πCONCRETE CRACK
π§1. Shrinkage Cracks (plaster, concrete, mortar)
β’ Proper curing during and after construction.
β’ Apply crack filler putty or polymer modified mortar.
β’ For hairline cracks, use wall putty repainting.
π§2 . Thermal Cracks (due to expansion/contraction)
β’ Provide expansion joints in long walls/slabs.
β’ Use materials with low thermal movement.
β’ Fill cracks with elastomeric sealants (flexible materials that expand/contract).
π§3 . Crazing Cracks (fine hairline, network pattern)
β’ Usually surface-level, no structural danger.
β’ Improve curing methods to avoid rapid drying.
β’ Apply a thin coat of plaster or skim coat paint.
π§4. Map Cracking (surface cracks in plaster/concrete)
β’ Remove loose plaster and re-plaster with proper mix.
β’ Ensure correct water-cement ratio.
β’ Use sulfate-resistant cement in areas prone to chemical attack.
π§5. Settlement Cracks (minor, not structural)
β’ Fill with epoxy putty, crack filler, or cement mortar.
β’ If soil settlement is minor, monitor for further movement before repair.
π§6 . Moisture/Leakage-Induced Cracks
β’ Seal cracks with waterproofing compounds.
β’ Apply polymer-modified mortar or PU injection for waterproofing.
β’ Ensure proper drainage and damp-proofing to prevent recurrence.
π§7. General Hairline Cracks (paint-level cracks)
β’ Fill with acrylic crack filler or wall putty.
β’ Sand smooth, then repaint with flexible paint.
@etconp
π§1. Shrinkage Cracks (plaster, concrete, mortar)
β’ Proper curing during and after construction.
β’ Apply crack filler putty or polymer modified mortar.
β’ For hairline cracks, use wall putty repainting.
π§2 . Thermal Cracks (due to expansion/contraction)
β’ Provide expansion joints in long walls/slabs.
β’ Use materials with low thermal movement.
β’ Fill cracks with elastomeric sealants (flexible materials that expand/contract).
π§3 . Crazing Cracks (fine hairline, network pattern)
β’ Usually surface-level, no structural danger.
β’ Improve curing methods to avoid rapid drying.
β’ Apply a thin coat of plaster or skim coat paint.
π§4. Map Cracking (surface cracks in plaster/concrete)
β’ Remove loose plaster and re-plaster with proper mix.
β’ Ensure correct water-cement ratio.
β’ Use sulfate-resistant cement in areas prone to chemical attack.
π§5. Settlement Cracks (minor, not structural)
β’ Fill with epoxy putty, crack filler, or cement mortar.
β’ If soil settlement is minor, monitor for further movement before repair.
π§6 . Moisture/Leakage-Induced Cracks
β’ Seal cracks with waterproofing compounds.
β’ Apply polymer-modified mortar or PU injection for waterproofing.
β’ Ensure proper drainage and damp-proofing to prevent recurrence.
π§7. General Hairline Cracks (paint-level cracks)
β’ Fill with acrylic crack filler or wall putty.
β’ Sand smooth, then repaint with flexible paint.
@etconp
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πEffective Depth (d) Requirements
π«The Effective Depth (d) is a calculated value, not a minimum requirement, and is used directly in all strength equations.
π§1. Calculation of Effective Depth
βΊThe effective depth is calculated based on the overall geometry of the section:
βοΈd = D - Effective cover
π²Where D = overall depth of the member
π°Effective Cover = Clear Cover + Stirrup/Link Diameter + (Main bar Diameter) /2
πTo prevent noticeable deflection, the calculated L/d ratio must be less than the modified basic ratio.
βΊFor example, for a simply supported beam with a 5m span, the minimum effective depth required for deflection control would be:
πd min =span/20 = 5000mm/20 =250 mm
@etconp
π«The Effective Depth (d) is a calculated value, not a minimum requirement, and is used directly in all strength equations.
π§1. Calculation of Effective Depth
βΊThe effective depth is calculated based on the overall geometry of the section:
βοΈd = D - Effective cover
π²Where D = overall depth of the member
π°Effective Cover = Clear Cover + Stirrup/Link Diameter + (Main bar Diameter) /2
πTo prevent noticeable deflection, the calculated L/d ratio must be less than the modified basic ratio.
βΊFor example, for a simply supported beam with a 5m span, the minimum effective depth required for deflection control would be:
πd min =span/20 = 5000mm/20 =250 mm
@etconp
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Qorannoo_Gabaa_galteewwan_ijaarsaa_Marsaa_2ffa_Bara_201822222.pdf
18.9 MB
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π«Oromia Construction Authority (OCA)
https://t.me/ETCONp
@ETCONpWORK
π«Oromia Construction Authority (OCA)
https://t.me/ETCONp
@ETCONpWORK
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πAddendum vs Amendment β Whatβs the Difference?
π«Quantity Surveyors, we often deal with contract documents, tender clarifications, and revisions.
π§Two common terms we see are Addendum and Amendment, and although they sound similar, they serve different purposes.
βοΈAddendum
β€ Issued before the contract is signed.
β€ Used to add, clarify, or modify tender documents (like drawings, BOQ items, or specifications).
β€ Example: βAddendum 02 β Revised ceiling layout and updated quantities.β
βοΈAmendment
β€ Issued after the contract is signed.
β€ Used to change the terms, price, or scope of an existing contract.
β€ Example: βContract Amendment No.1 β Addition of new partition works.β
βΊAddendum:-Before contract
βΊAmendment:-After contract
πUnderstanding this helps in proper documentation, variation handling, and clear communication with clients and consultants.
@etconp
π«Quantity Surveyors, we often deal with contract documents, tender clarifications, and revisions.
π§Two common terms we see are Addendum and Amendment, and although they sound similar, they serve different purposes.
βοΈAddendum
β€ Issued before the contract is signed.
β€ Used to add, clarify, or modify tender documents (like drawings, BOQ items, or specifications).
β€ Example: βAddendum 02 β Revised ceiling layout and updated quantities.β
βοΈAmendment
β€ Issued after the contract is signed.
β€ Used to change the terms, price, or scope of an existing contract.
β€ Example: βContract Amendment No.1 β Addition of new partition works.β
βΊAddendum:-Before contract
βΊAmendment:-After contract
πUnderstanding this helps in proper documentation, variation handling, and clear communication with clients and consultants.
@etconp
π19β€9
πHereβs a detailed explanation of a Site Engineerβs responsibilities during staircase construction β from preparation to finishing work:
𧱠1. Planning and Preparation
Study the drawings: Review architectural and structural drawings to understand the staircase dimensions, type (dog-legged, open-well, spiral, etc.), reinforcement details, rise and tread measurements, and finishes.
βΊCheck levels: Verify the floor-to-floor height and coordinate with the formwork and reinforcement plans.
βΊMaterial preparation: Ensure all materialsβcement, sand, aggregate, steel bars, formwork boards, and binding wireβare available on site before work starts.
π 2. Layout and Marking
Set out staircase dimensions: Mark the staircase position on the site using a tape, level, and plumb bob according to the approved drawings.
βΊVerify rise and tread: Confirm that each stepβs rise (height) and tread (depth) are consistent and meet the design or building code requirements.
βΊMark landing positions: Ensure correct landing levels and alignment with beams or slab edges.
π§° 3. Formwork Supervision
Check shuttering quality: Ensure formwork is strong, well-supported, and properly aligned to achieve accurate step dimensions.
βΊPrevent leakage: Seal joints to prevent cement slurry leakage during concreting.
βΊSafety checks: Confirm all supports and props are stable, especially at higher elevations.
π© 4. Reinforcement Work
Inspect reinforcement placement: Ensure main bars, distribution bars, and landing reinforcement are fixed according to the drawing.
βΊMaintain cover: Verify concrete cover blocks are in place (usually 20β25 mm for stairs).
βΊCheck bar bends and laps: Confirm correct bending of bars at landings and overlaps at junctions with slabs or beams.
𧱠5. Concreting Supervision
Monitor concrete mix: Check mix proportion (as per design or site mix) and ensure workability for proper compaction in steps.
βΊVibration: Ensure adequate vibration without disturbing the formwork or causing honeycombing.
βΊFinish: Smooth the step surface immediately after concreting, maintaining rise and tread accuracy.
π§ 6. Curing and Formwork Removal
βΊCuring: Ensure the staircase is properly cured (minimum 7 days for normal cement) to prevent cracks.
βΊFormwork removal: Supervise careful removal of formwork after sufficient strength gain, starting from steps and then landings.
π¨ 7. Finishing Work
Plastering or tile laying: Check line, level, and alignment during plastering or installation of stair tiles, granite, or terrazzo.
Railing installation: Ensure railing is fixed firmly, maintaining required height and aesthetics.
βΊFinal inspection: Verify overall finish, safety, and dimensions before handing over.
π 8. Documentation and Coordination
βΊMaintain daily progress reports and quality checklists.
Coordinate with architects, structural engineers, and contractors for any design clarifications or site modifications.
βΊEnsure safety compliance for workers during construction at heights.
@etconp
𧱠1. Planning and Preparation
Study the drawings: Review architectural and structural drawings to understand the staircase dimensions, type (dog-legged, open-well, spiral, etc.), reinforcement details, rise and tread measurements, and finishes.
βΊCheck levels: Verify the floor-to-floor height and coordinate with the formwork and reinforcement plans.
βΊMaterial preparation: Ensure all materialsβcement, sand, aggregate, steel bars, formwork boards, and binding wireβare available on site before work starts.
π 2. Layout and Marking
Set out staircase dimensions: Mark the staircase position on the site using a tape, level, and plumb bob according to the approved drawings.
βΊVerify rise and tread: Confirm that each stepβs rise (height) and tread (depth) are consistent and meet the design or building code requirements.
βΊMark landing positions: Ensure correct landing levels and alignment with beams or slab edges.
π§° 3. Formwork Supervision
Check shuttering quality: Ensure formwork is strong, well-supported, and properly aligned to achieve accurate step dimensions.
βΊPrevent leakage: Seal joints to prevent cement slurry leakage during concreting.
βΊSafety checks: Confirm all supports and props are stable, especially at higher elevations.
π© 4. Reinforcement Work
Inspect reinforcement placement: Ensure main bars, distribution bars, and landing reinforcement are fixed according to the drawing.
βΊMaintain cover: Verify concrete cover blocks are in place (usually 20β25 mm for stairs).
βΊCheck bar bends and laps: Confirm correct bending of bars at landings and overlaps at junctions with slabs or beams.
𧱠5. Concreting Supervision
Monitor concrete mix: Check mix proportion (as per design or site mix) and ensure workability for proper compaction in steps.
βΊVibration: Ensure adequate vibration without disturbing the formwork or causing honeycombing.
βΊFinish: Smooth the step surface immediately after concreting, maintaining rise and tread accuracy.
π§ 6. Curing and Formwork Removal
βΊCuring: Ensure the staircase is properly cured (minimum 7 days for normal cement) to prevent cracks.
βΊFormwork removal: Supervise careful removal of formwork after sufficient strength gain, starting from steps and then landings.
π¨ 7. Finishing Work
Plastering or tile laying: Check line, level, and alignment during plastering or installation of stair tiles, granite, or terrazzo.
Railing installation: Ensure railing is fixed firmly, maintaining required height and aesthetics.
βΊFinal inspection: Verify overall finish, safety, and dimensions before handing over.
π 8. Documentation and Coordination
βΊMaintain daily progress reports and quality checklists.
Coordinate with architects, structural engineers, and contractors for any design clarifications or site modifications.
βΊEnsure safety compliance for workers during construction at heights.
@etconp
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THESIS_ON_BUILDING_DESIGN,_EXCEL.pdf
10.2 MB
FOR THOSE OF YOU DOING YOUR THESIS (SENIOR ESSEY) IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN THIS FILE IS HELPFUL. IT ENCOMPASSES:
1. SOLID, RIBBED, FLAT AND WAFFLE SLAB DESIGN AND COST COMPARISON
2. DOG LEGGED, OPEN NEWEL & FREE STANDING STAIR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3. EXCEL TEMPLATE PREPARATION FOR 11 TYPES OF STAIRS
4. EXCEL TEMPLATE PREPARATION FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SLABS SUCH AS TRAPIZOIDAL SLAB AND SUCH.
5. MOMENT COEFFICIENT PREPARATION FOR TRAPIZOIDAL SLAB
6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF 2B+G+M+15 OFFICE BUILDING
PART OF IT WAS PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN CIVIL ENGINEERING ASSOCIATION
I HOPE IT IS HELPS!
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
1. SOLID, RIBBED, FLAT AND WAFFLE SLAB DESIGN AND COST COMPARISON
2. DOG LEGGED, OPEN NEWEL & FREE STANDING STAIR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3. EXCEL TEMPLATE PREPARATION FOR 11 TYPES OF STAIRS
4. EXCEL TEMPLATE PREPARATION FOR NON-RECTANGULAR SLABS SUCH AS TRAPIZOIDAL SLAB AND SUCH.
5. MOMENT COEFFICIENT PREPARATION FOR TRAPIZOIDAL SLAB
6. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF 2B+G+M+15 OFFICE BUILDING
PART OF IT WAS PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN CIVIL ENGINEERING ASSOCIATION
I HOPE IT IS HELPS!
https://t.me/ETCONpWORK
@etconp
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