caused by unforeseen circumstances?

๐ŸทTeam & Leadership

8. How do you manage subcontractors, suppliers, and stakeholders?

9. How do you handle conflicts between team members on site?

10. How do you motivate your team under tight deadlines?

๐ŸทTechnical & Compliance

11. How do you ensure quality control during construction?

12. How do you manage site safety and ensure compliance with regulations?

13. How do you handle change orders from clients or consultants?

๐ŸทProblem-Solving & Performance

14. Tell us about a challenging project you managed. How did you overcome the difficulties?

15. If a project is falling behind schedule, what immediate actions would you take?

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๐Ÿ’ซแ‰ฃแˆ›แŠฎแŠ• แˆชแˆ แŠฅแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แ‰ แŠซแ‹›แŠ•แ‰บแˆต 2200 แŠซแˆฌ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆจแˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆ 24 แ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŒ‹แˆ‹แŠญแˆฒ แŠแŠ’แˆฝแŠ•แŒ แˆžแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ•แŒแ‹ต แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แ‰ แ‹›แˆฌแ‹‰ แŠฅแˆˆแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแˆ˜แˆญแ‰† แˆตแˆซ แŠ แˆตแŒ€แˆแˆฏแˆแข

๐Ÿšงแ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŒฅแˆซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแŠ• แ‰ฐแˆ แˆญแ‰ถ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰€แ‹ แŒ‹แˆ‹แŠญแˆฒ แŠแŠ’แˆฝแŠ•แŒ แˆžแˆ แ‹จแŠชแА แˆ•แŠ•แŒป แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แค แˆปแŒญ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒˆแ‹ฅแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แค แŠ แ‰…แˆซแ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‹ฒแ‹›แ‹ญแАแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒฃแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰ แˆ›แˆฐแ‰ฃแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹ˆแŒชแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒฅแ‰ฅแฃ แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰€แˆ‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆแ‰น แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹ตแŠ•แ‰… แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ•แŒแ‹ต แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแАแŒแˆฏแˆแกแก

แŒ‹แˆ‹แŠญแˆฒ แŠแŠ’แˆบแŠ•แŒ แˆžแˆ แ‹จแŠคแˆŒแŠญแ‰ตแˆชแŠซแˆ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แค แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ณแŒ แ‰ขแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ•แŒฝแˆ…แŠ“ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰‚แ‹ซ แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆฅแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰แˆถแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แ‹จแ‹ˆแˆˆแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒแ‹ตแŒแ‹ณ แˆฅแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แ‰€แ‰‚แ‹ซ แˆ›แ‰ดแˆชแ‹ซแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ•แฃ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แ‹แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ฅแˆฑ แˆแ‹ฉ แˆแ‹ฉ แ‹จแŠแŠ’แˆฝแŠ•แŒ แˆ›แ‰ดแˆชแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ•แค แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แ‹จแŠแŠ’แˆฝแŠ•แŒ แˆ›แ‰ดแˆชแ‹ซแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒฃแˆชแ‹ซ แˆตแˆญ แŠ แ‰€แŠ“แŒ…แ‰ถ แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹˜ แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‹Š แˆžแˆ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฐแАแŒแˆฏแˆแข

แŒ‹แˆ‹แŠญแˆฒ แŠแŠ’แˆบแŠ•แŒ แˆžแˆ แ‹จแŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แŠจแˆ›แˆตแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฅ แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แŠแŠ’แˆบแŠ•แŒ แˆฅแˆซ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‰ แˆซแˆฑ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ แˆซแค แ‰ แ‰‚ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฝแŠจแˆญแŠซแˆช แˆ›แ‰†แˆšแ‹ซ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แŠ แˆฅแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆฉ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแАแ‰ก แ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฝแŠจแˆญแŠซแˆช แˆ›แ‰†แˆšแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ แ‹จแˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แˆ›แ‹˜แ‹แ‰ฐแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‹แŠ“แŠ› แˆตแแˆซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแฃ แ‹จแŠคแˆŒแŠญแ‰ตแˆชแŠญ แ‰ฐแˆฝแŠจแˆญแŠซแˆช แ‰ปแˆญแŒ… แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒŠแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‰ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แŒฅแŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰„แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝแˆ แŠ แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆŸแˆ‰แˆˆแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแข

แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹จแ‹แŠ• แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ต แแˆ‹แŒŽแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แˆปแˆปแˆ แ‰ฃแˆ›แŠฎแŠ• แˆชแˆ แŠฅแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฒแŠ“แ‹‹ แ‹แ‹ญแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแŠ‘แˆฎ แˆแ‰น แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ–แˆชแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ•แŒแ‹ต แŠ แ“แˆญแ‰ตแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŒฅแˆซแ‰ตแฃ แแŒฅแАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แŒฃแŒฃแŠ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‰€แˆจแ‰ แค แˆˆแ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŽแ‹ญแ‰ณ แˆ›แˆตแŒˆแŠ˜แ‰ฑแˆ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแกแก

แ‰ฃแˆ›แŠฎแŠ• แˆชแˆ แŠฅแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ต แŠจแˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแˆตแŠจ แŠแŠ’แˆฝแŠ•แŒ แ‰ แˆซแˆฑ แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆ›แŠฎแŠ• แŒแˆฉแ• แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ต แŠฉแ‰ฃแŠ•แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ (แ‰ฃแˆ›แŠฎแŠ• แˆชแˆ แŠฅแˆตแ‰ดแ‰ตแฃ แŠ แŠ•แŠจแˆญ แ‹แ‹แŠ•แ‹ดแˆฝแŠ• แˆตแ”แˆปแˆŠแˆตแ‰ตแค แ‰ฃแˆ›แŠฎแŠ• แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆชแŠ•แŒแฃ แŠ แˆแ‹ แ–แˆตแ‰ต แ‰ดแŠ•แˆฝแŠ’แŠ•แŒแฃ แ‰ฃแˆ› แˆšแŠญแˆต แŠฎแŠ•แŠญแˆชแ‰ตแฃ แ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆญ แŠขแŠ•แŒ…แАแˆชแŠ•แŒแฃ แŠ แˆแ‰ตแˆœแ‰ต แŠฌแˆšแŠซแˆแˆตแฃ แŠแ‰ต แŠ แ‹แ‰ต แŠฎแŠ•แˆตแ‰ตแˆซแŠญแˆฝแŠ•) แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ซแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแА แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแข

@etconp
โค8๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ‘‰Hereโ€™s a comprehensive list of common interview questions for a junior site engineer,organized by category:

๐Ÿท1. General Background & Motivation

โบTell us about yourself and your educational background?
โบWhy did you choose to become a site engineer?
โบWhat interests you most about working on construction sites?
โบWhat do you know about our company and the types of projects we manage?

๐Ÿท2. Technical Knowledge

โบWhat is the role of a site engineer in a construction project?
โบExplain the difference between structural drawings and architectural drawings?
โบHow do you ensure that work on site complies with project specifications and codes?
โบWhat are setting-out procedures, and why are they important?
โบCan you explain the purpose of bar bending schedules (BBS)?
โบWhat quality control tests are commonly performed on concrete?
โบWhat safety precautions should always be followed on a construction site?
โบHow do you read and interpret construction drawings and blueprints?

๐Ÿท3. Practical & On-Site Scenarios

โบIf you discover a mismatch between site conditions and the drawings, how would you handle it?
โบA contractor is not following the specificationsโ€”what steps would you take?
โบHow would you deal with a situation where bad weather delays the schedule?
โบDescribe how you would supervise a small team of workers on a busy day?

๐Ÿท4. Tools, Materials & Equipment

โบWhat surveying instruments or tools have you used (e.g., total station, level)?
โบWhat construction management software are you familiar with (e.g., AutoCAD, MS Project, Primavera)?
โบHow do you verify the quality and quantity of materials delivered to site?

๐Ÿท5. Planning & Project Management

โบHow would you plan daily site activities to meet deadlines?
โบWhat steps do you take to minimize waste and optimize resources?
โบHow do you prepare progress reports for your senior engineer or project manager?
โบHow do you handle pressure when multiple tasks are assigned simultaneously?

๐Ÿท6. Safety & Legal Compliance
What are key elements of a site safety plan?

โบHow would you ensure workers are following safety protocols?
โบWhy are method statements and risk assessments important in site work?

๐Ÿท7. Teamwork & Communication

โบDescribe a time you worked as part of a multidisciplinary team?
โบHow do you communicate instructions clearly to workers with different skill levels?
โบHow would you resolve a conflict between two team members on site?

๐Ÿท8. Career Goals & Self-Improvement

โบWhat skills are you currently working to improve as a site engineer?
โบWhere do you see yourself in five years in the construction industry?
โบWhy should we hire you for this position?

@etconp
โค17๐Ÿ‘6
๐Ÿ‘‰Top Structural Design Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

๐ŸšงIgnoring Soil and Foundation Conditions:

โบStructural design must start with a proper understanding of ground conditions. Failing to do so can lead to settlement, tilting or collapse

๐ŸšงCommon Errors:
 
โบAssuming uniform soil without incorrect bearing capacity & Choosing the wrong foundation type.

๐Ÿ’ซSolution

โบAlways require a geotechnical report Match foundation type to soil conditions (e.g., raft, pile)
Apply adequate safety factors

@etconp
โค13๐Ÿ‘6
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โค2
๐Ÿ‘‰Excavation in construction:

๐Ÿ’ซMeans the process of digging, removing, and handling soil, rock, or other materials from the ground to prepare the site for foundations, basements, utilities, or other substructures.

๐ŸทIt is one of the first and most important activities in construction.

โญ๏ธ1. Purpose of Excavation

โบTo remove topsoil, vegetation, and unsuitable material.
โบTo reach the required depth for foundation (shallow or deep).
โ–ถ๏ธTo create space for basements, underground tanks, parking, or utilities.
โบTo achieve firm and level ground for construction.

โญ๏ธ2. Types of Excavation

โบTopsoil excavation โ†’ Removal of surface soil with vegetation.
โบEarth excavation โ†’ Removal of soil below topsoil for foundations.
โบRock excavation โ†’ Hard rock cutting, often requiring blasting or heavy equipment.
โบMuck excavation โ†’ Removal of material with high water and organic content.
โบStripping excavation โ†’ Removing large shallow layers for roads or slabs.
โบBorrow excavation โ†’ Using soil brought from another location for filling.

โญ๏ธ3. Methods of Excavation

โบManual excavation โ†’ Using hand tools (pickaxe, shovel) for small or tight areas.
โบMechanical excavation โ†’ Using machinery (excavators, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks).
โบBlasting โ†’ For hard rock layers where mechanical tools are not effective.
โบTrenching โ†’ Narrow excavation for pipelines, cables, or strip footings.

๐ŸŒŸ4. Excavation Process

๐ŸŽฒA. Site clearing & setting out โ†’ Mark boundaries and reference points.

๐ŸŽฒB. Shoring & dewatering (if required) โ†’ Support side walls and control groundwater.

๐ŸŽฒC. Excavation to required depth โ†’ Depending on foundation type (raft, pile cap, isolated footing, basement).

๐ŸŽฒD. Trimming and leveling โ†’ Prepare bottom surface, compact if necessary.

๐ŸŽฒE. Inspection โ†’ Engineers check soil bearing capacity and depth.

๐ŸŽฒF. Foundation preparation โ†’ Laying PCC (plain cement concrete) blinding layer before reinforcement and footing.

โญ๏ธ5. Safety Considerations

โบProvide proper slope, benching, or shoring to avoid collapse.

โบUse barricades and signage around excavation.

โบInstall pumps for dewatering in case of groundwater.

โบWorkers should use helmets, boots, and safety harnesses if required.

โญ๏ธ6. Equipment Commonly Used

-Excavators (crawler, wheeled)
-Backhoe loaders
-Bulldozers
-Dump trucks
-Compactors/rollers
-Jackhammers or blasting tools (for rocks)

@etconp
โค21๐Ÿ‘7๐Ÿ”ฅ1๐Ÿ‘1
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๐Ÿ‘4