👉Reuse of Formwork
📌Reuse of Formwork Material — Save Cost, Save Time, Build Smart!
📌Proper cleaning, maintenance, and timely repairs allow shuttering materials to be reused multiple times, reducing project cost and ensuring consistent concrete quality.
📌Reuse of Formwork Materials
📚1. Materials that can be reused
🔗Timber → 5-7 times
🔗Plywood → 10-20 times
🔗Steel→ 100-200 times
🔗Aluminium → 150-300 times
🔗Plastic→ 50-100 times
📚2. How to increase reuse
🔗Apply shuttering oil.
🔗Clean after every use.
🔗 Store in a dry place.
🔗 Handle carefully (no damage).
🔗Repair small defects.
📚3. Benefits
🔗 Saves cost.
🔗 Reduces material waste.
🔗 Faster work.
💫Efficient reuse = Efficient construction.
@etconp
📌Reuse of Formwork Material — Save Cost, Save Time, Build Smart!
📌Proper cleaning, maintenance, and timely repairs allow shuttering materials to be reused multiple times, reducing project cost and ensuring consistent concrete quality.
📌Reuse of Formwork Materials
📚1. Materials that can be reused
🔗Timber → 5-7 times
🔗Plywood → 10-20 times
🔗Steel→ 100-200 times
🔗Aluminium → 150-300 times
🔗Plastic→ 50-100 times
📚2. How to increase reuse
🔗Apply shuttering oil.
🔗Clean after every use.
🔗 Store in a dry place.
🔗 Handle carefully (no damage).
🔗Repair small defects.
📚3. Benefits
🔗 Saves cost.
🔗 Reduces material waste.
🔗 Faster work.
💫Efficient reuse = Efficient construction.
@etconp
👍5❤3
👉performance-related pay (PRP) in the construction industry, with a focus on Ethiopia and East Africa, and how it connects to global practice.
🚧1. What Performance-Related Pay Means
Performance-related pay (PRP) links an employee’s earnings to measurable results — not just to time worked.
In construction, that means workers, supervisors, or contractors can earn extra pay for doing one or more of the following:
• Finishing work faster than planned (without lowering quality)
• Keeping costs within or below budget
• Maintaining a strong safety record
• Delivering high-quality workmanship
• Meeting specific productivity targets
It’s a way to motivate performance, reward efficiency, and align the worker’s interest with the project’s success.
🚧2. How PRP Works in Global Construction Practice
Around the world, PRP takes several main forms:
a. Bonus and Incentive Schemes
• End-of-project bonuses: Paid when a project is completed early or meets key milestones.
• Safety or quality bonuses: Reward workers or teams for achieving zero accidents or quality rework.
• Performance appraisals: Supervisors and professionals are evaluated yearly, and bonuses are tied to ratings.
b. Piecework (Output-Based Pay)
Common in trades like bricklaying, plastering, roofing, or steel fixing.
Workers are paid per unit of work done — for example, per cubic meter of concrete placed or per square meter of wall finished.
c. Gainsharing and Profit Sharing
Some companies share part of the profit or cost savings with staff when a project performs better than expected.
This is common in big firms in the UK, USA, Australia, and Japan.
d. Performance-Based Contracts
Contractors themselves are paid based on performance — not just completion.
Examples:
• “Target cost” contracts in the UK: If a contractor delivers below the agreed cost, savings are shared with the client.
• “Design-build” or “turnkey” models link final payment to quality and functional performance.
🚧3. Performance-Related Pay in Ethiopia and East Africa
a. Current reality
In Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, construction pay is still mostly time-based (daily, weekly, or monthly wages).
However, some elements of PRP exist — especially in large projects or companies with foreign partnerships.
Examples:
• Site bonuses: When a project finishes early or meets milestones (especially in road and building works funded by international donors).
• Piece-rate work: Common among casual laborers (e.g., masons or painters paid per square meter or cubic meter).
• Engineer or supervisor incentives: Small allowances for meeting project schedules or maintaining safety standards.
b. Government and institutional influence
• In public projects, pay structures follow government salary scales, so PRP is limited.
• In private and international projects, PRP is more flexible — often written into contracts or negotiated individually.
• Chinese and Turkish contractors working in Ethiopia often apply output-based systems or completion bonuses for key staff.
c. Cultural and structural challenges
1. Limited performance data: Hard to measure productivity accurately due to weak documentation and record systems.
2. Low awareness: Many workers are unfamiliar with PRP principles or fear unfair evaluation.
3. Payment delays: Incentives lose meaning if base pay isn’t regular.
4. Collective work patterns: Construction tasks rely on teams, so individual assessment can be tricky.
5. Labor law limits: Some national labor laws don’t clearly define or protect PRP systems.
🚧4. Opportunities and Future Direction
Performance-related pay is slowly gaining attention in East Africa, especially as:
• Construction becomes more industrialized (mechanized, data-based).
• Private developers and international donors push for efficiency and accountability.
• Governments seek to reduce project delays and cost overruns.
@etconp
🚧1. What Performance-Related Pay Means
Performance-related pay (PRP) links an employee’s earnings to measurable results — not just to time worked.
In construction, that means workers, supervisors, or contractors can earn extra pay for doing one or more of the following:
• Finishing work faster than planned (without lowering quality)
• Keeping costs within or below budget
• Maintaining a strong safety record
• Delivering high-quality workmanship
• Meeting specific productivity targets
It’s a way to motivate performance, reward efficiency, and align the worker’s interest with the project’s success.
🚧2. How PRP Works in Global Construction Practice
Around the world, PRP takes several main forms:
a. Bonus and Incentive Schemes
• End-of-project bonuses: Paid when a project is completed early or meets key milestones.
• Safety or quality bonuses: Reward workers or teams for achieving zero accidents or quality rework.
• Performance appraisals: Supervisors and professionals are evaluated yearly, and bonuses are tied to ratings.
b. Piecework (Output-Based Pay)
Common in trades like bricklaying, plastering, roofing, or steel fixing.
Workers are paid per unit of work done — for example, per cubic meter of concrete placed or per square meter of wall finished.
c. Gainsharing and Profit Sharing
Some companies share part of the profit or cost savings with staff when a project performs better than expected.
This is common in big firms in the UK, USA, Australia, and Japan.
d. Performance-Based Contracts
Contractors themselves are paid based on performance — not just completion.
Examples:
• “Target cost” contracts in the UK: If a contractor delivers below the agreed cost, savings are shared with the client.
• “Design-build” or “turnkey” models link final payment to quality and functional performance.
🚧3. Performance-Related Pay in Ethiopia and East Africa
a. Current reality
In Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, construction pay is still mostly time-based (daily, weekly, or monthly wages).
However, some elements of PRP exist — especially in large projects or companies with foreign partnerships.
Examples:
• Site bonuses: When a project finishes early or meets milestones (especially in road and building works funded by international donors).
• Piece-rate work: Common among casual laborers (e.g., masons or painters paid per square meter or cubic meter).
• Engineer or supervisor incentives: Small allowances for meeting project schedules or maintaining safety standards.
b. Government and institutional influence
• In public projects, pay structures follow government salary scales, so PRP is limited.
• In private and international projects, PRP is more flexible — often written into contracts or negotiated individually.
• Chinese and Turkish contractors working in Ethiopia often apply output-based systems or completion bonuses for key staff.
c. Cultural and structural challenges
1. Limited performance data: Hard to measure productivity accurately due to weak documentation and record systems.
2. Low awareness: Many workers are unfamiliar with PRP principles or fear unfair evaluation.
3. Payment delays: Incentives lose meaning if base pay isn’t regular.
4. Collective work patterns: Construction tasks rely on teams, so individual assessment can be tricky.
5. Labor law limits: Some national labor laws don’t clearly define or protect PRP systems.
🚧4. Opportunities and Future Direction
Performance-related pay is slowly gaining attention in East Africa, especially as:
• Construction becomes more industrialized (mechanized, data-based).
• Private developers and international donors push for efficiency and accountability.
• Governments seek to reduce project delays and cost overruns.
@etconp
❤15👍1
👉What is the shear strength?
💫The shear strength of any material can be defined as the capacity of that material to resist those forces which cause the internal layers of the material structure to slide against each other in the direction of the force.
⏺The shear strength of the material can be computed in the either vertical or horizontal direction, by applying a force in the desired direction.
@etconp
💫The shear strength of any material can be defined as the capacity of that material to resist those forces which cause the internal layers of the material structure to slide against each other in the direction of the force.
⏺The shear strength of the material can be computed in the either vertical or horizontal direction, by applying a force in the desired direction.
@etconp
❤7👍6
👉Some Important Questions*part 1*
*1: what is Development Length?*
*Ans:* Development length is an extera length of steel, which transter the load from one steel bar to other.
*2: What is Hydration?*
*Ans:* Hydration is reaction b/w cement and water.
*3: What is M20 Grad Concrete?*
*Ans:* “M” Stands for Mix and No (20) is the Compressive strength of concrete in 20N/mm2 after 28 days after laboratory test. and M20 grad concrete we have to use in the RCC slab.
*4: What is Water Cement ratio?*
*Ans:* water–cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix.
*5: What is Bearing Capacity of Soil?*
*Ans:* Bearing Capacity is the capacity of soil to support the load applied to the ground.
*6: Time to removal of Fromwork for different RCC structures?*
*Ans:* For column/walls, vertical form works should be detached after 16 to 24 hours.
Soffit formwork to slab (formwork is located under the slab), the form works can be removed after 3 days. (props should be reaffixed once the removal is done).
Soffit formwork to beam, the form works can be removed after 7 days. (props should be reaffixed once the removal is done.)
Beam that spans up to 4.5 m (length), the form works can be removed after 7 days.
Beam that spans surpassing 4.5 m (length), the form works can be removed after 14 days.
For footing, the formworks can be removed after 16 to 24 hours.
For staircase, the form works can be removed after 5 days.
7, When we use pile foundation?
Pile foundation is adopted when the Soil Bearing Capacity is less than 24 KN/m3
@etconp
*1: what is Development Length?*
*Ans:* Development length is an extera length of steel, which transter the load from one steel bar to other.
*2: What is Hydration?*
*Ans:* Hydration is reaction b/w cement and water.
*3: What is M20 Grad Concrete?*
*Ans:* “M” Stands for Mix and No (20) is the Compressive strength of concrete in 20N/mm2 after 28 days after laboratory test. and M20 grad concrete we have to use in the RCC slab.
*4: What is Water Cement ratio?*
*Ans:* water–cement ratio is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix.
*5: What is Bearing Capacity of Soil?*
*Ans:* Bearing Capacity is the capacity of soil to support the load applied to the ground.
*6: Time to removal of Fromwork for different RCC structures?*
*Ans:* For column/walls, vertical form works should be detached after 16 to 24 hours.
Soffit formwork to slab (formwork is located under the slab), the form works can be removed after 3 days. (props should be reaffixed once the removal is done).
Soffit formwork to beam, the form works can be removed after 7 days. (props should be reaffixed once the removal is done.)
Beam that spans up to 4.5 m (length), the form works can be removed after 7 days.
Beam that spans surpassing 4.5 m (length), the form works can be removed after 14 days.
For footing, the formworks can be removed after 16 to 24 hours.
For staircase, the form works can be removed after 5 days.
7, When we use pile foundation?
Pile foundation is adopted when the Soil Bearing Capacity is less than 24 KN/m3
@etconp
❤10👍7👏1
👉የምዝገባ ጊዜ መራዘሙን ስለማሳወቅ
💫የአዲስ አበባ ቤቶች ልማት ኮርፖሬሽን ከደረጃ 1-7 ላሉ ሥራ ተቋራጮች ያወጣው የጋራ መኖሪያ ቤት ግንባታ የስራ ተቋራጮች ምዝገባ ከተለያዩ ተሳታፊዎች በቀረቡት አስተያየቶች መሰረት የስራ ተቋራጭ ምዝገባ ቀነ-ገደብ ማራዘም አስፈላጊ ሆኖ አግኝተነዋል ፣ በመሆኑም ምዝገባው ከዛሬ ሕዳር 30 ቀን 2018 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ ለተጨማሪ 5 ተከታታይ ቀናት እስከ ታህሳስ 4 ቀን 2018 ዓ.ም ሌሊት 6:00 ሰዓት ድረስ መራዘሙን ኮርፖሬሽኑ ያሳውቃል።
🚧ስለሆነም፣ ሳትመዘገቡ ለዘገያችሁ ተቋራጮች፣ ይህንን የመጨረሻ ዕድል ተጠቅማችሁ በኦንላይን https://aahdcgeneral.et በመግባት እንድትመዘገቡ ጥሪ እናቀርባለን፡፡
🏷በምዝገባው ሂደት እና ከምዝገባ በኋላ ለሚኖራችሁ ጥያቂ፣ ቅሬታ https://aahdcgeneral.et/complaints/create ወይም በቴሌግራም https://t.me/aahdcsupport ማቅረብ የምትችሉ መሆኑን እንገልፃለን።
የአዲስ አበባ ቤቶች ልማት ኮርፖሬሽን
@etconp
💫የአዲስ አበባ ቤቶች ልማት ኮርፖሬሽን ከደረጃ 1-7 ላሉ ሥራ ተቋራጮች ያወጣው የጋራ መኖሪያ ቤት ግንባታ የስራ ተቋራጮች ምዝገባ ከተለያዩ ተሳታፊዎች በቀረቡት አስተያየቶች መሰረት የስራ ተቋራጭ ምዝገባ ቀነ-ገደብ ማራዘም አስፈላጊ ሆኖ አግኝተነዋል ፣ በመሆኑም ምዝገባው ከዛሬ ሕዳር 30 ቀን 2018 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ ለተጨማሪ 5 ተከታታይ ቀናት እስከ ታህሳስ 4 ቀን 2018 ዓ.ም ሌሊት 6:00 ሰዓት ድረስ መራዘሙን ኮርፖሬሽኑ ያሳውቃል።
🚧ስለሆነም፣ ሳትመዘገቡ ለዘገያችሁ ተቋራጮች፣ ይህንን የመጨረሻ ዕድል ተጠቅማችሁ በኦንላይን https://aahdcgeneral.et በመግባት እንድትመዘገቡ ጥሪ እናቀርባለን፡፡
🏷በምዝገባው ሂደት እና ከምዝገባ በኋላ ለሚኖራችሁ ጥያቂ፣ ቅሬታ https://aahdcgeneral.et/complaints/create ወይም በቴሌግራም https://t.me/aahdcsupport ማቅረብ የምትችሉ መሆኑን እንገልፃለን።
የአዲስ አበባ ቤቶች ልማት ኮርፖሬሽን
@etconp
❤6🙏1
👉Let Me Tell You About Cement
⭐️The recommended maximum time to store packed cement is 3 months from the date of manufacture if stored in typical site conditions.
⏺With ideal, moisture-proof storage (such as in an airtight container or a completely dry silo), it might last up to 6 months or even a year, but this is less common and strength loss is still a factor.
🚧Why Cement Has a Limited Shelf Life
⏺Cement is highly hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs moisture from the air, which starts the chemical reaction (hydration) that causes it to harden.
⏺Once this process begins inside the bag, the cement loses its intended binding strength and performance.
Strength Loss Over Time
If stored for longer periods, the cement's strength decreases significantly:
🚧After 3 months: May lose 20–30% of its original strength.
🚧After 6 months: May lose up to 40–50% of its strength.
🚧After 12 months: May lose more than 50% of its strength.
When to Test or Discard
🏷For structural projects (e.g., foundations, beams): It is highly recommended to use fresh cement (within 3 months of the manufacturing date) to ensure structural integrity.
🏷For non-structural projects (e.g., patching, small garden walls): You may use older cement, provided it is still in a fine, free-flowing powder form without hard lumps, but it is best to perform a small test mix first to confirm it sets properly.
⏺If you notice hard lumps in the bag: The cement has likely absorbed too much moisture and should be discarded, as it will not perform as expected.
Always follow the "First In, First Out" (FIFO) principle when using cement from storage to ensure the oldest bags are used first.
@etconp
⭐️The recommended maximum time to store packed cement is 3 months from the date of manufacture if stored in typical site conditions.
⏺With ideal, moisture-proof storage (such as in an airtight container or a completely dry silo), it might last up to 6 months or even a year, but this is less common and strength loss is still a factor.
🚧Why Cement Has a Limited Shelf Life
⏺Cement is highly hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs moisture from the air, which starts the chemical reaction (hydration) that causes it to harden.
⏺Once this process begins inside the bag, the cement loses its intended binding strength and performance.
Strength Loss Over Time
If stored for longer periods, the cement's strength decreases significantly:
🚧After 3 months: May lose 20–30% of its original strength.
🚧After 6 months: May lose up to 40–50% of its strength.
🚧After 12 months: May lose more than 50% of its strength.
When to Test or Discard
🏷For structural projects (e.g., foundations, beams): It is highly recommended to use fresh cement (within 3 months of the manufacturing date) to ensure structural integrity.
🏷For non-structural projects (e.g., patching, small garden walls): You may use older cement, provided it is still in a fine, free-flowing powder form without hard lumps, but it is best to perform a small test mix first to confirm it sets properly.
⏺If you notice hard lumps in the bag: The cement has likely absorbed too much moisture and should be discarded, as it will not perform as expected.
Always follow the "First In, First Out" (FIFO) principle when using cement from storage to ensure the oldest bags are used first.
@etconp
❤9👍5
👉 INTERCON Construction Chemicals
● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
☎️ Tel: 0961955555
🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital
🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza
● Concrete Admixtures
● Bonding Agents
● Waterproofings
● Wall Putty, Prime Coat
● Concrete Repair Mortar
● Floor hardener, Epoxy
● Grout, Self-level mortar
● Quartz paint, Contextra
● Tile Adhesive & Tile Joint Fillers
● Geotextiles and other construction chemicals and materials
☎️ Tel: 0961955555
🔹 Address 1: Signal road, around
Dinberwa Hospital
🔹 Addres 2: Wellosefer, Infront of
Dani Plaza
❤2👍2
👉FULL STEPS: CONCRETE CUBE TEST (From Beginning up to Testing)
🚧1. Materials & Tools Required
⏺Cement, sand, aggregate, water
⏺Cube moulds (150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm usually)
⏺Trowel, vibrator or tamping rod
⏺Weighing machine
⏺Curing tank or water container
⏺Compression testing machine (CTM)
🚧2. Preparation of Cube Moulds
⏺Clean the moulds.
⏺Apply oil on all inside surfaces to avoid sticking.
⏺Assemble moulds tightly with bolts.
⏺Place moulds on a flat, rigid surface.
🚧3. Concrete Mixing
🏷A. Measure materials
⏺Cement, sand, aggregate based on mix ratio (e.g., 1:2:4, or M20, M25 etc.).
⏺Measure water using correct water–cement ratio.
🏷B. Mix
⏺Mix thoroughly until uniform (by hand or mixer).
🚧4. Filling the Cube Moulds
⏺Fill the mould in three layers.
⏺Tamp 25 times using tamping rod OR Vibrate for 5–10 seconds Each layer.
⏺Make sure no air voids are left.
⏺Top surface must be leveled with a trowel.
🚧5. Initial Setting / Demoulding
⏺Keep the filled moulds undisturbed for 24 hours in a shaded place.
⏺After 24 hours, remove (demould) the cubes carefully.
🚧6. Curing
⏺Place cubes in a curing tank full of clean water.
⏺Temperature should be 20–27°C.
⚡️Cure for: 7 days test,
14 days test (optional),
28 days test (standard strength)
🚧7. Testing on Compression Machine
📍A. Preparation
⏺Remove cube from water at least 1 hour before testing.
⏺Clean surface and measure dimensions using a vernier caliper (to find exact area).
📍B. Placement in Machine
⏺Place cube on CTM between plates.
⏺Ensure cast/leveled face is on top (smooth face facing upwards).
⏺Center the cube properly.
📍C. Load Application
⏺Start the machine.
Apply load gradually at a rate of: 140 kg/cm² per minute (or ~2.9 kN/s).
⏺Continue until cube fails/cracks.
🏷8. Calculations
❇️For a 150 mm cube:
Area = 150 × 150 = 22500 mm²
⭐️Example:
Load at failure = 450 kN
Strength = 450,000 N / 22,500 mm² = 20 MPa
📜9. Reporting
Include:
⏺Mix ratio / grade
⏺Cube ID number
⏺Age (7 or 28 days)
⏺Load at failure
⏺Compressive strength
Average of 3 cubes
Any visual observations of cracks
@etconp
🚧1. Materials & Tools Required
⏺Cement, sand, aggregate, water
⏺Cube moulds (150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm usually)
⏺Trowel, vibrator or tamping rod
⏺Weighing machine
⏺Curing tank or water container
⏺Compression testing machine (CTM)
🚧2. Preparation of Cube Moulds
⏺Clean the moulds.
⏺Apply oil on all inside surfaces to avoid sticking.
⏺Assemble moulds tightly with bolts.
⏺Place moulds on a flat, rigid surface.
🚧3. Concrete Mixing
🏷A. Measure materials
⏺Cement, sand, aggregate based on mix ratio (e.g., 1:2:4, or M20, M25 etc.).
⏺Measure water using correct water–cement ratio.
🏷B. Mix
⏺Mix thoroughly until uniform (by hand or mixer).
🚧4. Filling the Cube Moulds
⏺Fill the mould in three layers.
⏺Tamp 25 times using tamping rod OR Vibrate for 5–10 seconds Each layer.
⏺Make sure no air voids are left.
⏺Top surface must be leveled with a trowel.
🚧5. Initial Setting / Demoulding
⏺Keep the filled moulds undisturbed for 24 hours in a shaded place.
⏺After 24 hours, remove (demould) the cubes carefully.
🚧6. Curing
⏺Place cubes in a curing tank full of clean water.
⏺Temperature should be 20–27°C.
⚡️Cure for: 7 days test,
14 days test (optional),
28 days test (standard strength)
🚧7. Testing on Compression Machine
📍A. Preparation
⏺Remove cube from water at least 1 hour before testing.
⏺Clean surface and measure dimensions using a vernier caliper (to find exact area).
📍B. Placement in Machine
⏺Place cube on CTM between plates.
⏺Ensure cast/leveled face is on top (smooth face facing upwards).
⏺Center the cube properly.
📍C. Load Application
⏺Start the machine.
Apply load gradually at a rate of: 140 kg/cm² per minute (or ~2.9 kN/s).
⏺Continue until cube fails/cracks.
🏷8. Calculations
❇️For a 150 mm cube:
Area = 150 × 150 = 22500 mm²
⭐️Example:
Load at failure = 450 kN
Strength = 450,000 N / 22,500 mm² = 20 MPa
📜9. Reporting
Include:
⏺Mix ratio / grade
⏺Cube ID number
⏺Age (7 or 28 days)
⏺Load at failure
⏺Compressive strength
Average of 3 cubes
Any visual observations of cracks
@etconp
❤18👍3👏2🙏1👌1
👉To all Ethiopian construction and engineering professionals:
💫A short 5 - 7 minute industry survey has been prepared to help identify the real challenges and opportunities in our construction sector.
🚧Every member’s response is extremely important… the insights collected will directly contribute to improving workflows, communication, and digital practices across the industry.
❇️Please take a few minutes to fill it out and share it with others in the field.
⭐️Your participation will have a real impact. 🙏🏾
📜Survey Link:👇
https://forms.gle/ib3T13VnpCPzX2CZ6
💫A short 5 - 7 minute industry survey has been prepared to help identify the real challenges and opportunities in our construction sector.
🚧Every member’s response is extremely important… the insights collected will directly contribute to improving workflows, communication, and digital practices across the industry.
❇️Please take a few minutes to fill it out and share it with others in the field.
⭐️Your participation will have a real impact. 🙏🏾
📜Survey Link:👇
https://forms.gle/ib3T13VnpCPzX2CZ6
Google Docs
OStrategic Initiative: Modernizing Ethiopian Construction (The "Site-Truth" Project)
Principal Investigator: Eng. Nardos Tilahun
Practicing Professional Structural Engineer & MSc Candidate
HiLCoE School of Computer Science and Software Engineering
Dear Colleague,
We face a difficult reality on our sites. It is not just about profit. It is…
Practicing Professional Structural Engineer & MSc Candidate
HiLCoE School of Computer Science and Software Engineering
Dear Colleague,
We face a difficult reality on our sites. It is not just about profit. It is…
❤7🙏4🔥1
👉Type Of Culvert
🚧1. Pipe Culvert: Circular pipe, used for small drainage flow.
🚧2. Box Culvert: RCC rectangular shape, suitable for large water discharge.
🚧3. Slab Culvert: RCC slab supported on abutments, used for narrow canals.
🚧4. Arch Culvert: Arch-shaped structure, strong and durable for moderate flow.
🚧5. Bridge Culvert: Acts like a small bridge with water passing underneath.
🚧6. Pipe Arch Culvert: Modified pipe culvert with arch shape used where low height is required.
@etconp
🚧1. Pipe Culvert: Circular pipe, used for small drainage flow.
🚧2. Box Culvert: RCC rectangular shape, suitable for large water discharge.
🚧3. Slab Culvert: RCC slab supported on abutments, used for narrow canals.
🚧4. Arch Culvert: Arch-shaped structure, strong and durable for moderate flow.
🚧5. Bridge Culvert: Acts like a small bridge with water passing underneath.
🚧6. Pipe Arch Culvert: Modified pipe culvert with arch shape used where low height is required.
@etconp
❤8👍2
ADVERTISMENT
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✅የምንሰጣቸው አገልግሎቶች
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♦️ ማንኛዉንም ብረታ ብረት እንገዛለን።
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📱ቴሌግራም ላይ ፦https://t.me/heavenic1
አድራሻ፦ ቁ 1.መርካቶ
ቁ.2 አየር ጤና ኪዳነ ምህረት
ጥራትና ታማኝነት መለያችን ነው።
ታምራት ፕሌት እና ጄ ቦልት አቅራቢ
ታምራት ፕሌት እና ጄ ቦልት አቅራቢ
✅የምንሰጣቸው አገልግሎቶች
🔅 ፕሌት any Size & thickness
🔅 ጄ ቦልት (ጥርስ ማዉጣትና ማጠፍ)
🔅 የተለያዩ [modefic] ስራዎችን እንሰራለን።
♦️ ማንኛዉንም ብረታ ብረት እንገዛለን።
☎️ስልክ 0904040477 ወይም 0911016833 ደውለው ያግኙን
📱ቴሌግራም ላይ ፦https://t.me/heavenic1
አድራሻ፦ ቁ 1.መርካቶ
ቁ.2 አየር ጤና ኪዳነ ምህረት
ጥራትና ታማኝነት መለያችን ነው።
ታምራት ፕሌት እና ጄ ቦልት አቅራቢ
❤2
👉የገንዘብ ሚኒስትር እና የአፍሪካ ልማት ባንክ የኢትዮጵያ–ጅቡቲ–ደቡብ ሱዳን ትራንስፖርት ኮሪዶር ፕሮጀክት – ምዕራፍ IIን ለመደገፍ የሚያስችል የ184 ሚሊዮን የአሜሪካን ዶላር የዕርዳታ ስምምነት ዛሬ መፈራረማቸው ተገልጿል።
💫ገንዘቡ በአዲስ አበባ–ጅቡቲ ኮሪዶር ላይ ወሳኝ የሆነውን የ67 ኪሎ ሜትር የፍጥነት መንገድ ከመልካ ጂሎ እስከ አዋሽ ድረስ ለመገንባት ያስችላል ተብሏል።
ይህ መስመር ከ90% በላይ የሚሆነውን የኢትዮጵያ የባህር ንግድ የሚይዝ በመሆኑ ለሀገሪቱ የሎጂስቲክስ ፍሰት፣ ለክልላዊ ትስስር እንዲሁም በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ያለውን የኢኮኖሚ ውህደት ለማጠናከር እጅግ አስፈላጊ መሆኑን ተመላክቷል።
ከሳምንታት በፊት የአፍሪካ ልማት ባንክ ቡድን በሦስቱ ሀገራት መካከል የንግድ ልውውጥን፣ ትስስርን እና ኢኮኖሚያዊ ዕድገትን እንደሚያሳድግ የሚጠበቀው የክልላዊ ውህደት መሪ ፕሮጀክት የሆነውን የደቡብ ሱዳን - ኢትዮጵያ - ጅቡቲ የትራንስፖርት ኮሪደር ፕሮጀክት ሁለተኛ ምዕራፍን ለማስጀመር 214.47 ሚሊዮን የአሜሪካ ዶላር የገንዘብ ድጋፍ ማፅደቁ ይታወቃል።
የገንዘብ ድጋፉ ከአፍሪካ ልማት ባንክ በዝቅተኛ ወለድ መጠን የተገኘ ሲሆን ለኢትዮጵያ 181.5 ሚሊዮን ዶላር፣ ለጅቡቲ 29.71 ሚሊዮን ዶላር እና ለደቡብ ሱዳን 1.96 ሚሊዮን ዶላር የሚሆን የእርዳታ ድጎማዎችን እንደሚያካትት ካፒታል ዘግቦ ነበር።
ይህ ሁለተኛ ምዕራፍ ፕሮጀክት በኢትዮጵያ፣ የ67 ኪሎ ሜትር ፈጣን መንገድ ግንባታን እና የትራፊክ አስተዳደርን የሚያሻሽሉ ዘመናዊ የትራንስፖርት ስርዓቶች መዘርጋትን እንደሚደግፍ ተገልጿል። እንዲሁም ለገጠር ማህበረሰቦች ተደራሽነትን ለማሳደግ 50 ኪሎ ሜትር የሚረዝሙ የአካባቢ መንገዶችን ያሻሽላል ተብሏል።
via ገንዘብ ሚኒስተር
@etconp
💫ገንዘቡ በአዲስ አበባ–ጅቡቲ ኮሪዶር ላይ ወሳኝ የሆነውን የ67 ኪሎ ሜትር የፍጥነት መንገድ ከመልካ ጂሎ እስከ አዋሽ ድረስ ለመገንባት ያስችላል ተብሏል።
ይህ መስመር ከ90% በላይ የሚሆነውን የኢትዮጵያ የባህር ንግድ የሚይዝ በመሆኑ ለሀገሪቱ የሎጂስቲክስ ፍሰት፣ ለክልላዊ ትስስር እንዲሁም በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ያለውን የኢኮኖሚ ውህደት ለማጠናከር እጅግ አስፈላጊ መሆኑን ተመላክቷል።
ከሳምንታት በፊት የአፍሪካ ልማት ባንክ ቡድን በሦስቱ ሀገራት መካከል የንግድ ልውውጥን፣ ትስስርን እና ኢኮኖሚያዊ ዕድገትን እንደሚያሳድግ የሚጠበቀው የክልላዊ ውህደት መሪ ፕሮጀክት የሆነውን የደቡብ ሱዳን - ኢትዮጵያ - ጅቡቲ የትራንስፖርት ኮሪደር ፕሮጀክት ሁለተኛ ምዕራፍን ለማስጀመር 214.47 ሚሊዮን የአሜሪካ ዶላር የገንዘብ ድጋፍ ማፅደቁ ይታወቃል።
የገንዘብ ድጋፉ ከአፍሪካ ልማት ባንክ በዝቅተኛ ወለድ መጠን የተገኘ ሲሆን ለኢትዮጵያ 181.5 ሚሊዮን ዶላር፣ ለጅቡቲ 29.71 ሚሊዮን ዶላር እና ለደቡብ ሱዳን 1.96 ሚሊዮን ዶላር የሚሆን የእርዳታ ድጎማዎችን እንደሚያካትት ካፒታል ዘግቦ ነበር።
ይህ ሁለተኛ ምዕራፍ ፕሮጀክት በኢትዮጵያ፣ የ67 ኪሎ ሜትር ፈጣን መንገድ ግንባታን እና የትራፊክ አስተዳደርን የሚያሻሽሉ ዘመናዊ የትራንስፖርት ስርዓቶች መዘርጋትን እንደሚደግፍ ተገልጿል። እንዲሁም ለገጠር ማህበረሰቦች ተደራሽነትን ለማሳደግ 50 ኪሎ ሜትር የሚረዝሙ የአካባቢ መንገዶችን ያሻሽላል ተብሏል።
via ገንዘብ ሚኒስተር
@etconp
❤9👍1
👉For normal concrete mixing:
💫Mixer Rotation Time (Drum Mixer)
⏺Minimum: 1.5 minutes
⏺Standard: 2–3 minutes after all materials are inside
⏺Maximum: No need to exceed 5 minutes (too long can cause segregation)
🏷If using a small site drum mixer:
⏺1 bag mix: 2–3 minutes
⏺½ bag mix: 1.5–2 minutes
🚧Important Notes
⏺Start the mixer first → add coarse aggregate + some water → then sand + cement → remaining water.
⏺Overmixing makes concrete harsh and may reduce strength.
⏺Undermixing gives weak, nonuniform concrete.
@etconp
💫Mixer Rotation Time (Drum Mixer)
⏺Minimum: 1.5 minutes
⏺Standard: 2–3 minutes after all materials are inside
⏺Maximum: No need to exceed 5 minutes (too long can cause segregation)
🏷If using a small site drum mixer:
⏺1 bag mix: 2–3 minutes
⏺½ bag mix: 1.5–2 minutes
🚧Important Notes
⏺Start the mixer first → add coarse aggregate + some water → then sand + cement → remaining water.
⏺Overmixing makes concrete harsh and may reduce strength.
⏺Undermixing gives weak, nonuniform concrete.
@etconp
❤9👍8
👉the order of adding materials into the mixer DOES have an effect on the concrete quality
✅ Correct order (recommended)
1st Coarse aggregate (stone)
2nd Some water
3rd Sand
4th Cement
then The Remaining water
🏷This gives the best mixing efficiency and uniform strength.
❌For Example If you add in this order:
1. Sand → 2. Cement → 3. Aggregate
⚡️It can cause these problems:
⏺1. Cement sticks to sand (balling) Sand and cement form lumps also Harder to coat all aggregates.
⏺2. Poor coating of aggregate :-Cement paste won’t cover all stones properly.
Concrete becomes weak and non-uniform.
⏺3. Longer mixing time needed
⏺Mixer struggles to break cement–sand lumps.
⏺4. More dust and loss of fine materials
⏺Cement may blow out before water is added.
⭐ Conclusion
⚡️Mixing sand + cement first, then aggregate is not recommended.
⏺It will reduce workability, can reduce strength, and may require extra mixing time.
@etconp
✅ Correct order (recommended)
1st Coarse aggregate (stone)
2nd Some water
3rd Sand
4th Cement
then The Remaining water
🏷This gives the best mixing efficiency and uniform strength.
❌For Example If you add in this order:
1. Sand → 2. Cement → 3. Aggregate
⚡️It can cause these problems:
⏺1. Cement sticks to sand (balling) Sand and cement form lumps also Harder to coat all aggregates.
⏺2. Poor coating of aggregate :-Cement paste won’t cover all stones properly.
Concrete becomes weak and non-uniform.
⏺3. Longer mixing time needed
⏺Mixer struggles to break cement–sand lumps.
⏺4. More dust and loss of fine materials
⏺Cement may blow out before water is added.
⭐ Conclusion
⚡️Mixing sand + cement first, then aggregate is not recommended.
⏺It will reduce workability, can reduce strength, and may require extra mixing time.
@etconp
👍8❤5🥰1
👉የሶፍ ዑመር የባቡር መንገድ ግንባታ በተያዘው ዓመት ይጠናቀቃል
🚧በሶፍ ዑመር ዋሻና ሎጅ ፕሮጀክቶች ውስጥ ለቱሪስት አገልግሎት መስጫ እየተገነባ የሚገኘው የባቡር መስመር በተያዘው ዓመት እንደሚጠናቀቅ የኢትዮጵያ ምድር ባቡር ኮርፖሬሽን አስታወቀ።
የኢትዮጵያ ምድር ባቡር ኮርፖሬሽን የባቡር ዘርፍ ምክትል ስራ አስፈጻሚ ኢንጂነር ስለሺ ካሳ ለጋዜጣ ፕላስ እንደገለጹት፤ የባሌ አካባቢን ቱሪዝም ለማሳደግ ሶፍ ዑመር ላይ እየተገነባ ያለው የባቡር መንገድ ግንባታ በዚህ ዓመት ይጠናቀቃል።
ኢትዮጵያ ከአሏት ዕምቅ ሀብቶች መካከል አንዱ ቱሪዝም ነው ያሉት ኢንጂነር ስለሺ፤ ሀገሪቱን ባላት የቱሪዝም ሀብት ልክ ተጠቃሚ ለማድረግ በትራንስፖርት ማስተሳሰር ቀዳሚ አጀንዳ መሆኑን ጠቁመዋል።
በውስጥ አቅም በመገንባት የመጀመሪያ የሆነው ይህ ፕሮጀክት እስካሁን ከ50 በመቶ በላይ መጠናቀቁን ገልጸው፣ አጠቃላይ ርዝመቱ አምስት ኪሎ ሜትር መሆኑን አስረድተዋል።
የባቡር መንገዱ በቀጣይም እንደ ሁኔታው ሊሰፋ የሚችልበት ዕድል መኖሩን ጠቅሰው፤ ለጎብኝዎች ያለ ስጋት መንቀሳቀስ የሚያስችል መሆኑን አብራርተዋል።
በሀገሪቱ በአጠቃላይ የባቡር መስመሮች ላይ ስራዎች እየተሰሩ መሆኑን የጠቀሱት ኢንጂነር ስለሺ፤ አዋሽ - ኮምቦልቻ - ሀራ ገበያ የባቡር መንገድ ከዚህ በፊት የነበረውን የመሠረተ ልማት ስርቆት ችግር በመቅረፍ ከአማራና ከአፋር ክልሎች ጋር በተሰራ ስራ መቀነስ መቻሉን አያይዘው አመልክተዋል።
የባቡር መስመሩ አገልግሎቱን ለማስጀመር በውስጥ አቅም የመጠገን ተግባራት እየተከናወኑ ሲሆን፤ በቅርቡም ወደ ስራ ለማስገባት እየተሰራ መሆኑን ገልጸዋል።
@etconp
🚧በሶፍ ዑመር ዋሻና ሎጅ ፕሮጀክቶች ውስጥ ለቱሪስት አገልግሎት መስጫ እየተገነባ የሚገኘው የባቡር መስመር በተያዘው ዓመት እንደሚጠናቀቅ የኢትዮጵያ ምድር ባቡር ኮርፖሬሽን አስታወቀ።
የኢትዮጵያ ምድር ባቡር ኮርፖሬሽን የባቡር ዘርፍ ምክትል ስራ አስፈጻሚ ኢንጂነር ስለሺ ካሳ ለጋዜጣ ፕላስ እንደገለጹት፤ የባሌ አካባቢን ቱሪዝም ለማሳደግ ሶፍ ዑመር ላይ እየተገነባ ያለው የባቡር መንገድ ግንባታ በዚህ ዓመት ይጠናቀቃል።
ኢትዮጵያ ከአሏት ዕምቅ ሀብቶች መካከል አንዱ ቱሪዝም ነው ያሉት ኢንጂነር ስለሺ፤ ሀገሪቱን ባላት የቱሪዝም ሀብት ልክ ተጠቃሚ ለማድረግ በትራንስፖርት ማስተሳሰር ቀዳሚ አጀንዳ መሆኑን ጠቁመዋል።
በውስጥ አቅም በመገንባት የመጀመሪያ የሆነው ይህ ፕሮጀክት እስካሁን ከ50 በመቶ በላይ መጠናቀቁን ገልጸው፣ አጠቃላይ ርዝመቱ አምስት ኪሎ ሜትር መሆኑን አስረድተዋል።
የባቡር መንገዱ በቀጣይም እንደ ሁኔታው ሊሰፋ የሚችልበት ዕድል መኖሩን ጠቅሰው፤ ለጎብኝዎች ያለ ስጋት መንቀሳቀስ የሚያስችል መሆኑን አብራርተዋል።
በሀገሪቱ በአጠቃላይ የባቡር መስመሮች ላይ ስራዎች እየተሰሩ መሆኑን የጠቀሱት ኢንጂነር ስለሺ፤ አዋሽ - ኮምቦልቻ - ሀራ ገበያ የባቡር መንገድ ከዚህ በፊት የነበረውን የመሠረተ ልማት ስርቆት ችግር በመቅረፍ ከአማራና ከአፋር ክልሎች ጋር በተሰራ ስራ መቀነስ መቻሉን አያይዘው አመልክተዋል።
የባቡር መስመሩ አገልግሎቱን ለማስጀመር በውስጥ አቅም የመጠገን ተግባራት እየተከናወኑ ሲሆን፤ በቅርቡም ወደ ስራ ለማስገባት እየተሰራ መሆኑን ገልጸዋል።
@etconp
❤8👍5
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0912 23 04 71
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👍2❤1
👉What do you think the Problem on the Picture?
🚧Answer: Structure failer due to lack of stability.
⭐️why?
⏺The water tank is placed on a tall, slender steel frame.
⏺There is no cross-bracing (X-bracing or K-bracing) to resist lateral forces (wind, water sloshing, seismic loads, etc.).
⏺Without bracing, the whole frame can sway or buckle sideways under the heavy load of the full water tank (which can weigh several liters).
⏺The small base compared to the height makes it even more unstable.
❇️In short: The stand is dangerously weak against horizontal forces and can collapse.
🎲How to design and what factors to be considered in steel structure design?
We Will Continue to answer this...👆
@etconp
🚧Answer: Structure failer due to lack of stability.
⭐️why?
⏺The water tank is placed on a tall, slender steel frame.
⏺There is no cross-bracing (X-bracing or K-bracing) to resist lateral forces (wind, water sloshing, seismic loads, etc.).
⏺Without bracing, the whole frame can sway or buckle sideways under the heavy load of the full water tank (which can weigh several liters).
⏺The small base compared to the height makes it even more unstable.
❇️In short: The stand is dangerously weak against horizontal forces and can collapse.
🎲How to design and what factors to be considered in steel structure design?
We Will Continue to answer this...👆
@etconp
❤12👍5