Project management, procurement and communication skills.
Quick checklist for clients working with an interior designer
Define goals, budget and timeline up front.
Share building drawings, structural/MEP constraints and local code requirements.
Agree deliverables (what drawings, what level of detail).
Decide procurement responsibilities (designer orders vs contractor).
Plan for mockups/samples for critical finishes.
Keep a single point of contact for approvals to avoid delays.

👉Using plastic threads[ሲባጎ] for checking leveling can have several drawbacks

📜Some are listed here.

🚧1. Elasticity and Sagging:

⏺Plastic threads stretch under tension, causing inaccurate level measurements.

⏺Over long distances, sagging can be significant, leading to false readings.

🚧2. Temperature Sensitivity:
Plastic expands and contracts with temperature changes, altering tension and alignment during the day.

🚧3. Wind Movement:
Lightweight threads sway in the wind, making precise alignment difficult.

🚧4. Lack of Durability:

Threads can easily snap or loosen, especially in high-traffic areas during construction.

🚧5. No Straight Reference:

⏺Unlike fishing lines or steel wires, plastic threads do not stay perfectly straight, leading to cumulative errors across the structure; like slab, column or beam etc.

⏺Better Alternatives:
Use Laser Level instrument– Offers the most precise leveling without physical sag.

⏺Mason’s Nylon Line (High-Tension) – More rigid and less stretchable.

@etconp

የፌደራል መንግሥት ግዢና ንብረት ባለስልጣን አሻሽሎ ያወጣው 192 ገጽ ያለው የፌደራል መንግሥት ግዢ አፈፃፀም ማኑዋል

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp

የኦሮሚያ ክልል ግዥ አዋጅ
በኦሮሚያ ክልላዊ መንግስት በስራ ላይ ያለው የግዥ አዋጅ አያይዘንላችኋል

https://t.me/ETCONpWORK

@etconp

👉In building construction, a roof structure is made up of several key components that work together to support loads, protect the building, and drain rainwater.

🚧The main components are:

💫1. Structural Members (Load-Bearing Parts)

These carry the weight of the roof and transfer loads to walls or columns.

Roof Truss – A triangular framework (wood or steel) that supports the roof over large spans
Rafters – Sloping members that support the roof covering
Beams / Purlins – Horizontal members that support rafters or roof sheets
Tie Beams / Ceiling Joists – Prevent the roof from spreading and may support ceilings

💫2. Roof Decking / Sheathing
Roof Slab (in RCC roofs) –

Reinforced concrete slab forming the roof

Decking / Boards / Sheets – Base layer fixed on rafters or purlins (wood, metal, or concrete)

💫3. Roof Covering (Weather Protection)

This protects the building from rain, sun, and wind.

Corrugated metal sheets
Clay or concrete tiles
Shingles

Roofing membranes (for flat roofs)

💫4. Insulation Layer

Reduces heat transfer and improves comfort
Common materials: foam boards, fiberglass, mineral wool

💫5. Waterproofing Layer

Prevents water leakage
Includes membranes, bitumen layers, or coatings (especially in flat roofs)

💫6. Drainage Components

Gutters – Collect rainwater
Downpipes – Carry water to the ground or drainage system
Roof slope – Directs water flow

💫7. Roof Finishing & Accessories

Fascia board – Covers rafter ends
Eaves & Overhangs – Protect walls from rain
Flashing – Seals joints and edges
Ridge & Hip caps – Cover roof intersections

💫8. Ceiling (Optional but Common)

Fixed below the roof structure for aesthetics and insulation
Made of gypsum board, PVC, or wood panels

@etconp

👉የሥራ ተቋራጭ (Contractor) የሕግ ተጠያቂነት

🚧በኮንስትራክሽን ውል ሁለት አይነት የግንባታ ስራ ርክክቦች ያሉ ሲሆን እነሱም  ግዚያዊ ርክክብ እና የመጨረሻ ርክክብ በመባል ይታወቃሉ፡፡

🏷1/ ግዚያዊ ርክክብ

⏺ግዜአዊ ርክክብ በተለይ በኮንስትራክሽን ውል የተመለከቱ የግንባታ ስራዎች ተከናውነው ካበቁ በኋላ ወዲያውኑ ሁለቱ ወገኖች ማለትም አሰሪውና ተቋራጩ ባሉበት በስራው ላይ የሚደረግ የምርመራ ማረጋገጫ ነው:: (የፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 3274(1)):: ይሄውም አሰሪው በትክክል የተገነባውን ግንባታ በእጁ አግብቶ መያዙን ጭምር ያረጋግጣል፡፡
⏺ስለዚህ ጊዜአዊ ርክክብ በዋናነት የተሰራውን የግንባታ ስራ አሰሪው መብቱን ጠብቆ በመጀመሪያ የሚረከብበት ሂደት ነው፡፡  በስራው ላይ ምርመራ መደረጉንም የሚያረጋግጥ ነው፡፡

⏺እንግዲህ ስራው ከተመረመረ በኋላ አሰሪው ያላመነበትን ግንባታ ፈርሶ እንደገና እንዲሰራ ወይም እንዲጠገን ተደርጐ የጥራት ደረጃውን ባሟላ ሁኔታ እንዲከናወን ለማዘዝ እንደሚችል ፒፒኤ ክሎስ 85 ይፈቅድለታል:: በዚህም መሰረት ግንባታው የስራ ምርመራውን ካለፈ አሰሪው ግንባታውን የሚረከበው ይሆናል፡፡

🏷2/ የመጨረሻ ርክክብ
የመጨረሻ ርክክብ/Final Acceptance/

⏺በተለይ የድህንነት ጊዜ ካለቀ በኋላ እና ተቋራጩ ጠቅላላ ግዴታዎቹን በደህና ሁኔታ የፈጸመ መሆኑን አሰሪው ሲያረጋግጥ ግንባታውን ሙሉ በሙሉ በእጁ የሚያደርግበት ስለመሆኑ የፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 3279 ይደነግጋል፡፡

⏺የመጨረሻ ርክክብ አሰሪውና ተቋራጩ ባሉበት በጽሁፍ መደረግ እንዳለበት በአስገዳጅ ሁኔታ በፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 3279(2) ላይ ተደንግጓል፡፡ 

⏺በፍትሀብሄር ህግ አንቀጽ 3282 ላይ እንደተቀመጠው ከመጨረሻ ርክክብ በኋላ ተቋራጩ እስከ 10 አመት ድረስ ስለስራው አሰራር ጉድለት ተቋራጩ ሀላፊነት አለበት ፣ ለስራው ጥራት መድህን ሆኖም ይቀጥላል፡፡ ስለሆነም በሀዋሳ ዩኒቨርሲቲ የተደረመሰውን ድልድይ የገነባው ሥራ ተቋራጭ ለደረሰው ጉዳት በሕግ ተጠያቂ የሚሆንበት አግባብ ሊኖር ይችላል:: ይሁን እንጂ በመጨረሻ ርክክብ ወቅት የሚታዩ ለነበሩ የጥራት ጉድለቶች ተቋራጩ ሀላፊነት የለበትም፡፡

@etconp

👉Soil Bearing Capacity

💫1. Bearing Capacity

⏺Bearing capacity is the ability of soil to support the loads coming from a foundation without shear failure or excessive settlement.

💫2. Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qu)

⏺Ultimate bearing capacity is the maximum pressure that soil can withstand just before failure occurs.

⏺Terzaghi’s equation (for strip footing):
qu = cNc + γDfNq + 0.5γBNγ

💫3. Safe Bearing Capacity (qs)

⏺Safe bearing capacity is the allowable pressure on soil obtained by dividing the ultimate bearing capacity by a factorof safety.

qs = qu / FOS

@etconp