Which of the following Samplings does not test the quality before or alter the Sampling?
Anonymous Quiz
23%
Grab Sampling
42%
Random Sampling
13%
Composite Sampling
22%
Flow weighted Composite Sampling
β€3π2
The width of runway pavement for the Airport type D is _?
Anonymous Quiz
34%
45
34%
30.5
16%
18
16%
22.5
β€5
2. The minimum curing period for concrete exposed to hot weather conditions (above 50% relative humidity) as per IS 456:2000 is:
Anonymous Quiz
19%
A. 3 days
45%
B. 7 days
9%
C. 10 days
27%
D. 14 days
π7
The Entrained air percentage of nominal maximum size aggregate 40mm is :
Anonymous Quiz
42%
4+-1
27%
5+-1
13%
6+-1
18%
3+-1
β€5
The basic purpose of a retarder in concrete is
Anonymous Quiz
33%
To increase the initial setting time of cement paster in concrete
44%
To decrease the initial setting time of cemnt paste in concrete
9%
To render the concrete more water tight
14%
To improve the workability of concrete mix
π5π1
The slope of shear force diagram at any point is
Anonymous Quiz
27%
Unit load at that point
38%
Maximum bending moment at that point
16%
Intensity of distributed load
19%
Maximum axial force at that point
β€6π5
π INTERCON Construction Chemicals
β Concrete Admixtures
β Bonding Agents
β Waterproofings
β Wall Putty, Prime Coat
β Concrete Repair Mortar
β Floor hardener, Epoxy
β Grout, Self-level mortar
β Quartz paint, Contextra
β Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
β Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
βοΈ Tel: 0961955555
πΉ Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital
πΉ Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza
β Concrete Admixtures
β Bonding Agents
β Waterproofings
β Wall Putty, Prime Coat
β Concrete Repair Mortar
β Floor hardener, Epoxy
β Grout, Self-level mortar
β Quartz paint, Contextra
β Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
β Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
βοΈ Tel: 0961955555
πΉ Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital
πΉ Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza
β€4π₯1
πShoring, Underpinning & Dewatering
βοΈ1. Shoring
βΊShoring is a temporary structure used to support a building, structure, or trench to prevent collapseduring construction or repair.
βΊIt helps stabilize the structure and ensures safety during excavation oralterations.
βοΈTypes of Shoring:
β’ Raking Shoring
β’ Flying Shoring
β’ Dead Shoring
βοΈ2. Underpinning
βΊUnderpinning is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing buildingor structure.
βΊIt is done when the original foundation is not strong enough or when adjacentexcavation affects stability.
βοΈMethods of Underpinning:
β’ Mass Concrete Underpinning
β’ Beam and Base Underpinning
β’ Mini Piled Underpinning
β’ Pile and Beam Method
βοΈ3. Dewatering
βΊDewatering is the process of removing groundwater or surface water from a construction site tocreate a dry and stable work environment.
βΊIt is essential during deep excavations or foundationworks.
π§Methods of Dewatering:
β’ Well Point System
β’ Deep Well System
β’ Sump Pumping
β’ Ejector System
πConclusion:
βΊShoring, underpinning, and dewatering are essential techniques in civil engineering that ensure thestability, safety, and efficiency of construction projects.
βΊThey protect existing structures, providestable foundations, and maintain dry working conditions.
@etconp
βοΈ1. Shoring
βΊShoring is a temporary structure used to support a building, structure, or trench to prevent collapseduring construction or repair.
βΊIt helps stabilize the structure and ensures safety during excavation oralterations.
βοΈTypes of Shoring:
β’ Raking Shoring
β’ Flying Shoring
β’ Dead Shoring
βοΈ2. Underpinning
βΊUnderpinning is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing buildingor structure.
βΊIt is done when the original foundation is not strong enough or when adjacentexcavation affects stability.
βοΈMethods of Underpinning:
β’ Mass Concrete Underpinning
β’ Beam and Base Underpinning
β’ Mini Piled Underpinning
β’ Pile and Beam Method
βοΈ3. Dewatering
βΊDewatering is the process of removing groundwater or surface water from a construction site tocreate a dry and stable work environment.
βΊIt is essential during deep excavations or foundationworks.
π§Methods of Dewatering:
β’ Well Point System
β’ Deep Well System
β’ Sump Pumping
β’ Ejector System
πConclusion:
βΊShoring, underpinning, and dewatering are essential techniques in civil engineering that ensure thestability, safety, and efficiency of construction projects.
βΊThey protect existing structures, providestable foundations, and maintain dry working conditions.
@etconp
β€13π1
πRetaining Wall Vs Shear Wall
π«A retaining wall and a shear wall are both structural walls, but they serve completely different purposes in construction.
π§Here is a detailed description of the difference between them:
βοΈ1. Purpose and Function
Retaining Wall:A retaining wall is built to hold back or retain soil or earth on one side so that the ground level on the two sides of the wall remains different.
βΊIt resists lateral pressure caused by soil, water, or backfill materials. For example, it is used when constructing basements, garden terraces, roads on hilly areas, or when one part of the ground is at a higher level than the other.
π·Shear Wall:A shear wall is constructed to resist horizontal or lateral forces acting on a building due to wind, earthquake, or other external loads.
βΊIt provides lateral stiffness and strength to prevent the structure from swaying or collapsing. Shear walls are used mainly in multistory buildings and high-rise structures to make them more stable under lateral loads.
π·2. Type of Load Resisted
Retaining Wall:It resists lateral earth pressure (from soil) and sometimes hydrostatic pressure (from water). The pressure acts horizontally from the retained material toward the wall.
π§Shear Wall:It resists lateral loads from wind, seismic, or blast forces that act on the building structure. These forces try to push or twist the building horizontally.
π·3. Structural Behavior
Retaining Wall: It behaves like a cantilever beam fixed at the base, designed to counter the overturning, sliding, and bearing pressures of the retained earth. Stability is its main focus.
π§Shear Wall:It acts as a vertical cantilever spanning between floors, transferring horizontal loads down to the foundation. It mainly resists shear forces and bending moments caused by lateral loads.
π·4. Location and Construction
Retaining Wall:Usually constructed outside or along the edges of structuresβlike in basements, hill roads, embankments, or landscaping areasβwhere there is a level difference in ground elevation.
π§Shear Wall:Constructed within the building frame, often around staircases, lift cores, and exterior walls. It becomes part of the buildingβs structural frame system.
π·5. Materials and Design
Retaining Wall: Commonly made of reinforced concrete, stone masonry, or brick masonry.
βΊThe design considers earth pressure theories such as Rankine or Coulomb methods.
π§Shear Wall:Typically made of reinforced concrete or sometimes structural steel or wood (in light structures). The design follows structural analysis for lateral loads in accordance with building codes for wind and earthquake resistance.
π·6. Example of Use
Retaining Wall Example: The wall supports soil behind a basement or along a road cut on a hill.
π§Shear Wall Example:
The vertical concrete wall in a tall apartment building that resists earthquake shaking and prevents the building from swaying.
πSummary in Simple Words
βΊA retaining wall holds back soil.
βΊA shear wall holds back horizontal forces on a building.
@etconp
π«A retaining wall and a shear wall are both structural walls, but they serve completely different purposes in construction.
π§Here is a detailed description of the difference between them:
βοΈ1. Purpose and Function
Retaining Wall:A retaining wall is built to hold back or retain soil or earth on one side so that the ground level on the two sides of the wall remains different.
βΊIt resists lateral pressure caused by soil, water, or backfill materials. For example, it is used when constructing basements, garden terraces, roads on hilly areas, or when one part of the ground is at a higher level than the other.
π·Shear Wall:A shear wall is constructed to resist horizontal or lateral forces acting on a building due to wind, earthquake, or other external loads.
βΊIt provides lateral stiffness and strength to prevent the structure from swaying or collapsing. Shear walls are used mainly in multistory buildings and high-rise structures to make them more stable under lateral loads.
π·2. Type of Load Resisted
Retaining Wall:It resists lateral earth pressure (from soil) and sometimes hydrostatic pressure (from water). The pressure acts horizontally from the retained material toward the wall.
π§Shear Wall:It resists lateral loads from wind, seismic, or blast forces that act on the building structure. These forces try to push or twist the building horizontally.
π·3. Structural Behavior
Retaining Wall: It behaves like a cantilever beam fixed at the base, designed to counter the overturning, sliding, and bearing pressures of the retained earth. Stability is its main focus.
π§Shear Wall:It acts as a vertical cantilever spanning between floors, transferring horizontal loads down to the foundation. It mainly resists shear forces and bending moments caused by lateral loads.
π·4. Location and Construction
Retaining Wall:Usually constructed outside or along the edges of structuresβlike in basements, hill roads, embankments, or landscaping areasβwhere there is a level difference in ground elevation.
π§Shear Wall:Constructed within the building frame, often around staircases, lift cores, and exterior walls. It becomes part of the buildingβs structural frame system.
π·5. Materials and Design
Retaining Wall: Commonly made of reinforced concrete, stone masonry, or brick masonry.
βΊThe design considers earth pressure theories such as Rankine or Coulomb methods.
π§Shear Wall:Typically made of reinforced concrete or sometimes structural steel or wood (in light structures). The design follows structural analysis for lateral loads in accordance with building codes for wind and earthquake resistance.
π·6. Example of Use
Retaining Wall Example: The wall supports soil behind a basement or along a road cut on a hill.
π§Shear Wall Example:
The vertical concrete wall in a tall apartment building that resists earthquake shaking and prevents the building from swaying.
πSummary in Simple Words
βΊA retaining wall holds back soil.
βΊA shear wall holds back horizontal forces on a building.
@etconp
β€18π5
πPROJECT SCHEDULING IN A NUTSHELL
π PERT (Program Evaluation & Review Technique)
Used when activity durations are uncertain.
βοΈIt uses three time estimates:
β’ β‘ Optimistic (O)
β’ βοΈ Most Likely (M)
β’ π’ Pessimistic (P)
Formula β Te = (O + 4M + P) / 6
π²Helps predict project duration and risk of delay.
π§ CPM (Critical Path Method)
Used when durations are known.
It finds the longest path in the project network β called the Critical Path.
Any delay on this path = delay in the entire project!
π Scheduling Steps
1οΈβ£ List all activities.
2οΈβ£ Estimate duration & sequence.
3οΈβ£ Draw a network (PERT/CPM chart).
4οΈβ£ Identify the critical path.
5οΈβ£ Track progress using Gantt Chart, Primavera, or MS Project.
π‘ Critical Path = Project Lifeline
π‘ PERT = Handle Uncertainty
#ProjectManagement #CivilEngineering #PERT #CPM #ConstructionPlanning
@etconp
π PERT (Program Evaluation & Review Technique)
Used when activity durations are uncertain.
βοΈIt uses three time estimates:
β’ β‘ Optimistic (O)
β’ βοΈ Most Likely (M)
β’ π’ Pessimistic (P)
Formula β Te = (O + 4M + P) / 6
π²Helps predict project duration and risk of delay.
π§ CPM (Critical Path Method)
Used when durations are known.
It finds the longest path in the project network β called the Critical Path.
Any delay on this path = delay in the entire project!
π Scheduling Steps
1οΈβ£ List all activities.
2οΈβ£ Estimate duration & sequence.
3οΈβ£ Draw a network (PERT/CPM chart).
4οΈβ£ Identify the critical path.
5οΈβ£ Track progress using Gantt Chart, Primavera, or MS Project.
π‘ Critical Path = Project Lifeline
π‘ PERT = Handle Uncertainty
#ProjectManagement #CivilEngineering #PERT #CPM #ConstructionPlanning
@etconp
β€21π6
ADVERTISMENT
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πCONCRETE CRACK
π§1. Shrinkage Cracks (plaster, concrete, mortar)
β’ Proper curing during and after construction.
β’ Apply crack filler putty or polymer modified mortar.
β’ For hairline cracks, use wall putty repainting.
π§2 . Thermal Cracks (due to expansion/contraction)
β’ Provide expansion joints in long walls/slabs.
β’ Use materials with low thermal movement.
β’ Fill cracks with elastomeric sealants (flexible materials that expand/contract).
π§3 . Crazing Cracks (fine hairline, network pattern)
β’ Usually surface-level, no structural danger.
β’ Improve curing methods to avoid rapid drying.
β’ Apply a thin coat of plaster or skim coat paint.
π§4. Map Cracking (surface cracks in plaster/concrete)
β’ Remove loose plaster and re-plaster with proper mix.
β’ Ensure correct water-cement ratio.
β’ Use sulfate-resistant cement in areas prone to chemical attack.
π§5. Settlement Cracks (minor, not structural)
β’ Fill with epoxy putty, crack filler, or cement mortar.
β’ If soil settlement is minor, monitor for further movement before repair.
π§6 . Moisture/Leakage-Induced Cracks
β’ Seal cracks with waterproofing compounds.
β’ Apply polymer-modified mortar or PU injection for waterproofing.
β’ Ensure proper drainage and damp-proofing to prevent recurrence.
π§7. General Hairline Cracks (paint-level cracks)
β’ Fill with acrylic crack filler or wall putty.
β’ Sand smooth, then repaint with flexible paint.
@etconp
π§1. Shrinkage Cracks (plaster, concrete, mortar)
β’ Proper curing during and after construction.
β’ Apply crack filler putty or polymer modified mortar.
β’ For hairline cracks, use wall putty repainting.
π§2 . Thermal Cracks (due to expansion/contraction)
β’ Provide expansion joints in long walls/slabs.
β’ Use materials with low thermal movement.
β’ Fill cracks with elastomeric sealants (flexible materials that expand/contract).
π§3 . Crazing Cracks (fine hairline, network pattern)
β’ Usually surface-level, no structural danger.
β’ Improve curing methods to avoid rapid drying.
β’ Apply a thin coat of plaster or skim coat paint.
π§4. Map Cracking (surface cracks in plaster/concrete)
β’ Remove loose plaster and re-plaster with proper mix.
β’ Ensure correct water-cement ratio.
β’ Use sulfate-resistant cement in areas prone to chemical attack.
π§5. Settlement Cracks (minor, not structural)
β’ Fill with epoxy putty, crack filler, or cement mortar.
β’ If soil settlement is minor, monitor for further movement before repair.
π§6 . Moisture/Leakage-Induced Cracks
β’ Seal cracks with waterproofing compounds.
β’ Apply polymer-modified mortar or PU injection for waterproofing.
β’ Ensure proper drainage and damp-proofing to prevent recurrence.
π§7. General Hairline Cracks (paint-level cracks)
β’ Fill with acrylic crack filler or wall putty.
β’ Sand smooth, then repaint with flexible paint.
@etconp
β€10π5
πEffective Depth (d) Requirements
π«The Effective Depth (d) is a calculated value, not a minimum requirement, and is used directly in all strength equations.
π§1. Calculation of Effective Depth
βΊThe effective depth is calculated based on the overall geometry of the section:
βοΈd = D - Effective cover
π²Where D = overall depth of the member
π°Effective Cover = Clear Cover + Stirrup/Link Diameter + (Main bar Diameter) /2
πTo prevent noticeable deflection, the calculated L/d ratio must be less than the modified basic ratio.
βΊFor example, for a simply supported beam with a 5m span, the minimum effective depth required for deflection control would be:
πd min =span/20 = 5000mm/20 =250 mm
@etconp
π«The Effective Depth (d) is a calculated value, not a minimum requirement, and is used directly in all strength equations.
π§1. Calculation of Effective Depth
βΊThe effective depth is calculated based on the overall geometry of the section:
βοΈd = D - Effective cover
π²Where D = overall depth of the member
π°Effective Cover = Clear Cover + Stirrup/Link Diameter + (Main bar Diameter) /2
πTo prevent noticeable deflection, the calculated L/d ratio must be less than the modified basic ratio.
βΊFor example, for a simply supported beam with a 5m span, the minimum effective depth required for deflection control would be:
πd min =span/20 = 5000mm/20 =250 mm
@etconp
β€10π2
Qorannoo_Gabaa_galteewwan_ijaarsaa_Marsaa_2ffa_Bara_201822222.pdf
18.9 MB
πα¨2018 α.α 2α α©α₯ ααα΅ α¨ααα£α³ α₯α«αα½ α¨αα₯α°α αα (Direct Cost) α₯αα΅ α°αα΅
π«Oromia Construction Authority (OCA)
https://t.me/ETCONp
@ETCONpWORK
π«Oromia Construction Authority (OCA)
https://t.me/ETCONp
@ETCONpWORK
π11β€4π2π1
πAddendum vs Amendment β Whatβs the Difference?
π«Quantity Surveyors, we often deal with contract documents, tender clarifications, and revisions.
π§Two common terms we see are Addendum and Amendment, and although they sound similar, they serve different purposes.
βοΈAddendum
β€ Issued before the contract is signed.
β€ Used to add, clarify, or modify tender documents (like drawings, BOQ items, or specifications).
β€ Example: βAddendum 02 β Revised ceiling layout and updated quantities.β
βοΈAmendment
β€ Issued after the contract is signed.
β€ Used to change the terms, price, or scope of an existing contract.
β€ Example: βContract Amendment No.1 β Addition of new partition works.β
βΊAddendum:-Before contract
βΊAmendment:-After contract
πUnderstanding this helps in proper documentation, variation handling, and clear communication with clients and consultants.
@etconp
π«Quantity Surveyors, we often deal with contract documents, tender clarifications, and revisions.
π§Two common terms we see are Addendum and Amendment, and although they sound similar, they serve different purposes.
βοΈAddendum
β€ Issued before the contract is signed.
β€ Used to add, clarify, or modify tender documents (like drawings, BOQ items, or specifications).
β€ Example: βAddendum 02 β Revised ceiling layout and updated quantities.β
βοΈAmendment
β€ Issued after the contract is signed.
β€ Used to change the terms, price, or scope of an existing contract.
β€ Example: βContract Amendment No.1 β Addition of new partition works.β
βΊAddendum:-Before contract
βΊAmendment:-After contract
πUnderstanding this helps in proper documentation, variation handling, and clear communication with clients and consultants.
@etconp
π19β€9
πHereβs a detailed explanation of a Site Engineerβs responsibilities during staircase construction β from preparation to finishing work:
𧱠1. Planning and Preparation
Study the drawings: Review architectural and structural drawings to understand the staircase dimensions, type (dog-legged, open-well, spiral, etc.), reinforcement details, rise and tread measurements, and finishes.
βΊCheck levels: Verify the floor-to-floor height and coordinate with the formwork and reinforcement plans.
βΊMaterial preparation: Ensure all materialsβcement, sand, aggregate, steel bars, formwork boards, and binding wireβare available on site before work starts.
π 2. Layout and Marking
Set out staircase dimensions: Mark the staircase position on the site using a tape, level, and plumb bob according to the approved drawings.
βΊVerify rise and tread: Confirm that each stepβs rise (height) and tread (depth) are consistent and meet the design or building code requirements.
βΊMark landing positions: Ensure correct landing levels and alignment with beams or slab edges.
π§° 3. Formwork Supervision
Check shuttering quality: Ensure formwork is strong, well-supported, and properly aligned to achieve accurate step dimensions.
βΊPrevent leakage: Seal joints to prevent cement slurry leakage during concreting.
βΊSafety checks: Confirm all supports and props are stable, especially at higher elevations.
π© 4. Reinforcement Work
Inspect reinforcement placement: Ensure main bars, distribution bars, and landing reinforcement are fixed according to the drawing.
βΊMaintain cover: Verify concrete cover blocks are in place (usually 20β25 mm for stairs).
βΊCheck bar bends and laps: Confirm correct bending of bars at landings and overlaps at junctions with slabs or beams.
𧱠5. Concreting Supervision
Monitor concrete mix: Check mix proportion (as per design or site mix) and ensure workability for proper compaction in steps.
βΊVibration: Ensure adequate vibration without disturbing the formwork or causing honeycombing.
βΊFinish: Smooth the step surface immediately after concreting, maintaining rise and tread accuracy.
π§ 6. Curing and Formwork Removal
βΊCuring: Ensure the staircase is properly cured (minimum 7 days for normal cement) to prevent cracks.
βΊFormwork removal: Supervise careful removal of formwork after sufficient strength gain, starting from steps and then landings.
π¨ 7. Finishing Work
Plastering or tile laying: Check line, level, and alignment during plastering or installation of stair tiles, granite, or terrazzo.
Railing installation: Ensure railing is fixed firmly, maintaining required height and aesthetics.
βΊFinal inspection: Verify overall finish, safety, and dimensions before handing over.
π 8. Documentation and Coordination
βΊMaintain daily progress reports and quality checklists.
Coordinate with architects, structural engineers, and contractors for any design clarifications or site modifications.
βΊEnsure safety compliance for workers during construction at heights.
@etconp
𧱠1. Planning and Preparation
Study the drawings: Review architectural and structural drawings to understand the staircase dimensions, type (dog-legged, open-well, spiral, etc.), reinforcement details, rise and tread measurements, and finishes.
βΊCheck levels: Verify the floor-to-floor height and coordinate with the formwork and reinforcement plans.
βΊMaterial preparation: Ensure all materialsβcement, sand, aggregate, steel bars, formwork boards, and binding wireβare available on site before work starts.
π 2. Layout and Marking
Set out staircase dimensions: Mark the staircase position on the site using a tape, level, and plumb bob according to the approved drawings.
βΊVerify rise and tread: Confirm that each stepβs rise (height) and tread (depth) are consistent and meet the design or building code requirements.
βΊMark landing positions: Ensure correct landing levels and alignment with beams or slab edges.
π§° 3. Formwork Supervision
Check shuttering quality: Ensure formwork is strong, well-supported, and properly aligned to achieve accurate step dimensions.
βΊPrevent leakage: Seal joints to prevent cement slurry leakage during concreting.
βΊSafety checks: Confirm all supports and props are stable, especially at higher elevations.
π© 4. Reinforcement Work
Inspect reinforcement placement: Ensure main bars, distribution bars, and landing reinforcement are fixed according to the drawing.
βΊMaintain cover: Verify concrete cover blocks are in place (usually 20β25 mm for stairs).
βΊCheck bar bends and laps: Confirm correct bending of bars at landings and overlaps at junctions with slabs or beams.
𧱠5. Concreting Supervision
Monitor concrete mix: Check mix proportion (as per design or site mix) and ensure workability for proper compaction in steps.
βΊVibration: Ensure adequate vibration without disturbing the formwork or causing honeycombing.
βΊFinish: Smooth the step surface immediately after concreting, maintaining rise and tread accuracy.
π§ 6. Curing and Formwork Removal
βΊCuring: Ensure the staircase is properly cured (minimum 7 days for normal cement) to prevent cracks.
βΊFormwork removal: Supervise careful removal of formwork after sufficient strength gain, starting from steps and then landings.
π¨ 7. Finishing Work
Plastering or tile laying: Check line, level, and alignment during plastering or installation of stair tiles, granite, or terrazzo.
Railing installation: Ensure railing is fixed firmly, maintaining required height and aesthetics.
βΊFinal inspection: Verify overall finish, safety, and dimensions before handing over.
π 8. Documentation and Coordination
βΊMaintain daily progress reports and quality checklists.
Coordinate with architects, structural engineers, and contractors for any design clarifications or site modifications.
βΊEnsure safety compliance for workers during construction at heights.
@etconp
β€13π4
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@etconp
π5β€2
THESIS_ON_BUILDING_DESIGN,_EXCEL.pdf
10.2 MB
FOR THOSE OF YOU DOING YOUR THESIS (SENIOR ESSEY) IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN THIS FILE IS HELPFUL. IT ENCOMPASSES:
1. SOLID, RIBBED, FLAT AND WAFFLE SLAB DESIGN AND COST COMPARISON
2. DOG LEGGED, OPEN NEWEL & FREE STANDING STAIR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3. EXCEL TEMPLATE PREPARATION FOR 11 TYPES OF STAIRS
4. EXCEL TEMPLATE PREPARATION FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SLABS SUCH AS TRAPIZOIDAL SLAB AND SUCH.
5. MOMENT COEFFICIENT PREPARATION FOR TRAPIZOIDAL SLAB
6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF 2B+G+M+15 OFFICE BUILDING
PART OF IT WAS PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN CIVIL ENGINEERING ASSOCIATION
I HOPE IT IS HELPS!
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
1. SOLID, RIBBED, FLAT AND WAFFLE SLAB DESIGN AND COST COMPARISON
2. DOG LEGGED, OPEN NEWEL & FREE STANDING STAIR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3. EXCEL TEMPLATE PREPARATION FOR 11 TYPES OF STAIRS
4. EXCEL TEMPLATE PREPARATION FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SLABS SUCH AS TRAPIZOIDAL SLAB AND SUCH.
5. MOMENT COEFFICIENT PREPARATION FOR TRAPIZOIDAL SLAB
6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF 2B+G+M+15 OFFICE BUILDING
PART OF IT WAS PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN CIVIL ENGINEERING ASSOCIATION
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